The struggle for a national identity in post-Soviet Russia

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 111, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 661-688

  Chafetz, Glenn ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 0041111687     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2152089     Document Type: Article

References (264)

1. It is not the purpose of this article to explain the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in its entirety. For a sample of other analyses of Russian foreign policy and its aspects see Celeste Wallender, ed., The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996); Jonathan Valdez, "The Near Abroad, the West, and National Identity in Russian Foreign Policy" in Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, eds., The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995): vol. 4, 84-109; S. Neil MacFarlane, "Russia, the West, and European Security," Survival 35 (Autumn 1993): 3-25; and Jan S. Adams, "Legislature Asserts Its Role in Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report 2 (22 January 1993): 32-36.
2. It is not the purpose of this article to explain the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in its entirety. For a sample of other analyses of Russian foreign policy and its aspects see Celeste Wallender, ed., The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996); Jonathan Valdez, "The Near Abroad, the West, and National Identity in Russian Foreign Policy" in Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, eds., The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995): vol. 4, 84-109; S. Neil MacFarlane, "Russia, the West, and European Security," Survival 35 (Autumn 1993): 3-25; and Jan S. Adams, "Legislature Asserts Its Role in Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report 2 (22 January 1993): 32-36.
3. It is not the purpose of this article to explain the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in its entirety. For a sample of other analyses of Russian foreign policy and its aspects see Celeste Wallender, ed., The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996); Jonathan Valdez, "The Near Abroad, the West, and National Identity in Russian Foreign Policy" in Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, eds., The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995): vol. 4, 84-109; S. Neil MacFarlane, "Russia, the West, and European Security," Survival 35 (Autumn 1993): 3-25; and Jan S. Adams, "Legislature Asserts Its Role in Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report 2 (22 January 1993): 32-36.
4. It is not the purpose of this article to explain the foreign policy of the Russian Federation in its entirety. For a sample of other analyses of Russian foreign policy and its aspects see Celeste Wallender, ed., The Sources of Russian Foreign Policy After the Cold War (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1996); Jonathan Valdez, "The Near Abroad, the West, and National Identity in Russian Foreign Policy" in Adeed Dawisha and Karen Dawisha, eds., The Making of Foreign Policy in Russia and the New States of Eurasia (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1995): vol. 4, 84-109; S. Neil MacFarlane, "Russia, the West, and European Security," Survival 35 (Autumn 1993): 3-25; and Jan S. Adams, "Legislature Asserts Its Role in Russian Foreign Policy," RFE/RL Research Report 2 (22 January 1993): 32-36.
5. On socializing other states, see G. John Ikenberry and Charles A. Kupchan, "Socialization and Hegemonic Power," International Organization 44 (Summer 1990): 284-315.
6. I am indebted to the readers listed at the end of this article for convincing me that the two-sided debate I described in an earlier draft proved too simplistic.
7. The closest Western articulation of the theory to which Yeltsin, Kozyrev, and their followers adhere is neoliberal institutionalism. See Robert O. Keohane, International Institutions and State Power: Essays in International Relations Theory (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1989).
8. The most notable proponent of a theory that traces the source of conflict to both the structure of the international system and the character of liberal states, as both wings of this group do, is Joseph Stalin. See Allen Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 18-25.
9. This group can best be described as "soft realist" in that they believe that the nation state system is competitive but also recognize the importance of institutions and norms in international politics. See Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 227-28. For a survey of realism, see Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought From Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
10. This group can best be described as "soft realist" in that they believe that the nation state system is competitive but also recognize the importance of institutions and norms in international politics. See Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 227-28. For a survey of realism, see Michael Joseph Smith, Realist Thought From Weber to Kissinger (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1987).
11. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
12. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
13. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
14. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
15. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
16. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
17. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
18. See Richard Ned Lebow, Between Peace and War (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991). On role and identity, see Dominic Abrams and Michael A. Hogg, Social Identity Theory: Constructive and Critical Advances (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1990); Michael Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder: The Case of the Arab States System," International Studies Quarterly 37 (September 1993): 271-296; K. J. Holsti, "National Role Conception in the Study of Foreign Policy," International Studies Quarterly 14 (September 1970): 233-309; Chih-yu Shih, "A Cognitive Approach to International Organization: Perspective and Application," Behavioral Science 34 (July 1989): 176-98; Stephen G. Walker, Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1987); and Alexander Wendt, "Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics," International Organization 42 (Spring 1992): 391-425. For a similar argument in rational choice terms, see Russell Hardin, One For All: The Logic of Group Conflict (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995).
19. See Robert Putnam, Beliefs of Politicians (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and Jervis, "Perceiving and Coping with Threat" in Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janet Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 19, 22. On threats to identity, see Terrel Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict" in Louis Kreisberg et al., eds., Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55-82. On resistance to change, see Timur Kuran, "The Tenacious Past: Theories of Personal and Collective Conservatism," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 10 (September 1988): 143-71.
20. See Robert Putnam, Beliefs of Politicians (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and Jervis, "Perceiving and Coping with Threat" in Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janet Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 19, 22. On threats to identity, see Terrel Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict" in Louis Kreisberg et al., eds., Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55-82. On resistance to change, see Timur Kuran, "The Tenacious Past: Theories of Personal and Collective Conservatism," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 10 (September 1988): 143-71.
21. See Robert Putnam, Beliefs of Politicians (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and Jervis, "Perceiving and Coping with Threat" in Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janet Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 19, 22. On threats to identity, see Terrel Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict" in Louis Kreisberg et al., eds., Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55-82. On resistance to change, see Timur Kuran, "The Tenacious Past: Theories of Personal and Collective Conservatism," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 10 (September 1988): 143-71.
22. See Robert Putnam, Beliefs of Politicians (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973); and Jervis, "Perceiving and Coping with Threat" in Robert Jervis, Richard Ned Lebow, and Janet Gross Stein, Psychology and Deterrence (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), 19, 22. On threats to identity, see Terrel Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict" in Louis Kreisberg et al., eds., Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1989), 55-82. On resistance to change, see Timur Kuran, "The Tenacious Past: Theories of Personal and Collective Conservatism," Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 10 (September 1988): 143-71.
23. Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6.
24. John S. Dryzek and Jeffrey Berejikian, "Reconstructive Democratic Theory," American Political Science Review 87 (March 1993): 50.
25. James Rosenau, Turbulence in World Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), 220.
26. Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict," 53-82; Patricia W. Linville, "Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity: Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket," Social Cognition 3 (Spring 1985): 94-120; and Linville, "Self-Complexity as a Cognitive Buffer Against Related Depression and Illness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (April 1987): 663-676.
27. Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict," 53-82; Patricia W. Linville, "Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity: Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket," Social Cognition 3 (Spring 1985): 94-120; and Linville, "Self-Complexity as a Cognitive Buffer Against Related Depression and Illness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (April 1987): 663-676.
28. Northrup, "The Dynamic of Identity in Personal and Social Conflict," 53-82; Patricia W. Linville, "Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity: Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Cognitive Basket," Social Cognition 3 (Spring 1985): 94-120; and Linville, "Self-Complexity as a Cognitive Buffer Against Related Depression and Illness," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52 (April 1987): 663-676.
29. See Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder"; and Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity," International Organization 49 (Spring 1995): 229-252.
30. See Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder"; and Jonathan Mercer, "Anarchy and Identity," International Organization 49 (Spring 1995): 229-252.
31. Robert Putnam, "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games," International Organization 42 (Summer 1988): 427-460.
32. I do, of course, recognize that even territory, population, wealth, and ethnicity can and do change. The point is that these elements are more resistant to change than values, beliefs, and attitudes.
33. Susan T. Fiske and Shelley E. Taylor, Social Cognition (New York: McGraw Hill, 1991), 2nd ed., 142-179.
34. Linville, "Self-Complexity and Affective Extremity."
35. Barnett, "Institutions, Roles, and Disorder."
36. James G. Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Summer 1992): 271-301. See also Alexander L. George, "Domestic Constraints on Regime Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Need for Policy Legitimacy" in Ole R. Holsti, Randolph R. Silverman, and Alexander L. George, eds., Change in the International System (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980), 233-62.
37. James G. Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," Political Science Quarterly 107 (Summer 1992): 271-301. See also Alexander L. George, "Domestic Constraints on Regime Change in U.S. Foreign Policy: The Need for Policy Legitimacy" in Ole R. Holsti, Randolph R. Silverman, and Alexander L. George, eds., Change in the International System (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980), 233-62.
38. Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 274.
39. See Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 137-140; Alexander L. George, Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980), 61-66.
40. See Yaacov Y. I. Vertzberger, The World in Their Minds: Information Processing, Cognition, and Perception in Foreign Policy Decisionmaking (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1990), 137-140; Alexander L. George, Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1980), 61-66.
41. See Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301; and Wendt, "Anarchy," 411.
42. See Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301; and Wendt, "Anarchy," 411.
43. For demonstrations of the impact on policy of this kind of rhetoric, see B. Thomas Trout, "Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War," International Studies Quarterly 19 (September 1975): 251-84; and Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301. On the constraints exercised by mass beliefs, see Peffley and Hurwitz, "Attitude Constraint," 871-90; Hurwitz and Peffley, "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?" 1099-1120; and Hurwitz and Peffley, "The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics 52 (February 1990): 3-28.
44. For demonstrations of the impact on policy of this kind of rhetoric, see B. Thomas Trout, "Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War," International Studies Quarterly 19 (September 1975): 251-84; and Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301. On the constraints exercised by mass beliefs, see Peffley and Hurwitz, "Attitude Constraint," 871-90; Hurwitz and Peffley, "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?" 1099-1120; and Hurwitz and Peffley, "The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics 52 (February 1990): 3-28.
45. For demonstrations of the impact on policy of this kind of rhetoric, see B. Thomas Trout, "Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War," International Studies Quarterly 19 (September 1975): 251-84; and Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301. On the constraints exercised by mass beliefs, see Peffley and Hurwitz, "Attitude Constraint," 871-90; Hurwitz and Peffley, "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?" 1099-1120; and Hurwitz and Peffley, "The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics 52 (February 1990): 3-28.
46. For demonstrations of the impact on policy of this kind of rhetoric, see B. Thomas Trout, "Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War," International Studies Quarterly 19 (September 1975): 251-84; and Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301. On the constraints exercised by mass beliefs, see Peffley and Hurwitz, "Attitude Constraint," 871-90; Hurwitz and Peffley, "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?" 1099-1120; and Hurwitz and Peffley, "The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics 52 (February 1990): 3-28.
47. For demonstrations of the impact on policy of this kind of rhetoric, see B. Thomas Trout, "Rhetoric Revisited: Political Legitimation and the Cold War," International Studies Quarterly 19 (September 1975): 251-84; and Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301. On the constraints exercised by mass beliefs, see Peffley and Hurwitz, "Attitude Constraint," 871-90; Hurwitz and Peffley, "How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured?" 1099-1120; and Hurwitz and Peffley, "The Impact on Foreign Policy Attitudes," Journal of Politics 52 (February 1990): 3-28.
48. See Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301; Wendt, "Anarchy," 411; and Thomas W. Milburn and Daniel J. Christie, "Rewarding in International Politics," Political Psychology 10 (December 1989): 625-645.
49. See Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301; Wendt, "Anarchy," 411; and Thomas W. Milburn and Daniel J. Christie, "Rewarding in International Politics," Political Psychology 10 (December 1989): 625-645.
50. See Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271-301; Wendt, "Anarchy," 411; and Thomas W. Milburn and Daniel J. Christie, "Rewarding in International Politics," Political Psychology 10 (December 1989): 625-645.
51. On interest groups in foreign policy making, see Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993), 229-48, 358-470; and Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
52. On interest groups in foreign policy making, see Jerel A. Rosati, The Politics of United States Foreign Policy (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1993), 229-48, 358-470; and Richard Rosecrance, The Rise of the Trading State (New York: Basic Books, 1986).
53. On the challenge of systemic changes to national identity and role, see Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 274. The idea of the international system as a society comes from Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
54. On the challenge of systemic changes to national identity and role, see Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 274. The idea of the international system as a society comes from Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977).
55. On negative identification, see Wendt, "Anarchy," 400.
56. For good histories of Soviet foreign policy, see Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger, 1974); and Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy Since World War II, 3rd ed. (New York: Pergamon, 1988).
57. For good histories of Soviet foreign policy, see Adam Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger, 1974); and Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson, Soviet Policy Since World War II, 3rd ed. (New York: Pergamon, 1988).
58. On the sources of Soviet foreign policy during Gorbachev's tenure, see Glenn Chafetz, Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 225-250; and "The International Sources of Soviet Change," International Security 16 (Winter 1991/92): 74-118. Tensions between the Soviet Union's revolutionary identity and its desire to be viewed as a "normal" great power existed long before Gorbachev. See, for example, Stanley Hoffman, Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), chap. 11.
