Beyond transitions: The politics of democratic consolidation

Comparative Politics

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 479-498

  Encarnación, Omar G ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 23044518324     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422390     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. See Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Prospects for Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986);
2. Larry Diamond, Juan J. Linz, and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Democracy in Developing Countries (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1989);
3. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991);
4. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996);
5. Nancy Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," Comparative Politics, 22 (April 1990);
6. Gerardo L. Munck, "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective," Comparative Politics, 26 (April 1994);
7. Omar G. Encarnación, "The Politics of Dual Transitions," Comparative Politics, 28 (July 1996).
8. For example, the initial fissures in the authoritarian ruling coalition, the initiation of political liberalization, the legalization of parties and unions, and the first general and free elections.
9. See Ben Ross Schneider, "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments," Latin American Research Review, 30 (1995);
10. Gary Hoskin, "Democratization in Latin America," Latin American Research Review, 32 (1997).
11. See Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991).
12. See Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 5-6.
13. See, for example, Peter Katzenstein, Small Nations in World Markets: Industrial Policy in Europe (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986).
14. Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, chs. 10, 13.
15. See Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe Schmitter, Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986);
16. on modernization theory and democratization, see W. W. Rustow, The Stages of Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1955).
17. For an exception, see Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995).
18. Most typical of this approach is the work of Adam Przeworski, who has argued quite forcefully that what matters most in determining the outcome of attempts to establish democracy is not the weight of the past, but rather the actions of elites at the critical phase of change. See Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
19. See Karen Remmer, "New Wine or Old Bottlenecks? The Study of Latin American Democracy," Comparative Politics, 23 (July 1991).
20. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 267.
21. Larry Diamond, "Development, Democracy and Civil Society" (Madrid: Instituto Juan March, Working Paper, June 1996), p. 3.
22. Terry L. Karl and Philippe Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," International Social Science Journal, 138 (May 1991), 23.
23. Linz and Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation, p. 108.
24. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
25. See Guillermo O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," Journal of Democracy, 7 (April 1996).
26. Arend Lijphart, Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984).
27. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics, 23 (October 1990).
28. O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," p. 44.
29. O'Donnell, "Illusions about Consolidation," p. 44. Ibid.
30. See Francis Fukuyama, "The End of History," The National Interest (Summer 1989).
31. This message is conveyed in the discussion of the achievement of "democratic persistence" among southern European democracies. See Richard Gunther, P. Nikiforos Diamandourous, and Hans-Jürgen Puhle, eds., The Politics of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), p. ix.
32. J. Samuel Valenzuela, "Democratic Consolidation in Post-Transitional Settings: Notion, Process, and Facilitating Conditions," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation: The New South American Democracies in Comparative Perspective (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1992), p. 59.
33. Philippe Schmitter, "Organized Interests and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe," in Gunther, Diamandourous, and Puhle, eds., p. 285.
34. Philippe Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," in Gary Marks and Larry Diamond, eds., Re-examining Democracy (Newbury Park: Sage, 1992).
35. Philippe Schmitter, Re-examining Democracy Ibid., p. 162.
36. With the exception of the concertation regime, most of these terms are self-explanatory. Concertation refers to cooperation in policymaking and implementation among the government, organized labor, and capital. See Philippe Schmitter, "La concertación social en perspectiva comparada," in Alvaro Espina, ed., Concertación Social, Neo-corporatismo y Democracia (Madrid: Ministerio de Seguridad Social, 1991);
37. Omar G. Encarnación, "Social Concertation in Democratic and Market Transitions: Comparative Lessons from Spain," Comparative Political Studies, 30 (August 1997), 387-419.
38. Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," p. 162.
39. Lipset quoted by Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," p. 160.
40. Bermeo, "Rethinking Regime Change," p. 369.
41. Schmitter, "Interest Systems and the Consolidation of Democracies," p. 160.
42. See Juan J. Linz, "A Century of Interests and Politics in Spain," in Suzanne Berger, ed., Organizing Interests in Western Europe (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981).
43. José Amodia, Franco's Political Legacy (London: Penguin Books, 1977), p. 204.
44. On political parties in Spain, see Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani, and Goldie Shabad, eds., Spain after Franco: The Making of a Competitive Party System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
45. See Luis Enrique de la Villa and Juan Segardoy Bengoechea, "Social Concertation in Spain," Labour and Society, 12 (September 1987);
46. Encarnación, "Social Concertation in Democratic and Market Transitions."
47. Frances Hagopian, "The Compromised Consolidation: The Political Class in the Brazilian Transition," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation, p. 248.
48. Summary of Hagopian's findings by Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation, p. 14.
49. See Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (New York: Harper, 1947), p. 269.
50. See Diamond, "Development, Democracy and Civil Society."
51. See, especially, Huntington, The Third Wave;
52. Giuseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990). Huntington goes so far as to provide guidelines for would-be democratizing elites.
53. Ben Ross Schneider, "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments," Latin American Research Review, 30 (1995).
54. See Richard Sklar, "Developmental Democracy," Contemporary Studies in Society and History, 29 (1987).
55. Diamond, "Development, Democracy and Civil Society."