Framing foreign policy alternatives in the inner circle: President Carter, his advisors, and the struggle for the arms control agenda

Political Psychology

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2001, Pages 775-807

  Garrison, Jean A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING   (United States)

Author keywords

Foreign policy advisory systems; Group dynamics; Jimmy Carter; Political manipulation; Strategic issue framing

Indexed keywords

EID: 0041077800     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0162-895X.00262     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Aaron, D. (1980, 15 December). Exit interview (pp. 1-20). Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta.
2. Allison, G. (1971). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban missile crisis. Boston: Little, Brown.
3. Allison, G., & Zelikow, P. (1999). Essence of decision: Explaining the Cuban missile crisis (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.
4. Brzezinski, Z. (1983). Power and principle: Memoirs of a national security advisor. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
5. Brzezinski, Z., Albright, M., Denend, L., & Odom, W. (1982, 18 February). Miller Center Institute. Carter Presidency Project (vol. 1, XV, pp. 1-91). Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta.
6. Burke, J., & Greenstein, F. (1989). How presidents test reality: Decisions on Vietnam, 1954 and 1965. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
7. Carter, J. (1979, November). The president. Department of State Bulletin, pp. 7-12.
8. Carter, J. (1982). Keeping faith: Memoirs of a president. Toronto: Bantam.
9. Cialdini, R. B. (1988). Influence: Science and practice (2nd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.
10. Clifford, C., with Holbrooke, R. (1991). Counsel to the president: A memoir. New York: Random House.
11. Crabb, C. V., Jr., & Mulcahy, K. V. (1986). Presidents and foreign policy making: From FDR to Reagan. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
12. Dobrynin, A. (1995). In confidence: Moscow's ambassador to America's six Cold War presidents 1962-1986. New York: Times Books.
13. Evans, R., & Novak, R. (1979, 24 September). Hard or soft on Cuba? Washington Post, p. A23.
14. Farnham, B. (1990). Political cognition and decision-making. Political Psychology, 11, 83-111.
15. Farnham, B. (Ed) (1994). Avoiding losses/taking risks: Prospect theory and international conflict. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
16. Festinger, L. (1950). Informal social communication. Psychological Review, 57, 271-282.
17. Fiske, S. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155-194.
18. Fiske, S., & Taylor, S. (1991). Social cognition. New York: McGraw-Hill.
19. French, J. R. P., Jr., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
20. Gamson, W. (1992). Talking politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Gamson, W., & Meyer, D. (1992, August). The framing of political opportunity. Paper presented at the Conference on European/American Perspectives on Social Movements, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC.
22. Garrison, J. (1999). Games advisors play: Foreign policy in the Nixon and Carter administrations. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
23. Garrison, J. (2000). Framing the national interest in U.S.-China relations: Building consensus around rapprochement. Asian Perspective, 24, 103-134.
24. Garthoff R. (1994). Détente and confrontation: American-Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
25. Gates, R. (1996). From the shadows. New York: Simon and Schuster.
26. George, A. (1979). Case studies and theory development: The method of structured, focused comparison. In P. Lauren (Ed.), Diplomacy: New approach in history, theory and policy (pp. 43-68). New York: Free Press.
27. George, A. (1980). Presidential decision making in foreign policy: The effective use of information and advice. Boulder, CO: Westview.
28. Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29. Gwertzman, B. (1978, 4 June). Mixed goals: U.S. remains of two minds (at least) on Africa. New York Times, Section IV, p. 1.
30. GwertZman, B. (1979, 23 September). BrzeZinski cautions Soviets on Cuba unit. New York Times, p. A1.
31. Hoyt, P. (1997). The political manipulation of group composition. Political Psychology, 18, 771-790.
32. Hoyt, P., & Garrison, J. (1997). Political manipulation within the small group: Foreign policy advisors in the Carter administration. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking (pp. 249-274). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
33. Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
34. Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. (1987). News that matters: Television and American opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
35. Johnson, R. (1974). Managing the White House. New York: Harper and Row.
36. Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica, 47, 263-292.
37. Khong, Y. F. (1992) Analogies at war. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
38. Kingdon, J. (1994). Agendas, alternatives, and public policies. New York: HarperCollins College.
