The Nuclear Family: Tropes of Gender and Pathology in the Western Alliance

Diplomatic History

Volumn 21, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 163-183

  Costigliola, Frank ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040152925     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-7709.00062     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels.
2. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
3. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
4. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
5. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
6. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
7. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
8. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
9. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
10. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
11. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
12. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
13. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
14. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
15. Interview with American official on the NATO international staff, 16 February 1995, Brussels In terms of gendered discourses, this essay builds on the following works: Frank Costigliola, "'Unceasing Pressure for Penetration': Gender, Pathology, and Emotion in George Kennan's Formation of the Cold War," Journal of American History, forthcoming March 1997; Michelle Mart, "Tough Guys and American Cold War Policy: Images of Israel, 1948-1960," Diplomatic History 20 (Summer 1996): 357-80; Andrew J. Rotter, "Gender Relations, Foreign Relations: The United States and South Asia, 1947-1964," Journal of American History 81 (September 1994): 518-42; Emily S. Rosenberg, "Gender," ibid. 77 (June 1990): 116-24; idem, "'Foreign Affairs' after World War II: Connecting Sexual and International Policies," Diplomatic History 18 (Winter 1994): 59-70; Laura McEnaney, "He-Men and Christian Mothers: The America First Movement and the Gendered Meanings of Patriotism and Isolationism," ibid., 47-57; Geoffrey S. Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," ibid., 79-90; Susan Jeffords, "Culture and National Identity in U.S. Foreign Policy," 91-96; Amy Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," ibid., 97-105; Anders Stephanson, "Considerations on Culture and Theory," ibid., 107-19; Alan Nadel, Containment Culture: American Narratives, Postmodernism, and the Atomic Age (Durham, 1995); Miriam Cook and Angela Wollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk (Princeton, 1993); Carol Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," Signs 12 (Summer 1987): 687-718; and Frank Costigliola, France and the United States: The Cold Alliance since World War II (New York, 1992), 3-5, 22, 86, 100-101, 145-46.
16. Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind (Chicago, 1987); George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, 1980); Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (New York, 1971), 65-66.
17. Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind (Chicago, 1987); George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, 1980); Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (New York, 1971), 65-66.
18. Mark Johnson, The Body in the Mind (Chicago, 1987); George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, Metaphors We Live By (Chicago, 1980); Murray Edelman, Politics as Symbolic Action (New York, 1971), 65-66.
19. For discussion of the strong tendency to represent the political situation with bodily symbolism, and vice versa, see Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger (New York, 1970), 115-22; and idem, Natural Symbols (New York, 1973), vii-ix, 63-71.
20. For discussion of the strong tendency to represent the political situation with bodily symbolism, and vice versa, see Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger (New York, 1970), 115-22; and idem, Natural Symbols (New York, 1973), vii-ix, 63-71.
21. Harold van B. Cleveland in Ninth Steering Committee Meeting, "Atlantic Policy Studies," 18 February 1964, p. 9, RG vol. III, Council on Foreign Relations Archives, New York City. For a contrary view see Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among Democracies (Princeton, 1995).
22. Harold van B. Cleveland in Ninth Steering Committee Meeting, "Atlantic Policy Studies," 18 February 1964, p. 9, RG vol. III, Council on Foreign Relations Archives, New York City. For a contrary view see Thomas Risse-Kappen, Cooperation among Democracies (Princeton, 1995).
23. U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1946 (Washington, 1969), 6:706, 702, 704, 709.
24. This is a major theme in Melvyn P. Leffler, A Preponderance of Power: National Security, the Truman Administration, and the Cold War (Stanford, 1992).
25. "Notes for Seminar at Princeton University," 23-26 January 1949, George F. Kennan Papers, box 17, Mudd Library, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey.
26. "Notes for statement on policy towards Germany, to be made to meeting of American chiefs of mission from the European area, at London, Sept. 24-27, 1952," Kennan Papers, box 26.
27. FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1986), 6:643-65.
28. FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1986), 7:913-16, 921.
29. Helen Haste, The Sexual Metaphor (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 85; Carol Cohn, "Wars, Wimps, and Women: Talking Gender and Thinking War," in Cooke and Woollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk, 229-30.
30. Helen Haste, The Sexual Metaphor (Cambridge, MA, 1994), 85; Carol Cohn, "Wars, Wimps, and Women: Talking Gender and Thinking War," in Cooke and Woollacott, eds., Gendering War Talk, 229-30.
31. Cohn, "Wars, Wimps, and Women," 228-29.
32. Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex (Bloomington, 1993); idem, Women and the History of Philosophy (New York, 1992), 4-9, 34-44, 67-70, 114-17; Haste, Sexual Metaphor, 32-34; Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1984), 2-16, 103-8; Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, 1985), 7-9, 87-89.
33. Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex (Bloomington, 1993); idem, Women and the History of Philosophy (New York, 1992), 4-9, 34-44, 67-70, 114-17; Haste, Sexual Metaphor, 32-34; Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1984), 2-16, 103-8; Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, 1985), 7-9, 87-89.
34. Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex (Bloomington, 1993); idem, Women and the History of Philosophy (New York, 1992), 4-9, 34-44, 67-70, 114-17; Haste, Sexual Metaphor, 32-34; Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1984), 2-16, 103-8; Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, 1985), 7-9, 87-89.
35. Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex (Bloomington, 1993); idem, Women and the History of Philosophy (New York, 1992), 4-9, 34-44, 67-70, 114-17; Haste, Sexual Metaphor, 32-34; Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1984), 2-16, 103-8; Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, 1985), 7-9, 87-89.
36. Nancy Tuana, The Less Noble Sex (Bloomington, 1993); idem, Women and the History of Philosophy (New York, 1992), 4-9, 34-44, 67-70, 114-17; Haste, Sexual Metaphor, 32-34; Genevieve Lloyd, The Man of Reason: "Male" and "Female" in Western Philosophy (Minneapolis, 1984), 2-16, 103-8; Evelyn Fox Keller, Reflections on Gender and Science (New Haven, 1985), 7-9, 87-89.
37. During the Second World War, U.S. officials, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, often demeaned France as an impossible or sick woman. See, for example, Francois Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle (New York, 1983), 238-41; and G. Bryan Conrad, "Franco-American Relations," 14 August 1945, Record Group 332, Secretary General Staff Classified General Correspondence, 092 France 1944-45, National Archives, Washington, DC.
38. During the Second World War, U.S. officials, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt, often demeaned France as an impossible or sick woman. See, for example, Francois Kersaudy, Churchill and de Gaulle (New York, 1983), 238-41; and G. Bryan Conrad, "Franco-American Relations," 14 August 1945, Record Group 332, Secretary General Staff Classified General Correspondence, 092 France 1944-45, National Archives, Washington, DC.
39. Life, 26 January 1953, 34.
40. Charles C. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France since 1940 (Westport, CT, 1994), 75-95; Costigliola, France and the United States, 90-101.
41. Charles C. Cogan, Oldest Allies, Guarded Friends: The United States and France since 1940 (Westport, CT, 1994), 75-95; Costigliola, France and the United States, 90-101.
42. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
43. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
44. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
45. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
46. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
47. U.S. Congress, Senate, Foreign Relations Committee, Executive Sessions, 1951 (Washington, 1976), 19, 468; FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1198; New York Times, 11 November 1953; Jean Lacouture, Pierre Mendès France (Paris, 1981), 275. See also FRUS, 1952-1954 (Washington, 1983), 5:1033-85; Pierre Mélandri, "Les difficiles relations franco-américaines," in Pierre Mendès France et le mendèsisme, ed. Francois Bedarida and Jean-Pierre Riou (Paris, 1985), 251-59.
