Christians, Muslims, and Hindus: Religion and U.S.-South Asian relations, 1947-1954

Diplomatic History

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 593-613

  Rotter, Andrew J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040434992     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/0145-2096.00238     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
2. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
3. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
4. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
5. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
6. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
7. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
8. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
9. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
10. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
11. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
12. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
13. Representative titles on gender include Robert D. Dean, "Masculinity as Ideology: John F. Kennedy and the Domestic Politics of Foreign Policy," Diplomatic History 22 (Winter 1998): 29-62; Frank Costigliola, "The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance," Diplomatic History 21 (Spring 1997): 163-83; idem, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History 83 (March 1997): 1309-39; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; and Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42. On race see "Symposium: African Americans and U.S. Foreign Relations," with essays by Carol Anderson, Helen Laville and Scott Lucas, and Michael L. Krenn, and commentaries by Gerald Horne, Penny M. Von Eschen, and Brenda Gayle Plummer, Diplomatic History 20 (Fall 1996): 531-650; Alexander DeConde, Ethnicity, Race, and American Foreign Policy: A History (Boston, 1992); and Mary Dudziak, "Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative," Stanford Law Review 41 (November 1988): 61-120. General studies include Christian Appy ed., Cold War Constructions: The Political Culture of American Imperialism (Amherst, 2000); William O. Walker III, ed., Drugs in the Western Hemisphere: An Odyssey of Cultures in Conflict (Wilmington, DE, 1996); Michael J. Hogan and Thomas G. Paterson, eds., Explaining the History of American Foreign Relations (New York, 1991), especially essays by Emily Rosenberg, Michael Hunt, and Akira Iriye; and Michael H. Hunt, Ideology and U.S. Foreign Policy (New Haven, 1987). For an international relations approach see Marco Verweij, "Cultural Theory and the Study of International Relations," Millennium 24 (Spring 1995): 87-111.
14. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1983), 87; Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), 5; Lucian Pye and Sydney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, 1965).
15. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1983), 87; Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), 5; Lucian Pye and Sydney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, 1965).
16. Raymond Williams, Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society (New York, 1983), 87; Clifford Geertz, The Interpretation of Cultures (New York, 1973), 5; Lucian Pye and Sydney Verba, eds., Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, 1965).
17. Melvyn Leffler, "New Approaches, Old Interpretations, and Prospective Reconfigurations,Diplomatic History 19 (Spring 1995): 173-96.
18. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedelus 96 (Winter 1967): 1-21; Garry Wills, Under God: Rfligion and American Politics (New York, 1990), 15-16, 25, 116; Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York, 1963); Wilson's war message in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Boston, 1984), 37-41; Roosevelt's war message in ibid., 209-10.
19. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedelus 96 (Winter 1967): 1-21; Garry Wills, Under God: Rfligion and American Politics (New York, 1990), 15-16, 25, 116; Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York, 1963); Wilson's war message in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Boston, 1984), 37-41; Roosevelt's war message in ibid., 209-10.
20. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedelus 96 (Winter 1967): 1-21; Garry Wills, Under God: Rfligion and American Politics (New York, 1990), 15-16, 25, 116; Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York, 1963); Wilson's war message in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Boston, 1984), 37-41; Roosevelt's war message in ibid., 209-10.
21. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedelus 96 (Winter 1967): 1-21; Garry Wills, Under God: Rfligion and American Politics (New York, 1990), 15-16, 25, 116; Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York, 1963); Wilson's war message in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Boston, 1984), 37-41; Roosevelt's war message in ibid., 209-10.
22. Robert Bellah, "Civil Religion in America," Daedelus 96 (Winter 1967): 1-21; Garry Wills, Under God: Rfligion and American Politics (New York, 1990), 15-16, 25, 116; Frederick Merk, Manifest Destiny and Mission in American History (New York, 1963); Wilson's war message in Thomas G. Paterson, ed., Major Problems in American Foreign Policy, 2d ed. (Boston, 1984), 37-41; Roosevelt's war message in ibid., 209-10.
23. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
24. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
25. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
26. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
27. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
28. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
29. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
30. H. W. Brands, The Devil We Knew: Americans and the Cold War (New York, 1993); Townsend Hoopes, The Devil and John Foster Dulles (Boston, 1973); Michael Schaller, The U.S. Crusade in China, 1938-1945 (New York, 1979); Chester L. Cooper, The Lost Crusade: America in Vietnam (New York, 1970); James Irving Matray, The Reluctant Crusade: American Foreign Policy in Korea, 1941-1950 (Honolulu, 1985); Joshua Muravchik, The Uncertain Crusade: Jimmy Carter and the Dilemmas of Human Rights Policy (Lanham, MD, 1986); Steve Dryden, Trade Warriors: USTR and the American Crusade for Free Trade (New York, 1995); Stephen Whitfield, The Culture of the Cold War (Baltimore, 1991), 87.
31. Martin E. Marty, Modern American Religion, Vol. 3, Under God, Indivisible, 1941-1960 (Chicago, 1996), 118, 131-35, 151-52; Edwin S. Gaustad, ed., A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1965, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids, 1995), 488-93.
32. Martin E. Marty, Modern American Religion, Vol. 3, Under God, Indivisible, 1941-1960 (Chicago, 1996), 118, 131-35, 151-52; Edwin S. Gaustad, ed., A Documentary History of Religion in America since 1965, 2d ed. (Grand Rapids, 1995), 488-93.
33. Richard Wightman Fox, Reinbold Niebubr: A Biograply (New York, 1985), 224-67.
34. David McClellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (New York, 1976), 2-7; Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 360, 692-93. Note that Henry Grady, the first U.S. ambassador to independent India, had studied for the priesthood. See Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development (Chapel Hill, 1990), 25.
35. David McClellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (New York, 1976), 2-7; Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 360, 692-93. Note that Henry Grady, the first U.S. ambassador to independent India, had studied for the priesthood. See Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development (Chapel Hill, 1990), 25.
36. David McClellan, Dean Acheson: The State Department Years (New York, 1976), 2-7; Dean Acheson, Present at the Creation: My Years in the State Department (New York, 1969), 360, 692-93. Note that Henry Grady, the first U.S. ambassador to independent India, had studied for the priesthood. See Dennis Merrill, Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development (Chapel Hill, 1990), 25.
37. Dean Rusk, as told to Richard Rusk, As I Saw It (New York, 1990), 23-25, 34-35, 41-42, 51, 60-61, 504.
38. Dulles's religious speeches in Henry P. Van Dusen, ed., The Spiritual Legacy of John Foster Dulles (Philadelphia, 1959), xiii, 42, 74-75, 122, 221-28; Mark G. Toulouse, The Transformation of John Foster Dulles: from Prophet of Realism to Priest of Nationalism (Macon, 1985), xxvi-vii, 215, 217, 220, 232, 250-54;
39. Dulles's religious speeches in Henry P. Van Dusen, ed., The Spiritual Legacy of John Foster Dulles (Philadelphia, 1959), xiii, 42, 74-75, 122, 221-28; Mark G. Toulouse, The Transformation of John Foster Dulles: from Prophet of Realism to Priest of Nationalism (Macon, 1985), xxvi-vii, 215, 217, 220, 232, 250-54;
40. oral history interview with George V. Allen by Ed Kdwin, 7 and 9 March 1967, Columbia University Oral History Collection, Eisenhower Administration Project, Columbia University, New York.
41. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York, 1984); Omar Noman, Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947 (New York, 1990), 1-8, 33-35; Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan (London, 1950), 99-104.
42. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York, 1984); Omar Noman, Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947 (New York, 1990), 1-8, 33-35; Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan (London, 1950), 99-104.
43. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (New York, 1984); Omar Noman, Pakistan: Political and Economic History since 1947 (New York, 1990), 1-8, 33-35; Richard Symonds, The Making of Pakistan (London, 1950), 99-104.
44. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
45. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
46. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
47. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
48. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
49. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
50. Donald E. Smith, "Gandhi, Hinduism, and Mass Politics," in Religion and Political Modernizarion, ed. Smith (New Haven, 1974); H. N. Davy, "A Psychologist's Reactions in India," Part 1, Asia and the Americas 46 (April 1946): 151-54; Stephen A. Tyler, India: An Anthropological Perspective (Prospect Heights, IL, 1986), 5; Alan Roland, In Search of Self in India and Japan: Toward a Cross-Cultural Psychology (Princeton, 1988), 299-300, 306-7; Milton Singer, When a Great Tradition Modernizes: An Anthropological Approach to Indian Civilization (Chicago, 1972), 316; Times of India (TOI), Bombay, 28 May 1950, 29 December 1953. The timing of India's moment of independence - just before midnight on 14 August 1947 - was mandated by astrologers who declared 13 and 15 August inauspicious days. Superstitious cabinet ministers raced to be sworn in before the fifteenth began, greatly complicating plans for the elaborate ceremony devised by the viceroy, Lord Mountbatten. See Stanley Wolpert, Nebru: A Tryst with Destiny (New York, 1996), 404.