59. On the sources of Soviet foreign policy during Gorbachev's tenure, see Glenn Chafetz, Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 225-250; and "The International Sources of Soviet Change," International Security 16 (Winter 1991/92): 74-118. Tensions between the Soviet Union's revolutionary identity and its desire to be viewed as a "normal" great power existed long before Gorbachev. See, for example, Stanley Hoffman, Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), chap. 11.
60. On the sources of Soviet foreign policy during Gorbachev's tenure, see Glenn Chafetz, Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 225-250; and "The International Sources of Soviet Change," International Security 16 (Winter 1991/92): 74-118. Tensions between the Soviet Union's revolutionary identity and its desire to be viewed as a "normal" great power existed long before Gorbachev. See, for example, Stanley Hoffman, Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), chap. 11.
61. On the sources of Soviet foreign policy during Gorbachev's tenure, see Glenn Chafetz, Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine: Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe (Westport, CT: Praeger, 1993); Daniel Deudney and G. John Ikenberry, "Soviet Reform and the End of the Cold War: Explaining Large-Scale Historical Change," Review of International Studies 17 (March 1991): 225-250; and "The International Sources of Soviet Change," International Security 16 (Winter 1991/92): 74-118. Tensions between the Soviet Union's revolutionary identity and its desire to be viewed as a "normal" great power existed long before Gorbachev. See, for example, Stanley Hoffman, Janus and Minerva: Essays in the Theory and Practice of International Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987), chap. 11.
62. See for this argument Chafetz, Gorbachev, Reform, and the Brezhnev Doctrine, chap. 4.
63. For an example of Gorbachev's articulation of this goal, see, "Doklad M.S. Gorbacheva na Plenume Tsentral'nogo Komiteta KPSS 5 Fevrala 1990 Goda," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1-2.
64. On the role of interdependence, see for example Eduard A. Shevardnadze, "NauchnoPrakticheskaya Konferentsiia MID SSSR," Vestnik MID SSSR, no. 15, 15 August 1988, 33;
65. Gennadiy Belyakov, "Vzaimozavisimost' Gosudarstv Mirovogo 'Soobshestva," Nauchnyy Kommunizm," no. 6, 1988, 102-106; and El'giz Pozdnyakov and Irina Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii Mezhdunarodnykh Otnosheniy," Mirovaia Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya [MEiMO], no. 4, 1989, 19.
66. Gennadiy Belyakov, "Vzaimozavisimost' Gosudarstv Mirovogo 'Soobshestva," Nauchnyy Kommunizm," no. 6, 1988, 102-106; and El'giz Pozdnyakov and Irina Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii Mezhdunarodnykh Otnosheniy," Mirovaia Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya [MEiMO], no. 4, 1989, 19.
67. On the importance of avoiding nuclear war, see again Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33-34; Shevardnadze, Izvestia, 24 October 1989, 3; and Georgiy Shakhnazarov, "Vostok-Zapad: k Voprosu o Deideologizatsii Mezhgosudarstvenykh Otnosheniy," Kommunist, no. 3, 1989, 69. The factors themselves were not new, but the emphasis was. For works on Soviet international relations theory, see Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations; and Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988).
68. On the importance of avoiding nuclear war, see again Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33-34; Shevardnadze, Izvestia, 24 October 1989, 3; and Georgiy Shakhnazarov, "Vostok-Zapad: k Voprosu o Deideologizatsii Mezhgosudarstvenykh Otnosheniy," Kommunist, no. 3, 1989, 69. The factors themselves were not new, but the emphasis was. For works on Soviet international relations theory, see Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations; and Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988).
69. On the importance of avoiding nuclear war, see again Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33-34; Shevardnadze, Izvestia, 24 October 1989, 3; and Georgiy Shakhnazarov, "Vostok-Zapad: k Voprosu o Deideologizatsii Mezhgosudarstvenykh Otnosheniy," Kommunist, no. 3, 1989, 69. The factors themselves were not new, but the emphasis was. For works on Soviet international relations theory, see Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations; and Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988).
70. On the importance of avoiding nuclear war, see again Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33-34; Shevardnadze, Izvestia, 24 October 1989, 3; and Georgiy Shakhnazarov, "Vostok-Zapad: k Voprosu o Deideologizatsii Mezhgosudarstvenykh Otnosheniy," Kommunist, no. 3, 1989, 69. The factors themselves were not new, but the emphasis was. For works on Soviet international relations theory, see Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations; and Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988).
71. On the importance of avoiding nuclear war, see again Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33-34; Shevardnadze, Izvestia, 24 October 1989, 3; and Georgiy Shakhnazarov, "Vostok-Zapad: k Voprosu o Deideologizatsii Mezhgosudarstvenykh Otnosheniy," Kommunist, no. 3, 1989, 69. The factors themselves were not new, but the emphasis was. For works on Soviet international relations theory, see Lynch, The Soviet Study of International Relations; and Margot Light, The Soviet Theory of International Relations (Brighton, England: Wheatsheaf Books, 1988).
72. See Georgiy Mirski, "K Voprosu o Puti i Orientatsii Razvivayushchikhsya Stran" [MEiMO] no. 5, 1987, 70-80; Pavel Avakov, "Novoe Myshlenie i Problema Izucheniya Razvivayushchikhsya Stran," [MEiMO] no. 11, 1987, 48-62; and Oleg Bogomolov, "Mir Sotsializma na Puti Perestroiki," Kommunist, no. 16, 1987, 92-102.
73. See Georgiy Mirski, "K Voprosu o Puti i Orientatsii Razvivayushchikhsya Stran" [MEiMO] no. 5, 1987, 70-80; Pavel Avakov, "Novoe Myshlenie i Problema Izucheniya Razvivayushchikhsya Stran," [MEiMO] no. 11, 1987, 48-62; and Oleg Bogomolov, "Mir Sotsializma na Puti Perestroiki," Kommunist, no. 16, 1987, 92-102.
74. See Georgiy Mirski, "K Voprosu o Puti i Orientatsii Razvivayushchikhsya Stran" [MEiMO] no. 5, 1987, 70-80; Pavel Avakov, "Novoe Myshlenie i Problema Izucheniya Razvivayushchikhsya Stran," [MEiMO] no. 11, 1987, 48-62; and Oleg Bogomolov, "Mir Sotsializma na Puti Perestroiki," Kommunist, no. 16, 1987, 92-102.
75. M. S. Gorbachev, Izvestia, 5 November 1987, 1; and "On Progress in Implementing the Decisions of the 27th CPSU Congress and the Tasks of Promoting Perestroika, Report at the 19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 28 June 1988, in Documents and Materials of the 19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU, Soviet Life (Special Supplementary Issue), 32.