48. FRUS, 1952-1954 5:949.
49. FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1444.
50. Ibid., 1445.
51. Medical literature in the nineteenth and in most of the twentieth centuries described the female hysteric as an "unusually intractable and self-assertive" woman, who was often locked in a power struggle with her husband and/or doctor and who exhibited, as a 1968 psychiatric manual put it, a personality that was excitable, unstable, overreactive, immature, and vain. Doctors distinguished between women, who had a natural predisposition toward hysteria and who could suffer the condition without having had any external traumas, and men, who if traumatized sufficiently by warfare or other stress could become hysterics. Wartime psychiatrists tended to believe that the hysterical man suffered a process of feminisation; he had lost control of his emotions, and he was acting like a woman by giving in to his sensitivity or cowardice instead of acting and dying like a man. These beliefs about hysteria demonstrate that even as gendered discourse assigns gender to human conditions and afflictions, men and women can take different positions within that gendered discourse. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 210, 212. See also Rosenberg, "'Foreign Affairs'," 67; Ursula Link-Heer, "'Male Hysteria': A Discourse Analysis," Cultural Critique 15 (Spring 1990): 191-220; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York, 1985), 3-4; and Susan Sontag, Illness as a Metaphor (New York, 1977), 74.
52. Medical literature in the nineteenth and in most of the twentieth centuries described the female hysteric as an "unusually intractable and self-assertive" woman, who was often locked in a power struggle with her husband and/or doctor and who exhibited, as a 1968 psychiatric manual put it, a personality that was excitable, unstable, overreactive, immature, and vain. Doctors distinguished between women, who had a natural predisposition toward hysteria and who could suffer the condition without having had any external traumas, and men, who if traumatized sufficiently by warfare or other stress could become hysterics. Wartime psychiatrists tended to believe that the hysterical man suffered a process of feminisation; he had lost control of his emotions, and he was acting like a woman by giving in to his sensitivity or cowardice instead of acting and dying like a man. These beliefs about hysteria demonstrate that even as gendered discourse assigns gender to human conditions and afflictions, men and women can take different positions within that gendered discourse. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 210, 212. See also Rosenberg, "'Foreign Affairs'," 67; Ursula Link-Heer, "'Male Hysteria': A Discourse Analysis," Cultural Critique 15 (Spring 1990): 191-220; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York, 1985), 3-4; and Susan Sontag, Illness as a Metaphor (New York, 1977), 74.
53. Medical literature in the nineteenth and in most of the twentieth centuries described the female hysteric as an "unusually intractable and self-assertive" woman, who was often locked in a power struggle with her husband and/or doctor and who exhibited, as a 1968 psychiatric manual put it, a personality that was excitable, unstable, overreactive, immature, and vain. Doctors distinguished between women, who had a natural predisposition toward hysteria and who could suffer the condition without having had any external traumas, and men, who if traumatized sufficiently by warfare or other stress could become hysterics. Wartime psychiatrists tended to believe that the hysterical man suffered a process of feminisation; he had lost control of his emotions, and he was acting like a woman by giving in to his sensitivity or cowardice instead of acting and dying like a man. These beliefs about hysteria demonstrate that even as gendered discourse assigns gender to human conditions and afflictions, men and women can take different positions within that gendered discourse. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 210, 212. See also Rosenberg, "'Foreign Affairs'," 67; Ursula Link-Heer, "'Male Hysteria': A Discourse Analysis," Cultural Critique 15 (Spring 1990): 191-220; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York, 1985), 3-4; and Susan Sontag, Illness as a Metaphor (New York, 1977), 74.
