Civil society in Africa

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 1996, Pages

  Gyimah Boadi, E ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0005456612     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1353/jod.1996.0025     Document Type: Article

References (20)

1. As used in this essay, "civil society" refers to the ensemble of intermediate organizations that lie between the state and the household, that are formed voluntarily by members of society to protect and advance their interests and values, and that are separate from the state and largely autonomous. This usage also assumes that civil society in Africa is an evolving entity. For a definition of civil society, see John Keane, Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988). For an evolutionary view of the concept as applied to Africa, see Peter Lewis, "Political Transition and the Dilemma of Civil Society in Africa," Journal of International Affairs 27 (Summer 1992); 31-54.
2. As used in this essay, "civil society" refers to the ensemble of intermediate organizations that lie between the state and the household, that are formed voluntarily by members of society to protect and advance their interests and values, and that are separate from the state and largely autonomous. This usage also assumes that civil society in Africa is an evolving entity. For a definition of civil society, see John Keane, Civil Society and the State (London: Verso, 1988). For an evolutionary view of the concept as applied to Africa, see Peter Lewis, "Political Transition and the Dilemma of Civil Society in Africa," Journal of International Affairs 27 (Summer 1992); 31-54.
3. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
4. Democratic consolidation is used here as defined by Larry Diamond - "the process by which democracy becomes so broadly and profoundly legitimate among its citizens that it is very unlikely to break down." See his "Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5 (July 1994): 4-18; see also Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
5. Democratic consolidation is used here as defined by Larry Diamond - "the process by which democracy becomes so broadly and profoundly legitimate among its citizens that it is very unlikely to break down." See his "Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5 (July 1994): 4-18; see also Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
6. Thomas Callaghy, "Civil Society, Democracy and Economic Change: A Dissenting Opinion About Resurgent Societies," in John Harbeson et al., eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1994), 231-54.
7. Michael Bratton, "Beyond the State: Civil Society and Associational Life in Africa," World Politics 41 (1989): 407-30.
8. The attempt to regulate Kenyan NGOs is discussed in detail in Alan Fowler, "Non- Governmental Organizations and the Promotion of Democracy in Kenya" (Ph.D. diss., University of Sussex, 1994), 197-99.
9. On the distinction between "civil society" and "political society," see Alfred Stepan, Rethinking Military Politics: Brazil and the Southern Cone (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988).
10. An extensive analysis of problems facing South African NGOs in the postapartheid period is found in Kimberly Lanegran, "South Africa's Civic Association Movement: ANC's Ally or Society's 'Watchdog'? Shifting Social Movement-Political Party Relations," African Studies Review 38 (September 1995): 101-126; see also Wilmot James and Daria Caliguire, "The New South Africa: Renewing Civil Society," Journal of Democracy 1 (January 1996): 56-66.
11. An extensive analysis of problems facing South African NGOs in the postapartheid period is found in Kimberly Lanegran, "South Africa's Civic Association Movement: ANC's Ally or Society's 'Watchdog'? Shifting Social Movement-Political Party Relations," African Studies Review 38 (September 1995): 101-126; see also Wilmot James and Daria Caliguire, "The New South Africa: Renewing Civil Society," Journal of Democracy 1 (January 1996): 56-66.
12. Crawford Young, "The African Colonial State and Its Political Legacy," in Donald Rothchild and Naomi Chazan, eds., The Precarious Balance: State and Society in Africa (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1988), 25-66.
13. Neopatrimonialism is a form of rule that combines legal-rational administration and law with patrimonial forms of sociopolitical domination and elite management. In this form of rule, policies and the ruling apparatus are personalized, rulers rule their countries as extensions of their households, and institutions and regulations become eclipsed by the discretion of rulers and top officials. Key works on neopatrimonial rule in Africa include Patrick Chabal, Power in Africa (New York: St Martin's, 1992); and Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993). See also R.H. Jackson and C.G. Rosberg, Personal Rule In Black Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
14. Neopatrimonialism is a form of rule that combines legal-rational administration and law with patrimonial forms of sociopolitical domination and elite management. In this form of rule, policies and the ruling apparatus are personalized, rulers rule their countries as extensions of their households, and institutions and regulations become eclipsed by the discretion of rulers and top officials. Key works on neopatrimonial rule in Africa include Patrick Chabal, Power in Africa (New York: St Martin's, 1992); and Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993). See also R.H. Jackson and C.G. Rosberg, Personal Rule In Black Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
15. Neopatrimonialism is a form of rule that combines legal-rational administration and law with patrimonial forms of sociopolitical domination and elite management. In this form of rule, policies and the ruling apparatus are personalized, rulers rule their countries as extensions of their households, and institutions and regulations become eclipsed by the discretion of rulers and top officials. Key works on neopatrimonial rule in Africa include Patrick Chabal, Power in Africa (New York: St Martin's, 1992); and Jean-François Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (London: Longman, 1993). See also R.H. Jackson and C.G. Rosberg, Personal Rule In Black Africa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
16. A useful discussion of the role of business groups in the democratic opening in Taiwan is found in Yun-han Chu, Grafting Democracy in Taiwan (Taipei: Institute for National Policy Research, 1992), ch. 5.
17. Opposition party-switching induced by bribery from the Moi regime is reported in Frank Holmquist and Michael Ford, "Kenya: State and Civil Society the First Year After the Election," Africa Today 41 (1994): 5-26.
18. Naomi Chazan, An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1983); also Naomi Chazan and Victor Azarya, "Disengagement of Society from the State: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1987): 107-131.
19. Naomi Chazan, An Anatomy of Ghanaian Politics: Managing Political Recession (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1983); also Naomi Chazan and Victor Azarya, "Disengagement of Society from the State: Reflections on the Experience of Ghana and Guinea," Comparative Studies in Society and History 29 (1987): 107-131.
20. Daniel Posner, "Malawi's New Dawn," Journal of Democracy 6 (January 1995): 131-45.