76. M. S. Gorbachev, Izvestia, 5 November 1987, 1; and "On Progress in Implementing the Decisions of the 27th CPSU Congress and the Tasks of Promoting Perestroika, Report at the 19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 28 June 1988, in Documents and Materials of the 19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU, Soviet Life (Special Supplementary Issue), 32.
77. Ibid.; "A norm," according to Robert Axelrod, "exists in a given social setting to the extent that individuals usually act in a certain way and are often punished when not seen to be acting in this way." Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1097.
78. Ibid.; "A norm," according to Robert Axelrod, "exists in a given social setting to the extent that individuals usually act in a certain way and are often punished when not seen to be acting in this way." Robert Axelrod, "An Evolutionary Approach to Norms," American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1097.
79. "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1.
80. Gorbachev, "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 34.
81. "Sud'by Mira Neotdelimy ot Sudeb Nashey Perestroiki: Vystuplenie Glavy Sovestkoy Delegatsii E. A. Shevardnadze na 44-y Sessii General'noy Assembley OON," Pravda, 27 September 1989, 5.
82. Gorbachev, "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 32.
83. "Obshcheevropeyskiy Protsess Idet Vpered," Pravda, 7 July 1989, 1-2. See also Vladimir Lukin's similar comment in a dialog with Aleksandr Bovin, "Perestroika Mezdunarodnykh Otnosheniy - puti i Podkhody," MEiMO, no. 1, 1989, 61.
84. "Obshcheevropeyskiy Protsess Idet Vpered," Pravda, 7 July 1989, 1-2. See also Vladimir Lukin's similar comment in a dialog with Aleksandr Bovin, "Perestroika Mezdunarodnykh Otnosheniy - puti i Podkhody," MEiMO, no. 1, 1989, 61.
85. Ibid., 32 ; and "Vystupleniya M. S. Gorbacheva v Organizatsiy Ob'edinennykh Natsiy," Izvestia, 8 December 1988, 1.
86. Ibid., 32 ; and "Vystupleniya M. S. Gorbacheva v Organizatsiy Ob'edinennykh Natsiy," Izvestia, 8 December 1988, 1.
87. Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentisiia MID SSSR," 32, 34; and Vadim Medvedev, "Sovremennaya Kontseptsia Sotsializma," Pravda, 5 October 1988, 4.
88. Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentisiia MID SSSR," 32, 34; and Vadim Medvedev, "Sovremennaya Kontseptsia Sotsializma," Pravda, 5 October 1988, 4.
89. See, for example, "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1 and "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 36; Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33. It should be noted that many reformers adhered to theories of international relations that combined Gorbachev's deemphasis on class and his opponents' realism. See Pozdnyakov and Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii," 26;
90. See, for example, "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1 and "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 36; Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33. It should be noted that many reformers adhered to theories of international relations that combined Gorbachev's deemphasis on class and his opponents' realism. See Pozdnyakov and Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii," 26;
91. See, for example, "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1 and "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 36; Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33. It should be noted that many reformers adhered to theories of international relations that combined Gorbachev's deemphasis on class and his opponents' realism. See Pozdnyakov and Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii," 26;
92. See, for example, "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1 and "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 36; Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33. It should be noted that many reformers adhered to theories of international relations that combined Gorbachev's deemphasis on class and his opponents' realism. See Pozdnyakov and Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii," 26; and Bovin, "Perestroika Mezdunarodnykh Otnosheniy," MEiMO, no. 1, 1989, 61.
93. See, for example, "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1 and "19th All-Union Conference of the CPSU," 36; Shevardnadze, "Nauchno-Prakticheskaya Konferentsiia," 33. It should be noted that many reformers adhered to theories of international relations that combined Gorbachev's deemphasis on class and his opponents' realism. See Pozdnyakov and Shadrina, "O Gumanizatsii i Demokratizatsii," 26; and Bovin, "Perestroika Mezdunarodnykh Otnosheniy," MEiMO, no. 1, 1989, 61.
94. "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1; and "Vystupleniya M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 8 December 1988, 2.
95. "Doklad M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 6 February 1990, 1; and "Vystupleniya M. S. Gorbacheva," Izvestia, 8 December 1988, 2.
96. For a manifesto of opposition to perestroika and new thinking, see, for example, the Nina Andreyeva letter in Sovetskaya Rossiya, 13 March 1988, 2.
97. On embedded roles and identities, see Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271 -301; and Wendt, "Anarchy," 411.
98. On embedded roles and identities, see Richter, "Perpetuating the Cold War," 271 -301; and Wendt, "Anarchy," 411.
99. See Yegor Ligachev's comments in, "Za Delo-Bez Raskachki," Pravda, 6 August 1988, 2.
100. Yegor K. Ligachev on Moscow Television Service in Russian, 2023 GMT, 20 June 1990, in FBIS-SOV-90-120, 21 June 1990, 90. See also Aleksandr Melnikov, first secretary of the Kemerovo Oblast Party Committee, on Moscow Television Service in Russian, 2042 GMT, 20 June 1990, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV-90-121, 22 June 1990, 97.
101. Yegor K. Ligachev on Moscow Television Service in Russian, 2023 GMT, 20 June 1990, in FBIS-SOV-90-120, 21 June 1990, 90. See also Aleksandr Melnikov, first secretary of the Kemerovo Oblast Party Committee, on Moscow Television Service in Russian, 2042 GMT, 20 June 1990, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV-90-121, 22 June 1990, 97.
102. See Glenn Chafetz, "Soviet Ideological Revision and the Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe," International Relations 11 (August 1992): 151-169.
103. See Paul Goble, "Ethnic Politics in the USSR," Problems of Communism 38 (July-August 1989): 4.
104. See, for example, Valentin Falin, "The Collapse of Eastern Europe: Moscow's View," New Perspectives Quarterly 7 (Spring 1990): 22.
105. The ideological nature of this division is noted by Aleksei Vasilyev, deputy director of the Academy of Sciences' Africa Institute, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; and Andrei Kozyrev in an interview with Vladimir Abarinov and Vitaly Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev: 'Soyuz Ostavil Rossii Polkhoe Vneshnepoliticheskoe Nasledstvo'" Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1 April 1992, 3.
106. The ideological nature of this division is noted by Aleksei Vasilyev, deputy director of the Academy of Sciences' Africa Institute, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; and Andrei Kozyrev in an interview with Vladimir Abarinov and Vitaly Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev: 'Soyuz Ostavil Rossii Polkhoe Vneshnepoliticheskoe Nasledstvo'" Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 1 April 1992, 3.