54. Medical literature in the nineteenth and in most of the twentieth centuries described the female hysteric as an "unusually intractable and self-assertive" woman, who was often locked in a power struggle with her husband and/or doctor and who exhibited, as a 1968 psychiatric manual put it, a personality that was excitable, unstable, overreactive, immature, and vain. Doctors distinguished between women, who had a natural predisposition toward hysteria and who could suffer the condition without having had any external traumas, and men, who if traumatized sufficiently by warfare or other stress could become hysterics. Wartime psychiatrists tended to believe that the hysterical man suffered a process of feminisation; he had lost control of his emotions, and he was acting like a woman by giving in to his sensitivity or cowardice instead of acting and dying like a man. These beliefs about hysteria demonstrate that even as gendered discourse assigns gender to human conditions and afflictions, men and women can take different positions within that gendered discourse. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 210, 212. See also Rosenberg, "'Foreign Affairs'," 67; Ursula Link-Heer, "'Male Hysteria': A Discourse Analysis," Cultural Critique 15 (Spring 1990): 191-220; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York, 1985), 3-4; and Susan Sontag, Illness as a Metaphor (New York, 1977), 74.
55. Medical literature in the nineteenth and in most of the twentieth centuries described the female hysteric as an "unusually intractable and self-assertive" woman, who was often locked in a power struggle with her husband and/or doctor and who exhibited, as a 1968 psychiatric manual put it, a personality that was excitable, unstable, overreactive, immature, and vain. Doctors distinguished between women, who had a natural predisposition toward hysteria and who could suffer the condition without having had any external traumas, and men, who if traumatized sufficiently by warfare or other stress could become hysterics. Wartime psychiatrists tended to believe that the hysterical man suffered a process of feminisation; he had lost control of his emotions, and he was acting like a woman by giving in to his sensitivity or cowardice instead of acting and dying like a man. These beliefs about hysteria demonstrate that even as gendered discourse assigns gender to human conditions and afflictions, men and women can take different positions within that gendered discourse. Carroll Smith-Rosenberg, Disorderly Conduct: Visions of Gender in Victorian America (New York, 1985), 210, 212. See also Rosenberg, "'Foreign Affairs'," 67; Ursula Link-Heer, "'Male Hysteria': A Discourse Analysis," Cultural Critique 15 (Spring 1990): 191-220; Elaine Showalter, The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830-1980 (New York, 1985), 3-4; and Susan Sontag, Illness as a Metaphor (New York, 1977), 74.
56. FRUS, 1952-1954 6:1445.
57. Marshal Shulman to Dean Acheson, 5 October 1954, Dean Acheson Papers, box 28, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Dean Acheson speech at Johns Hopkins University, 19 March 1959, General Records of the Department of State, Record Group 59, file 611.41/3-1959, National Archives.
58. FRUS, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1992), 27:89-91.
59. Ridgway B. Knight to Douglas MacArthur II, 30 November 1956, RG 59, 740.5/11-3056.
60. National Security Council (NSC), "Operations Coordinating Board Report on U.S. Policy on France," 9 November 1960, NSC files, National Archives; David L. Schalk, "American Opinion of General de Gaulle's Algerian Policy, 1958-1962," paper presented at the conference celebrating the centennial of Charles de Gaulle, 7-8 April 1990, New York University.
61. National Security Council (NSC), "Operations Coordinating Board Report on U.S. Policy on France," 9 November 1960, NSC files, National Archives; David L. Schalk, "American Opinion of General de Gaulle's Algerian Policy, 1958-1962," paper presented at the conference celebrating the centennial of Charles de Gaulle, 7-8 April 1990, New York University.
62. Press briefing, n.d. [June 1966], Johnson to Secretary Rusk, 4 June 1966, Rostow to the president, 9 June 1966, all in Rostow's Memoranda to the President, National Security file (NSF), box 8, Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library, Austin, Texas.
63. Ambassador Charles Bohlen to secretary of state, 31 March 1965, and David Klein to McGeorge Bundy, 29 April 1965, both in NSF, box 171. On the conflation of sexual and political threats see Neal Hertz, "Medusa's Head: Male Hysteria under Political Pressure," in Hertz, The End of the Line: Essays in Psychoanalysis and the Sublime (New York, 1985), 161-95; and Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley, 1992), 89-123.