51. Diana Eck, Darşan: Seeing the Divine Image in India (Chambersburg, PA, 1985), 3-7.
52. Ibid., 5; K. R. Choudhury to Nehru, 8 September 1946, All India Congress Committee (AICC) Papers, file 33, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi; Michael Brecher, Nehru:A Political Biography (London, 1959), 3-11. Nehru never lost his knack for giving darşan; see the account of his visit to the Punjab in the summer of 1963 by Catherine A. Galbraith in Harper's, July 1965, 80.
53. Ibid., 5; K. R. Choudhury to Nehru, 8 September 1946, All India Congress Committee (AICC) Papers, file 33, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi; Michael Brecher, Nehru:A Political Biography (London, 1959), 3-11. Nehru never lost his knack for giving darşan; see the account of his visit to the Punjab in the summer of 1963 by Catherine A. Galbraith in Harper's, July 1965, 80.
54. Ibid., 5; K. R. Choudhury to Nehru, 8 September 1946, All India Congress Committee (AICC) Papers, file 33, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi; Michael Brecher, Nehru:A Political Biography (London, 1959), 3-11. Nehru never lost his knack for giving darşan; see the account of his visit to the Punjab in the summer of 1963 by Catherine A. Galbraith in Harper's, July 1965, 80.
55. Ibid., 5; K. R. Choudhury to Nehru, 8 September 1946, All India Congress Committee (AICC) Papers, file 33, 1946, Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Museum and Library (NMML), New Delhi; Michael Brecher, Nehru:A Political Biography (London, 1959), 3-11. Nehru never lost his knack for giving darşan; see the account of his visit to the Punjab in the summer of 1963 by Catherine A. Galbraith in Harper's, July 1965, 80.
56. President's Talking Paper, Meeting with Krishna Menon, 21 November 1961, John F. Kennedy Papers, President's Office Files (POF), Countries Series, box 118a, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; M. O. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age (New Delhi, 1978), 55; memo of conversation by Loy Henderson, 25 October 1948, Record Group 59, Lot File 54D341, box 18, National Archives, Washington, DC; oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson by Richard D. McKinzie, 14 June and 5 July 1973, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; Henderson to G. Lewis Jones, 18 April 1949, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 19.
57. President's Talking Paper, Meeting with Krishna Menon, 21 November 1961, John F. Kennedy Papers, President's Office Files (POF), Countries Series, box 118a, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; M. O. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age (New Delhi, 1978), 55; memo of conversation by Loy Henderson, 25 October 1948, Record Group 59, Lot File 54D341, box 18, National Archives, Washington, DC; oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson by Richard D. McKinzie, 14 June and 5 July 1973, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; Henderson to G. Lewis Jones, 18 April 1949, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 19.
58. President's Talking Paper, Meeting with Krishna Menon, 21 November 1961, John F. Kennedy Papers, President's Office Files (POF), Countries Series, box 118a, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; M. O. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age (New Delhi, 1978), 55; memo of conversation by Loy Henderson, 25 October 1948, Record Group 59, Lot File 54D341, box 18, National Archives, Washington, DC; oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson by Richard D. McKinzie, 14 June and 5 July 1973, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; Henderson to G. Lewis Jones, 18 April 1949, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 19.
59. President's Talking Paper, Meeting with Krishna Menon, 21 November 1961, John F. Kennedy Papers, President's Office Files (POF), Countries Series, box 118a, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; M. O. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age (New Delhi, 1978), 55; memo of conversation by Loy Henderson, 25 October 1948, Record Group 59, Lot File 54D341, box 18, National Archives, Washington, DC; oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson by Richard D. McKinzie, 14 June and 5 July 1973, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; Henderson to G. Lewis Jones, 18 April 1949, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 19.