107. On the unreliability of polling in Russia, see Michael Specter, "Russia Pollsters are Seldom Right," New York Times, 15 May 1996.
108. I discuss the question of determining sincerity below.
109. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
110. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
111. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
112. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
113. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
114. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
115. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
116. The categorization that follows is derived from these sources: Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty 'Nashli Predatelei Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2; Aleksandr Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna 11 November 1992, 1; "Prezident Rossii Vidit Vykhod iz Krizisa V Provedenii Obshchenarodnogo Referenduma," Izvestia, 10 December 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Anti-Reform Posse Seems to be Gaining on Yelstin," New York Times, 22 October 1992; Bohlen, "Russian Parliament Calls for Economic Shift," New York Times, 28 November 1992; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992.
117. See, for example, Boris Yeltsin, "Na Meste Bednoy Rossii Bez Bogatykh Postroit Bogatuyu Rossiyu Bez Bednykh," Rabochaya Tribuna, 17 November 1992, 1-2; Sergei Chugaev "Ye. Gaidar Predstavil Deputatam Pravitelstvennuyu Programmu," Izvestia, 6 October 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Russian Economist Takes on Critics," New York Times, 3 December 1992.
118. See, for example, Boris Yeltsin, "Na Meste Bednoy Rossii Bez Bogatykh Postroit Bogatuyu Rossiyu Bez Bednykh," Rabochaya Tribuna, 17 November 1992, 1-2; Sergei Chugaev "Ye. Gaidar Predstavil Deputatam Pravitelstvennuyu Programmu," Izvestia, 6 October 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Russian Economist Takes on Critics," New York Times, 3 December 1992.
119. See, for example, Boris Yeltsin, "Na Meste Bednoy Rossii Bez Bogatykh Postroit Bogatuyu Rossiyu Bez Bednykh," Rabochaya Tribuna, 17 November 1992, 1-2; Sergei Chugaev "Ye. Gaidar Predstavil Deputatam Pravitelstvennuyu Programmu," Izvestia, 6 October 1992, 1; Celestine Bohlen, "Russian Economist Takes on Critics," New York Times, 3 December 1992.
120. Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Andrei Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
121. Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Andrei Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
122. See Barbara Crosette, "Globally, Majority Rules," New York Times, 4 August 1996.
123. See the Communist election platform, "Ot Razrusheniya-K Sozidaniyu. Put' Rossii v XXI Vek," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 May 1996, 3-4; and "Kommunisticheskiy Manifest-96," Kommersant, 13 April 1996, 3.
124. See the Communist election platform, "Ot Razrusheniya-K Sozidaniyu. Put' Rossii v XXI Vek," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 May 1996, 3-4; and "Kommunisticheskiy Manifest-96," Kommersant, 13 April 1996, 3.
125. See Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky, "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty Nashli Predateley Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Serge
126. See Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky, "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty Nashli Predateley Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992; Alessandra Stanley, "Russian Communist Aims for Broad Appeal," New York Times, 18 March 1996.
127. See Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky, "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty Nashli Predateley Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992; Alessandra Stanley, "Russian Communist Aims for Broad Appeal," New York Times, 18 March 1996.
128. See Georgiy Ivanov-Smolensky, "Chto Takoe Partinaya Zhizn Segodnya," Izvestia, 20 April 1992, 2; Yelena Pestrukhina, "Patrioty Nashli Predateley Natsii," Megalopolis Express, 17 June 1992, 3; Serge Schmemann, "Russia, History, and the Struggle Not to Repeat It," New York Times, 29 November 1992; Alessandra Stanley, "Russian Communist Aims for Broad Appeal," New York Times, 18 March 1996.
129. Andrei Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii: MID Predlagaet i Otstaivaet," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2.
130. For a treatment of the Russian identity crisis in terms of the Slavophile-Westernizer debate, see Sergei Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," MEiMO, no. 7, 1992, 76-85.
131. See Anna Poretskaya, "'Grazhdanskii Soyuz': Vzglyady Raznye, Zato Odinakovye Interesy," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 22 July 1992, 2.
132. Vladislav Drobkov, "Americanskie Rakety Budut Po-Prezhnomu Natseleny Na Rossiyu," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 1.
133. In general, Pravda and Sovetskaya Rossiya usually followed pro-communist and chauvinist, anti-Western lines; Izvestia generally supports the liberals; Rossiyskaya Gazeta, the newspaper of the conservative-dominated Supreme Soviet, usually publishes articles supporting the positions of the conservatives; and Nezavisimaya Gazeta offers a broader, less predictable range of perspectives.
134. Aleksandr Shalnev, "Pentagon Ispravlyaetsya," Izvestia, 25 May 1992, 4.
135. See Bull, Anarchical Society, 24-27, 41, 54. Wendt posits a similar continuum describing "cooperative," "individualistic," and "competitive" security relations. See Wendt, "Anarchy," 400.
136. See Bull, Anarchical Society, 24-27, 41, 54. Wendt posits a similar continuum describing "cooperative," "individualistic," and "competitive" security relations. See Wendt, "Anarchy," 400.
137. Sergei Yushinkov, who was chairman of the state Duma's defense committee and a Yeltsin loyalist, argued in an interview with the author on 11 April 1994 that the liberals had to pursue a more nationalist foreign policy for tactical reasons. He believed that the criticisms of Kozyrev and foreign policy generally were an important reason for the authoritarians' electoral success in 1993. Ironically, there were no data to indicate that Yeltsin's world view was the source of popular support for his opposition. Moreover, foreign policy was not an issue in the 1996 presidential election campaign. On the absence of foreign policy as an issue in the election, see Yuri Davydov, "Prorubit li Rossiia Okno v NATO?" Segodnya, 23 February 1996, 9.
138. See Michael R. Gordon, "Yeltsin's Communist Rival Tries to Moderate His Message," New York Times, 21 May 1996. Ultranationalist Vladimir Zhironovsky also had great difficulty moderating their messages.
139. For specific Western articulations of the theories the Russian liberals hold, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and World Politics," American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1151-69; and Thomas M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
140. For specific Western articulations of the theories the Russian liberals hold, see Michael W. Doyle, "Liberalism and World Politics," American Political Science Review 80 (December 1986): 1151-69; and Thomas M. Franck, The Power of Legitimacy among Nations (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
141. Boris Yeltsin, "Svoboda i Demokratiya: Glavnoe Uslovie Progressa i Protsvetlaniya," Rossiskaya Gazeta, 26 February 1996, 2.