39. Levy, J. (1994). Prospect theory and international relations: Theoretical applications and analytical problems. In B. Farnham (Ed.), Avoiding losses/taking risks: Prospect theory and international conflict (pp. 119-146). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
40. Levy, J. (1997). Prospect theory, rational choice, and international relations. International Studies Quarterly, 41(1), 87-112.
41. Little, D. (1991). Varieties of social explanation: An introduction to the philosophy of social science. Boulder, CO: Westview.
42. Maoz, Z. (1990). Framing the national interest: The manipulation of foreign policy decisions in group settings. World Politics, 43, 77-110.
43. May, E. (1973). "Lessons" of the past: The use and misuse of history in American foreign policy. London: Oxford University Press.
44. McDermott, R. (1994). Prospect theory in international relations: The Iranian hostage rescue mission. In B. Farnham (Ed.), Avoiding losses/taking risks: Prospect theory and international conflict (pp. 73-100). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
45. McDermott, R. (1998). Risk-taking in international politics: Prospect theory in American foreign policy. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
46. Moens, A. (1990). Foreign policy under Carter. Boulder, CO: Westview.
47. Nelson, T., & Kinder, D. (1996). Issue frames and group-centrism in American public opinion. Journal of Politics, 58, 1055-1078.
48. Nelson, T., & Oxley, Z. (1999). Issue framing effects on belief importance and opinion. Journal of Politics, 61, 1040-1067.
49. Newsom, D. P. (1987). The Soviet brigade in Cuba. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
50. Nitze, P. (1989). From Hiroshima to glasnost: At the center of decision. New York: Grove Weidenfeld.
51. Pincus, W., & Wilson, G. (1979, 9 September). Chapter 3: Dilemma, saving SALT II. Washington Post, p. A19.
52. Preston, T. (1997). "Following the leader": The impact of U.S. presidential style upon advisory group dynamics, structure, and decision. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking (pp. 191-248). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
53. Preston, T., & 't Hart, P. (1999). Understanding and evaluating bureaucratic politics: The nexus between political leaders and advisory systems. Political Psychology, 20, 49-98.
54. Raven, B. (1990). Political applications of the psychology of interpersonal influence and social power. Political Psychology, 11, 493-520.
55. Rosati, J. (1987). The Carter administration's quest for global community: Beliefs and their impact on behavior. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press.
56. Rosati, J. (1995). A cognitive approach to the study of foreign policy. In L. Neack, J. Hey, & P. Haney (Eds.), Foreign policy analysis: Continuity and change in its second generation (pp. 49-70). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
57. Shimko, K. (1994). Metaphors and foreign policy decision making. Political Psychology, 15, 657-673.
58. Snow, D., & Benford, R. (1988). Ideology, frame resonance, and participant mobilization. In B. Klandermans, H. Kriiesi, & S. Tarrow (Eds.), International social movement research (vol. 1, pp. 197-217). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
59. Snow, D., Rochford, E. B., Jr., Worden, S., & Benford, R. (1986). Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation. American Sociological Review, 51, 464-481.
60. Steinbrunner, J. D. (1974). The cybernetic theory of decision. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
61. Stern, E., & Sundelius, B. (1997). Understanding small group decisions in foreign policy: Process diagnosis and research procedure. In P. 't Hart, E. Stern, & B. Sundelius (Eds.), Beyond groupthink: Political group dynamics and foreign policymaking (pp. 123-150). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
62. Talbott, S. (1979). Endgame: The inside story of SALT II. New York: Harper and Row.
63. Tetlock, P. (1985). Accountability: The neglected social context of judgment and choice. Research in Organizational Behavior, 7, 297-332.
64. Tetlock, P. (1997). An alternative metaphor in the study of judgment and choice: People as politicians. In W. Goldstein & R. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making (pp. 657-680). New York: Cambridge University Press.
65. 't Hart, P. (1994). Groupthink in government: A study of small groups and policy failure. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
66. Vance, C. (1977, 28 March). Secretary Vance's news conference of March 4. Department of State Bulletin, pp. 277-283.
67. Vance, C. (1983). Hard choices: Critical years in America's foreign policy. New York: Simon and Schuster.
68. Vertzberger, Y. (1990). The world in their minds: Information processing, cognition, and perception in foreign policy decisionmaking. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
69. Vertzberger, Y. (1998). Risk taking and decisionmaking: Foreign military intervention decisions. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
70. Wrong, D. H. (1983). Power: Its forms, bases and uses. New York: Harper and Row.