60. President's Talking Paper, Meeting with Krishna Menon, 21 November 1961, John F. Kennedy Papers, President's Office Files (POF), Countries Series, box 118a, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston; M. O. Mathai, Reminiscences of the Nehru Age (New Delhi, 1978), 55; memo of conversation by Loy Henderson, 25 October 1948, Record Group 59, Lot File 54D341, box 18, National Archives, Washington, DC; oral history interview with Loy W. Henderson by Richard D. McKinzie, 14 June and 5 July 1973, Harry S Truman Library, Independence, Missouri; Henderson to G. Lewis Jones, 18 April 1949, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 19.
61. Menon claimed to dislike the opulent house provided the Indian high commissioner in Kensington Palace Gardens and avoided going there; he even installed a bathroom behind his chancery office to foster "the image of austerity he wished to create about himself," as Nehru's sister noted acidly. See Vijayalakshmi Pandit, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir (New York, 1979), 288.
62. Frank Roberts to Foreign Office, 1 March 1951, FO 371, file 92884, doc. FL10345/2 Public Record Office (PRO), Kew, England.
63. R. K. Gupta, The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literature and Cultural Relations (New Delhi, 1986), 19; Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India (New York, 1958), 265.
64. R. K. Gupta, The Great Encounter: A Study of Indo-American Literature and Cultural Relations (New Delhi, 1986), 19; Harold R. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India (New York, 1958), 265.
65. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
66. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
67. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
68. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
69. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
70. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
71. Congressional Briefing Book: India, 18 August 1961, Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 118a; Robert B. Minturn, Jr., From New York to Delhi (New York, 1858), 141; George Trumbull Ladd, Intimate Glimpses of Life in India (Boston, 1919), 277; Henry M. Field, From Egypt to Japan (New York, 1877), 125, 140, 254-59; Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 264. Joan Jensen notes that, in the early twentieth-century United States, the word "Hindu was a common term of opprobrium." Joan M. Jensen, Passage from India: Asian Indian Immigrants in North America (New Haven, 1988), 214.
72. Abbé J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (Oxford, 1905), 4; oral history interview with Sara Bard Field, Sara Bard Field Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California - Berkeley Bavard Taylor, A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853 (New York, 1891), 84-85; Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York, 1927), 179, 380; idem, The Face of Mother India (New York, 1935), 29; John Frederick Muehl, Interview with India (New York, 1950), 252.
73. Abbé J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (Oxford, 1905), 4; oral history interview with Sara Bard Field, Sara Bard Field Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California - Berkeley Bavard Taylor, A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853 (New York, 1891), 84-85; Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York, 1927), 179, 380; idem, The Face of Mother India (New York, 1935), 29; John Frederick Muehl, Interview with India (New York, 1950), 252.
74. Abbé J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (Oxford, 1905), 4; oral history interview with Sara Bard Field, Sara Bard Field Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California - Berkeley Bavard Taylor, A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853 (New York, 1891), 84-85; Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York, 1927), 179, 380; idem, The Face of Mother India (New York, 1935), 29; John Frederick Muehl, Interview with India (New York, 1950), 252.
75. Abbé J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (Oxford, 1905), 4; oral history interview with Sara Bard Field, Sara Bard Field Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California - Berkeley Bavard Taylor, A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853 (New York, 1891), 84-85; Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York, 1927), 179, 380; idem, The Face of Mother India (New York, 1935), 29; John Frederick Muehl, Interview with India (New York, 1950), 252.
76. Abbé J. A. Dubois, Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies (Oxford, 1905), 4; oral history interview with Sara Bard Field, Sara Bard Field Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California - Berkeley Bavard Taylor, A Visit to India, China, and Japan in the Year 1853 (New York, 1891), 84-85; Katherine Mayo, Mother India (New York, 1927), 179, 380; idem, The Face of Mother India (New York, 1935), 29; John Frederick Muehl, Interview with India (New York, 1950), 252.
77. Issacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 344-45, 351-52, 354-55.
78. The Laws of Manu, trans. and intro. Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith (New York, 1991); Ramanujan quoted in Roland, In Search of Self, 251.
79. The Laws of Manu, trans. and intro. Wendy Doniger and Brian K. Smith (New York, 1991); Ramanujan quoted in Roland, In Search of Self, 251.