142. Andrei Kozyrev actually described his preferred role for Russia in the world in those terms. See "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2.
143. Paradoxically, Yeltsin argued that he tried to concentrate power in order to preserve democracy when he threatened to suspend the parliament in March 1993. On the relationship between Soviet authoritarianism and the invention and exploitation of international tensions, see Yevgeny Primakov, Vladlen Martynov, and Herman Diligenskiy, "Nekotorikh Problemy Novogo Myshleniya," MEiMO, no. 6, 1989, 6.
144. The exploitation and even creation of international tensions to justify domestic authoritarianism is also an established theme of political science: see, for example, Barrington Moore, Jr., Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1966), 413-444.
145. Pavel Shinkarenko, "Chto Skazal Yeltsin Rossiiskim Diplomatam," Rossiiskiye Vesti, 29 October 1992, 1.
146. Maksim Yusin, "Moskva Predlagaet Zashchishchat' Demokratiyu s Pomoshch'u Politicheskikh Sil OON," Izvestia, 14 February 1992, 5.
147. Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3.
148. See, for example, point 12 in the "Basic Content of the Draft Conception of the Russian Federation's Foreign Policy," "Osnovnoe Soderzhanie Proekta Kontseptsii Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii" in Andrei Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2.
149. See, for example, point 12 in the "Basic Content of the Draft Conception of the Russian Federation's Foreign Policy," "Osnovnoe Soderzhanie Proekta Kontseptsii Vneshnei Politiki Rossiiskoi Federatsii" in Andrei Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2.
150. See Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Paul A. Goble, "The Russians Aren't Going," Washington Post, 19 July 1992; and Frank J. Prial, "Yeltsin Asks UN to Help Russians in the Baltics'" New York Times, 8 November 1992.
151. See Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Paul A. Goble, "The Russians Aren't Going," Washington Post, 19 July 1992; and Frank J. Prial, "Yeltsin Asks UN to Help Russians in the Baltics'" New York Times, 8 November 1992.
152. See Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Paul A. Goble, "The Russians Aren't Going," Washington Post, 19 July 1992; and Frank J. Prial, "Yeltsin Asks UN to Help Russians in the Baltics'" New York Times, 8 November 1992.
153. On the role of international institutions in lowering transaction costs, see Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984).
154. Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RF, 30 Yunya 1992 goda)
155. ," cited in Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhand" arma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6;
156. Chugaev, "Ye. Gaidar Predstavil Deputatam Pravitelstvennuyu Programmu," Izvestia, 6 October 1992, 1;
157. and Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," MEiMO, no. 7, 1992, 76-85.
158. Andrei Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2.
159. "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; see also Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3.
160. "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; see also Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3.
161. See, for example, Sergei Stankevich, "Rossiya Uzhe Sdelala Antiimperskii Vybor," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 6 November 1992, 2.
162. See Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava v Poiskakh Sebya," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4;
163. see also the views of Aleksandr Rutskoi in Petro, "The Rising Star of Russia's Vice President," 113-16.
164. See Aleksandr Rutskoi's comments in Krotkov, "Aleksandr Rutskoi: Nadeyus na Koalitsionnoe Pravitilstvo," Rabochaya Tribuna, 11 November 1992, 1.
165. See, for example, Nikolai Andreyev and Sergei Chugaev, "Sedmoi Sezd Nachal Rabotu i Otkazalsya Obsuzhdat Vopros ob Otstavke Prezidenta," Izvestia, 1 December 1992, 1; and Andreyev and Chugaev, "VII Sezd: Naprazhenie Narastaet Ustoit li Pravitelstvo?" Izvestia, 3 December 1992, 1.
166. See, for example, Nikolai Andreyev and Sergei Chugaev, "Sedmoi Sezd Nachal Rabotu i Otkazalsya Obsuzhdat Vopros ob Otstavke Prezidenta," Izvestia, 1 December 1992, 1; and Andreyev and Chugaev, "VII Sezd: Naprazhenie Narastaet Ustoit li Pravitelstvo?" Izvestia, 3 December 1992, 1.
167. See "Ot Razrusheniya - K Sozidaniyu. Put' Rossii v XXI Vek," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 28 May 1996, 3-4.
168. See Primakov, Martynov, and Diligenskiy, "Novogo Myshleniya," 6.
169. See B. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
170. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
171. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
172. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
173. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
174. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
175. See, for example, Yuri Glukhov, "Lyubov bez Vzaimnosti," Pravda, 26 May 1992, 3; and "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; Eduard Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3; and Yevgeny Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3. Their theory conforms perfectly to the world described by Mearsheimer, "Back to the Future." See the reaction to the nationalism of his opponents, where Foreign Minister Kozyrev called this philosophy "brownish pseudonational-patriotism" and "pseudopatriotic mythology," in Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya v Yugoslavskam Konflikte?" Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1.
176. Interviews with author, 10-11 April 1994. See also "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spetzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat' NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3.
177. Andranik Migranyan, "Vneshnaya Politika Rossii," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 March 1995, 1-2.
178. "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3.
179. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
180. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
181. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
182. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
183. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
184. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
185. See Abarinov and Tretyakov," Andrei Kozyrev," 3; Yelizaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli ot Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 21 January 1992, 5; Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin: U Rossii Net Kakoy-to Osoboy Taynoy Politiki v Yadernakh Voprosakh," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3; "Vizit Borisa Yeltsina v Velikobritaniyu," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 11 November 1992, 1; Yelena Shchedrunova, "Partner, a v Perspective - Soyuznik," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 November 1992, 1; Kozyrev, "Vneshnyaya Politika Rossii," Rossiiskaya Gazeta, 13 December 1992, 2. For Western arguments on relations among democratic states, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post-Cold War World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993).
186. Nikolai Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3.
187. See Maksim Yusin, "Moskva Predlagaet Zashchishchat' Demokratiyu s Pomoshch'u Politicheskikh Sil OON," Izvestia, 14 February 1992, 5; Pavel Shinkarenko, "Chto Skazal Yeltsin Rossiiskim Diplomatam," Rossiiskiye Vesti, 29 October 1992, 1; and Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3.
188. See Maksim Yusin, "Moskva Predlagaet Zashchishchat' Demokratiyu s Pomoshch'u Politicheskikh Sil OON," Izvestia, 14 February 1992, 5; Pavel Shinkarenko, "Chto Skazal Yeltsin Rossiiskim Diplomatam," Rossiiskiye Vesti, 29 October 1992, 1; and Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3.