64. Ambassador Charles Bohlen to secretary of state, 31 March 1965, and David Klein to McGeorge Bundy, 29 April 1965, both in NSF, box 171. On the conflation of sexual and political threats see Neal Hertz, "Medusa's Head: Male Hysteria under Political Pressure," in Hertz, The End of the Line: Essays in Psychoanalysis and the Sublime (New York, 1985), 161-95; and Lynn Hunt, The Family Romance of the French Revolution (Berkeley, 1992), 89-123.
65. The Case against Offering the Germans Ownership in Nuclear Hardware," 9 December 1965, NSF, boxes 186-87; Ball to the president, 5 December 1964, no. 1978/431A, Declassified Documents Reference Service (DDRS) (emphasis added).
66. Kissinger to the president, 6 April 1961, President's Office files (POF), box 117, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library, Boston, Massachusetts; unsigned memorandum to the president, "The U.S. and de Gaulle - The Past and the Future," 30 January 1963, POF, box 116A; memorandum of telephone conversation between McGeorge Bundy and George Ball, 12 March 1965, 11:40 A.M., George Ball Papers, box 4, Johnson Library.
67. Acheson to Frida Seabury, 29 October 1963, Acheson Papers, box 28.
68. Walt Rostow to Bundy, "A Re-Examination of Premises on the German Problem," 10 December 1965, NSF Country file: Germany, box 186-87; Ball telephone conversation with J. William Fulbright, 23 August 1965, Ball Papers, box 6; "Memorandum of Discussion of the MLF at the White House, at 5:30 P.M., April 10, 1964," NSF Subject file, box 23; Bator to Bill Moyers, 15 March 1966, Francis Bator Papers, box 3, Johnson Library.
69. "Impending Berlin Crisis," [October 1968], NSF Country file: Germany, box 189. In the early 1980s, when many Europeans opposed the Reagan administration's bombing of Libya and campaign against Nicaragua, some U.S. officials tried to delegitimate the political content of such criticism by attributing it to the inadequate masculinity of those "Euro-fags." Similarly, when massive numbers of West Germans protested the deployment on their territory of Pershing II missiles, a defense intellectual explained that "those Krauts are a bunch of limp-dicked wimps." Quoted in Cohn, "Wars, Wimps, and Women," 236.
70. "Impending Berlin Crisis," [October 1968], NSF Country file: Germany, box 189. In the early 1980s, when many Europeans opposed the Reagan administration's bombing of Libya and campaign against Nicaragua, some U.S. officials tried to delegitimate the political content of such criticism by attributing it to the inadequate masculinity of those "Euro-fags." Similarly, when massive numbers of West Germans protested the deployment on their territory of Pershing II missiles, a defense intellectual explained that "those Krauts are a bunch of limp-dicked wimps." Quoted in Cohn, "Wars, Wimps, and Women," 236.
71. Documents on British Policy Overseas (DOBPO) (London, 1987), series 1, vol. 4, 14, 9,
72. vol. 3 (1986), 13-15, 18-21.
73. R. H. Scott minute, 25 November 1952, on O. Harvey to William Strang, 10 November 1952, Foreign Office Political Correspondence, Record Class F.O. 371/101741, Public Record Office, London.
74. FRUS, 1951 (Washington, 1985), 4:895-98.
75. Roland Butler, "A New Perspective for British Diplomacy," 24 May 1963, F.O. 371/173334.
76. Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," 694-701; Brian Easlea, Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists, and the Nuclear Arms Race (London, 1983), 5-12, 146-72.
77. Cohn, "Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defense Intellectuals," 694-701; Brian Easlea, Fathering the Unthinkable: Masculinity, Scientists, and the Nuclear Arms Race (London, 1983), 5-12, 146-72.
78. See also Smith, "Security, Gender, and the Historical Process," 84.
79. Kaplan, "Domesticating Foreign Policy," 99.