80. G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste
81. G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste Hindus (Bloomington, 1961), 52-53; Field, From Egypt to Japan, 253; Nathan Glazer, "Introduction," Sulochana Raghavan Glazer and Nathan Glazer, eds., Conflicting Images: India and the UnitedStates (Glenn Dale, MD, 1990), 15-16; Muehl, Interview with India, 48-49.
82. G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste Hindus (Bloomington, 1961), 52-53; Field, From Egypt to Japan, 253; Nathan Glazer, "Introduction," Sulochana Raghavan Glazer and Nathan Glazer, eds., Conflicting Images: India and the UnitedStates (Glenn Dale, MD, 1990), 15-16; Muehl, Interview with India, 48-49.
83. G. Morris Carstairs, The Twice-Born: A Study of a Community of High-Caste Hindus (Bloomington, 1961), 52-53; Field, From Egypt to Japan, 253; Nathan Glazer, "Introduction," Sulochana Raghavan Glazer and Nathan Glazer, eds., Conflicting Images: India and the UnitedStates (Glenn Dale, MD, 1990), 15-16; Muehl, Interview with India, 48-49.
84. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
85. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
86. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
87. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
88. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
89. Price Collier, The West in the East (New York, 1911), 321; J. J. Singh, "Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan," n.d., RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 17; George McGhee, Envoy to the Middle World: Adventures in Diplomacy (New York, 1983), 97; Mohammed Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters: A Political Autobiography (London, 1967), 128; "Pakistan: A Leader Gets Things Done," Newsweek, 18 April 1960, 54-58; State Visit of Mohammed Ayub Khan, 11-18 July 1961, and Richard Gookin to Evelyn Lincoln, 11 July 1961, both Kennedy Papers, POF, Countries Series, box 123.
90. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 276; Department of State, "United States Relations with Pakistan," 21 March 1948, RG 59, Lot File 54D541, box 25; Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (New York, 1969), 58; Department of State, Office of South Asian Affairs, "Pakistan," 23 May 1952, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 22; embassy in Karachi to Department of State, 24 July 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/7-2453.
91. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 276; Department of State, "United States Relations with Pakistan," 21 March 1948, RG 59, Lot File 54D541, box 25; Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (New York, 1969), 58; Department of State, Office of South Asian Affairs, "Pakistan," 23 May 1952, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 22; embassy in Karachi to Department of State, 24 July 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/7-2453.
92. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 276; Department of State, "United States Relations with Pakistan," 21 March 1948, RG 59, Lot File 54D541, box 25; Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (New York, 1969), 58; Department of State, Office of South Asian Affairs, "Pakistan," 23 May 1952, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 22; embassy in Karachi to Department of State, 24 July 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/7-2453.
93. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 276; Department of State, "United States Relations with Pakistan," 21 March 1948, RG 59, Lot File 54D541, box 25; Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (New York, 1969), 58; Department of State, Office of South Asian Affairs, "Pakistan," 23 May 1952, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 22; embassy in Karachi to Department of State, 24 July 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/7-2453.
94. Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds, 276; Department of State, "United States Relations with Pakistan," 21 March 1948, RG 59, Lot File 54D541, box 25; Miles Copeland, The Game of Nations: The Amorality of Power Politics (New York, 1969), 58; Department of State, Office of South Asian Affairs, "Pakistan," 23 May 1952, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 22; embassy in Karachi to Department of State, 24 July 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/7-2453.
95. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
96. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
97. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
98. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
99. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
100. Wolpert, Nebru, 13-14, 492; minute by Sir W. Jenkin, 18 May 1948, L/P & S/12/4646, Collection 48: India's Foreign Relations, India Office Library, London; minute by K. H. Jones, 7 December 1950, FO 371, file 84204, doc. FL1013/96; memorandum of conversation by John Frick Root, 3 April 1951, Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), 1951 (Washington, 1977), 6:1689-92; various minutes, October-November 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; memorandum from John Sherman Cooper, 13 December 1956, Ann Whitman File (AWF), International Series, box 28, Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas.
101. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
102. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
103. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
104. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
105. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
106. Minute by S. J. Olver, 13 October 1950, FO 371, file 84263, doc. FL10310/12; Arthur H. Dean to the secretary of state, 27 January 1954, RG 59, 611.91/2-154; Carstairs, The Twice-Born, 54; TOI (Bombay), 2 December 1956; Elbert Mathews to T. Eliot Weil, 12 December 1955, RG 59, 611.91/10-2755; NSC 1409, n.d. [19 February 1954], FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 11:1096-117.