189. See Maksim Yusin, "Moskva Predlagaet Zashchishchat' Demokratiyu s Pomoshch'u Politicheskikh Sil OON," Izvestia, 14 February 1992, 5; Pavel Shinkarenko, "Chto Skazal Yeltsin Rossiiskim Diplomatam," Rossiiskiye Vesti, 29 October 1992, 1; and Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3.
190. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
191. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
192. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
193. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
194. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
195. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
196. See Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Andranik Migranyan, "Podlinnye i Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii (Po Itogam Zakrytykh Slushaniy Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del Rossii A. V. Kozyreva na Komitete po Mezhdunarodnym Delam o Vneshnepoliticheskoy Kontseptsii MID RP, 30 Yunya 1992 goda), " cited in Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6. For a similar argument, see Andrei Ostalsky, "Yadernaya Ukraina-Eto eschche ne Konets Sveta," Izvestia, 27 March 1992, 7; and Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
197. Sergei Stankevich, "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1. See also Stankevich, "Rossiya Uzhe Sdelala Antiimperskii Vybor," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 6 November 1992, 2.
198. Sergei Stankevich, "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1. See also Stankevich, "Rossiya Uzhe Sdelala Antiimperskii Vybor," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 6 November 1992, 2.
199. See Sergei Agafanov, "Tokio ne Udovletvoren Raz'yasneniyami Moskvy," Izvestia, 26 May 1992, 5; Sergei Mitin, "Mircha Snegur: Kto Mne Garantiruet Chto Rossiyskie Tanki ne Voydut v Kishinev?" Izvestia, 9 June 1992, 2; and Ivan Yelistratov and Sergei Chugaev, "Rossiyskiy Parlement Mozhet Rassmotret' Vopros o Prisoedinenii Yuzhnoy Osetii k Rossii," Izvestia, 15 June 1992, 1.
200. See Sergei Agafanov, "Tokio ne Udovletvoren Raz'yasneniyami Moskvy," Izvestia, 26 May 1992, 5; Sergei Mitin, "Mircha Snegur: Kto Mne Garantiruet Chto Rossiyskie Tanki ne Voydut v Kishinev?" Izvestia, 9 June 1992, 2; and Ivan Yelistratov and Sergei Chugaev, "Rossiyskiy Parlement Mozhet Rassmotret' Vopros o Prisoedinenii Yuzhnoy Osetii k Rossii," Izvestia, 15 June 1992, 1.
201. See Sergei Agafanov, "Tokio ne Udovletvoren Raz'yasneniyami Moskvy," Izvestia, 26 May 1992, 5; Sergei Mitin, "Mircha Snegur: Kto Mne Garantiruet Chto Rossiyskie Tanki ne Voydut v Kishinev?" Izvestia, 9 June 1992, 2; and Ivan Yelistratov and Sergei Chugaev, "Rossiyskiy Parlement Mozhet Rassmotret' Vopros o Prisoedinenii Yuzhnoy Osetii k Rossii," Izvestia, 15 June 1992, 1.
202. Mikhail Karpov with Vladimir Lukin, Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 14 March 1995, 1-2.
203. For a summary of the many variations of this view, see Sergei Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," MEiMO, no. 7, 1992, 76-85. For the statist view that this is not necessarily so, see Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3.
204. For a summary of the many variations of this view, see Sergei Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," MEiMO, no. 7, 1992, 76-85. For the statist view that this is not necessarily so, see Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3.
205. "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spetzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat' NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3.
206. See the comments of Gennadi Zyuganov in Vladimir Nadein, "Tovarishch Zyuganov Obeshchaet Obespechit Amerikanskim Investoram Luchshie Usloviya Chem Nyneshnie," Izvestia, 3 February 1996, 3.
207. B. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4. Also see Bogomolov, "Menenie Obozrevatelya," Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3; and Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3.
208. B. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4. Also see Bogomolov, "Menenie Obozrevatelya," Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3; and Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3.
209. B. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4. Also see Bogomolov, "Menenie Obozrevatelya," Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3; and Fadeyev, "Udar Pod Dykh!" Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3.
210. Aleksandr Chudakov, "Yugoslavskiy Izlom," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 21 March 1992, 3.
211. Eduard Volodin, "Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3.
212. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
213. Glukhov, "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; and Vladimir Razuvayev, "O Knutakh i Pryanikakh: Spornye Rassuzhdeniya o Rossiysoy Vneshney Politike," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 5 March 1992, 4. See also Boris Rodionov, "Sanktsii OON Protiv Yugoslavii ne Uchit Interesov Rossii," Izvestia, 4 June 1992, 6.
214. Glukhov, "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; and Vladimir Razuvayev, "O Knutakh i Pryanikakh: Spornye Rassuzhdeniya o Rossiysoy Vneshney Politike," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 5 March 1992, 4. See also Boris Rodionov, "Sanktsii OON Protiv Yugoslavii ne Uchit Interesov Rossii," Izvestia, 4 June 1992, 6.
215. Glukhov, "Kroty Istorii Royut Vslepuyu," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1, 3; and Vladimir Razuvayev, "O Knutakh i Pryanikakh: Spornye Rassuzhdeniya o Rossiysoy Vneshney Politike," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 5 March 1992, 4. See also Boris Rodionov, "Sanktsii OON Protiv Yugoslavii ne Uchit Interesov Rossii," Izvestia, 4 June 1992, 6.
216. Vladimir Bolshakov, "Parizheskaya Palitra Andreya Kozyreva," Pravda, 17 November 1992, 3; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
217. Vladimir Bolshakov, "Parizheskaya Palitra Andreya Kozyreva," Pravda, 17 November 1992, 3; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
218. Yuri Subbotin, "Predckazuemiy Vzryv," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 6 May 1992, 3.
219. See Yuri Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," 76-85. See also Vera Tolz, "Russia: Westernizers Continue to Challenge National Patriots," RFE/RL Research Report, 1, no. 49 (11 December 1992): 1-9.
220. See Yuri Chugrov, "Rossiya Mezhdu Vostokom i Zapadam," 76-85. See also Vera Tolz, "Russia: Westernizers Continue to Challenge National Patriots," RFE/RL Research Report, 1, no. 49 (11 December 1992): 1-9.
221. Yergeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii," Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6.
222. Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Interesy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February 1992, 6.
223. Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; see also Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Ineresy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February 1992, 6.
224. Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; see also Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Ineresy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February 1992, 6.
225. Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; see also Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Ineresy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February 1992, 6.
226. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
227. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
228. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
229. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
230. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
231. See "Rossiya Ishchet Novoe Mesto v Mire," Izvestia, 6 March 1996, 3; Maksim Yusin, "Deputatam Obeshchana Velikaya Derzhava," Izvestia, 10 February 1996, 3; Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava," Nezvisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4; "Yavlenie Derzhavy," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 23 June 1992, 1; Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6; and Aleksei Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6.
232. Yevgeny Ambartsumov, "Rekomendatsii," Izvestia, 1 August 1992, 6.
233. Konstantin Eggert, "Rossiya v Roli 'Evraziyskogo Zhandarma'?" Izvestia, 7 August 1992, 6.
234. See Paul Goble, "The Russians Aren't Going," Washington Post, 19 July 1992.
235. Sergei Stankevich, "Derzhava v Poiskakh Sebya," Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 28 March 1992, 4.
236. Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3.
237. Ibid.
238. D. Muratov, Yuri Sorokin, and V. Fronin, "Boris Yeltsin: 'Ya ne Skryvayu Trudnostey i Khochu Chtoby Narod Eto Ponimal,'" Komsomolskaya Pravda, 21 May 1992, 2.
239. Maksim Yusin, "Polosa Ispytaniy," Izvestia, 24 March 1992, 6.
240. Andrei Kozyrev, "Na Chey Storone Rossiya," Izvestia, 8 June 1992, 1, 4.
241. Yusin, "Moskva Predlagaet Zashchishchat' Demokratiyu s Pomoshch'u Politiskikh Sil OON," Izvestia, 14 February 1992, 5.
242. Priai, "Yeltsin Asks UN to Help Russians in the Baltics," New York Times, 8 November 1992, 11.
243. Yuri Kovalenko, "Obrashchenie Rossii zastalo NATO Vrasplokh," Izvestia, 23 December 1991, 6. See also Yehzaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli to Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta 21 January 1992, 5; and Nikolai Pavlov, "Zabytaya Germaniya," Izvestia, 18 March 1992, 5.
244. Yuri Kovalenko, "Obrashchenie Rossii zastalo NATO Vrasplokh," Izvestia, 23 December 1991, 6. See also Yehzaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli to Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta 21 January 1992, 5; and Nikolai Pavlov, "Zabytaya Germaniya," Izvestia, 18 March 1992, 5.
245. Yuri Kovalenko, "Obrashchenie Rossii zastalo NATO Vrasplokh," Izvestia, 23 December 1991, 6. See also Yehzaveta Leontyeva, "Kogda My Ushli to Messianstvo," Rossiyskaya Gazeta 21 January 1992, 5; and Nikolai Pavlov, "Zabytaya Germaniya," Izvestia, 18 March 1992, 5.
246. B. Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
247. Glukhov, "Kroty Istorii," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1 , 3; see also Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3.
248. Glukhov, "Kroty Istorii," Pravda, 24 February 1992, 1 , 3; see also Volodin, "'Potentsialniy Soyuznik' ne Dremlet," Sovetskaya Rossiya, 24 March 1992, 3.
249. Ibid. For a discussion of the confused ideology of the reactionaries, see Igor Torbakov, "The Statists' and the Ideology of Russian Imperial Nationalism," RFE/RL Research Report, 1, no. 49 (11 December 1992): 10-16. The argument about an objective national interest recalls Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1967).
250. Ibid. For a discussion of the confused ideology of the reactionaries, see Igor Torbakov, "The Statists' and the Ideology of Russian Imperial Nationalism," RFE/RL Research Report, 1, no. 49 (11 December 1992): 10-16. The argument about an objective national interest recalls Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1967).
251. Ibid. For a discussion of the confused ideology of the reactionaries, see Igor Torbakov, "The Statists' and the Ideology of Russian Imperial Nationalism," RFE/RL Research Report, 1, no. 49 (11 December 1992): 10-16. The argument about an objective national interest recalls Hans J. Morgenthau, Politics Among Nations (New York: Knopf, 1967).
252. Pavel Bogomolov, "Menenie Obozrevatelya," Pravda, 2 June 1992, 3.
253. See, for example, Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Interesy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February
254. See, for example, Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Interesy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February
255. See, for example, Vasilyev, "Rossiya i Musul'manskiy Mir," Izvestia, 10 March 1992, 6; Ivanov-Smolensky's interview with Sergei Karaganov, "Iskat' Razumnye Resheniya Dolzhno ne Tol'ko Pravitelstvo," Izvestia, 24 June 1992, 2; and Sergei Goncharov, "Osobye Interesy Rossii," Izvestia, 25 February
256. See, for example, Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3.
257. See, for example, Abarinov and Tretyakov, "Andrei Kozyrev," 3; and Burbyga, "Boris Yeltsin," Izvestia, 22 February 1992, 1, 3.
258. For conditions for great power cooperation in the area of security, see Robert Jervis, "Security Regimes" in Stephen D. Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), 177; Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1969).
259. For conditions for great power cooperation in the area of security, see Robert Jervis, "Security Regimes" in Stephen D. Krasner, International Regimes (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983), 177; Karl Deutsch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International Organization in the Light of Historical Experience (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1969).
260. Yuri Kovalenko, "Obrashchenie Rossii," Izvestia, 23 December 1991, 6.
261. See "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spenzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3; Nadein, "Tovarisch Zyuganov Obeshchaet Obespechit Ameriknskim Investoram Luchshie Usloviya Chem Nynehnie," Izvestiva, 3 February 1996, 3; Migranyan, "Podlinnye is Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
262. See "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spenzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3; Nadein, "Tovarisch Zyuganov Obeshchaet Obespechit Ameriknskim Investoram Luchshie Usloviya Chem Nynehnie," Izvestiva, 3 February 1996, 3; Migranyan, "Podlinnye is Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
263. See "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spenzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3; Nadein, "Tovarisch Zyuganov Obeshchaet Obespechit Ameriknskim Investoram Luchshie Usloviya Chem Nynehnie," Izvestiva, 3 February 1996, 3; Migranyan, "Podlinnye is Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.
264. See "Dokument: Sotrudniki Spenzinstituta Predlagayut Rossii Protovostoyat NATO i SShA," Segodnya, 20 October 1995, 3; Nadein, "Tovarisch Zyuganov Obeshchaet Obespechit Ameriknskim Investoram Luchshie Usloviya Chem Nynehnie," Izvestiva, 3 February 1996, 3; Migranyan, "Podlinnye is Mnimye Orientiry vo Vneshney Politike," Rossiyskaya Gazeta, 4 August 1992, 7; and Zanegin, "Nuzhno li Nam Vstupat' v NATO," Pravda, 18 January 1992, 4.