107. B. A. B. Burrows to J. D. Murray (Foreign Office), 30 July 1951, FO 371, file 93018, doc. FZ1023/23; minute by Ernest Bevin, 26 June 1949, FO 371, file 76093, doc. F10823; David D. Newsome to Avra M. Warren, 27 May 1950, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Department of State, "Special Note: The Assassination of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," 16 October 1951, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Horace A. Hildreth to secretary of state, 2 December 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/12-253.
108. B. A. B. Burrows to J. D. Murray (Foreign Office), 30 July 1951, FO 371, file 93018, doc. FZ1023/23; minute by Ernest Bevin, 26 June 1949, FO 371, file 76093, doc. F10823; David D. Newsome to Avra M. Warren, 27 May 1950, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Department of State, "Special Note: The Assassination of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," 16 October 1951, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Horace A. Hildreth to secretary of state, 2 December 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/12-253.
109. B. A. B. Burrows to J. D. Murray (Foreign Office), 30 July 1951, FO 371, file 93018, doc. FZ1023/23; minute by Ernest Bevin, 26 June 1949, FO 371, file 76093, doc. F10823; David D. Newsome to Avra M. Warren, 27 May 1950, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Department of State, "Special Note: The Assassination of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," 16 October 1951, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Horace A. Hildreth to secretary of state, 2 December 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/12-253.
110. B. A. B. Burrows to J. D. Murray (Foreign Office), 30 July 1951, FO 371, file 93018, doc. FZ1023/23; minute by Ernest Bevin, 26 June 1949, FO 371, file 76093, doc. F10823; David D. Newsome to Avra M. Warren, 27 May 1950, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Department of State, "Special Note: The Assassination of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," 16 October 1951, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Horace A. Hildreth to secretary of state, 2 December 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/12-253.
111. B. A. B. Burrows to J. D. Murray (Foreign Office), 30 July 1951, FO 371, file 93018, doc. FZ1023/23; minute by Ernest Bevin, 26 June 1949, FO 371, file 76093, doc. F10823; David D. Newsome to Avra M. Warren, 27 May 1950, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Department of State, "Special Note: The Assassination of the Prime Minister of Pakistan," 16 October 1951, RG 59, Lot File 54D341, box 24; Horace A. Hildreth to secretary of state, 2 December 1953, RG 59, 611.90D/12-253.
112. Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-24; G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers (New York, 1975), 100.
113. Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-24; G. W. Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and the Major Powers (New York, 1975), 100.
114. Robert J. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia: Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan, 1947-1954," Journal of American History, 75 (December 1988): 812-40. See also idem, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York, 1994), 154-88.
115. Robert J. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia: Making a Military Commitment to Pakistan, 1947-1954," Journal of American History, 75 (December 1988): 812-40. See also idem, The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan (New York, 1994), 154-88.
116. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia"; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 83; memo of discussion, 147th Meeting of the NSC, 2 June 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 4; and memo of discussion, 177th Meeting of the NSC, 23 December 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 5.
117. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia"; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 83; memo of discussion, 147th Meeting of the NSC, 2 June 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 4; and memo of discussion, 177th Meeting of the NSC, 23 December 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 5.
118. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia"; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 83; memo of discussion, 147th Meeting of the NSC, 2 June 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 4; and memo of discussion, 177th Meeting of the NSC, 23 December 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 5.
119. McMahon, "United States Cold War Strategy in South Asia"; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 83; memo of discussion, 147th Meeting of the NSC, 2 June 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 4; and memo of discussion, 177th Meeting of the NSC, 23 December 1953, AWF, NSC Series, box 5.
120. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
121. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
122. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
123. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
124. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
125. Howard Donavan to secretary of state, 2 August 1948, RG 59, 711.45/8-248; minute by R. C. Blackham, 16 September 1949, FO 371, file 76090, doc. F13781; Toulouse, Transformation of John Foster Dulles, 222-25; Choudhury, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, 100; George V. Allen to John Foster Dulles, 10 September 1953, RG 59, 611.91/9-1053; TOI(Bombay), 17 December 1953, 31 January 1954, 1 May 1961.
126. Memo of discussion at the 411th Meeting of the National Security Council, June 25, 1959, released to author following Freedom of Information Act request.