Oceanic lithosphere 4. The origin and evolution of oceanic lithosphere: Magmatic processes at oceanic spreading centres

Geoscience Canada

Volumn 27, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 131-146

  Malpas, John ^a   Robinson, Paul T ^b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b Institute of Geochemistry   (Germany)

^c DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0040194026     PISSN: 03150941     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Aldiss, C.R., 1978, Granitic Rocks of Ophiolites: unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Open University, UK, 198 p.
2. Allegre, C.J. and Bottinga, Y., 1974, Tholeiite, alkali basalt and ascent velocity: Nature, v. 252, p. 31-32.
3. Allen, C.R., 1975, The Petrology of a Portion of the Troodos Plutonic Complex, Cyprus: unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Cambridge University, UK, 335 p.
4. Baragar, W.R.A., Lambert, M.B., Baglow, N. and Gibson, I.L., 1990, The sheeted dyke zone in the Troodos ophiolite, in Malpas, J., Moores, E.M., Panayiotou, A. and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites. Oceanic Crustal Analogues: Geological Survey of Cyprus, p. 37-52.
5. Bloomer, S.H., Meyer, P.S., Dick, H.J.B., Ozawa, K. and Natland, J.H., 1991, Textural and mineralogical variations in gabbroic rocks from Hole 735B, in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., eds., Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 118, p. 21-40.
6. Boudier, F., Nicolas, A. and Ildefonse, B., 1996, Magma chambers in the Oman ophiolite: fed from the top and the bottom: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 239-250.
7. Bowen, N.L., 1928, The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks: Princeton University Press.
8. Brown, G.C. and Mussett, A.E., 1981, The Inaccessible Earth: Allen and Unwin, London.
9. Browning, P., 1984, Cryptic variations within the cumulate sequence of the Oman ophiolite: magma chamber depth and petrological implications: Geological Society of London, Special Paper 13, p. 71-82.
10. Bryan, W.B., 1979, Regional variation and petrogenesis of basalt glasses from the FAMOUS area, MAR: Journal of Petrology, v. 20, p. 293-325.
11. Bryan, W.B., 1983, Systematics of modal phenocryst assemblages in submarine basalts: petrologic implications: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 83, p. 62-74.
12. Cann, J.R., 1970, New model for the structure of the ocean crust: Nature, v. 226, p. 928-930.
13. Cann, J.R., 1974, A model for oceanic crustal structure developed: Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, v. 39, p. 169-187.
14. Casey, J.F. and Karson, J.A., 1981, Magma chamber profiles from the Bay of Islands ophiolite complex: Nature, v. 298, p. 295-301.
15. Christensen, N.I. and Salisbury, M.H., 1975, Structure and constitution of the lower oceanic crust: Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 13, p. 57-86.
16. Collier, J. and Sinha, M., 1990, Seismic images of a magma chamber beneath the Lau Basin back-arc spreading centre: Nature, v. 346, p. 646-648.
17. Derrick, R.S., Buhl, P., Vera, E., Mutter, J., Orcutt, J., Madsen, J. and Brocher, T., 1987, Multichannel seismic imaging of a crustal magma chamber along the East Pacific Rise: Nature, v. 326, p. 35-41.
18. Dewey, J.F. and Kidd, W.S.F., 1977, Geometry of plate accretion: Geological Society of America, Bulletin, v. 88, p. 960-968.
19. Dick, H.J.B., 1989, Abyssal peridotites, very slow spreading ridges and ocean ridge magmatism, in Saunders, A.D. and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geological Society, Special Publication 42, p. 71-105.
20. Dick, H.J.B., Fisher, R.L. and Bryan, W.B., 1984, Mineralogic variation of the uppermost mantle along mid-ocean ridges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 69, p. 88-106.
21. Dick, H.J.B., Meyer, P., Bloomer, S., Kirby, S., Stakes, D. and Mawer, C., 1991, Lithostratigraphic evolution of an in situ section of oceanic layer 3 in Von Herzen, R.P., Robinson, P.T., et al., eds., Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 118, p. 439-515.
22. Dick, H.J.B. and Natland, J.H., 1996, Late-stage melt evolution and transport in the shallow mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise, in Mevel, C., Gillis, K.M., Allan, J.F. and Meyer, P.S., eds., Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 147, p. 103-134.
23. Dick, H.J.B., Robinson, P.T. and Meyer, P.S., 1992, The plutonic foundation of a slow-spreading ridge, in Duncan, R.A., et al, eds., Synthesis of Results from Scientific Drilling the Indian Ocean: American Geophysical Union, Geophysical Monograph 70, p. 1-39.
24. Dunsworth, S., Calon, T. and Malpas, J., 1986, Structural and magmatic controls on the internal geometry of the plutonic complex and its chromite occurrences in the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Newfoundland: Current Research: Geological Survey of Canada, 86-IA, p. 471-482.
25. Edwards, S.J. and Malpas, J., 1995, Multiple origins for mantle harzburgites: examples from the Bay of Islands ophiolite, Nfld: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 32, p. 1046-1057.
26. Elthon, D., 1992, Chemical trends in abyssal peridotites: refertilisation of depleted suboceanic mantle: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 9015-9025.
27. Elthon, D. and Scarfe, C.M., 1980, High pressure phase equilibria of a high-magnesium basalt: implications for the origin of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Carnegie Institute of Washington Yearbook, p. 277-281.
28. Engel, A.E.J. and Engel, C.G., 1964, Igneous rocks of the East Pacific rise: Science, v. 146, p. 477-485.
29. Engel, C.G. and Engel, A.E.J., 1963, Basalts dredged from the northeastern Pacific Ocean: Science, v. 140, p. 1321-1324.
30. Flower, M.J.F, 1980, Thermal and kinematic control on ocean ridge magma fractionation: contrasts between Atlantic and Pacific spreading axes:Geological Society London, Journal, v. 138, p. 695-712.
31. Flower, M.F.J. and Robinson, P.T., 1981a, Basement drilling in the western Atlantic Ocean 1. Magma fractionation and its relation to eruptive chronology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 6273-6298.
32. Flower, M.F.J. and Robinson, P.T., 1981b, Basement drilling in the western Atlantic Ocean 2. A synthesis of construction processes at the Cretaceous ridge axis: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 6299-6309.
33. Forsyth, D.W., 1997, Melting and mantle flow beneath mid-ocean ridges; constraints from the seismological component of the MELT experiment: EOS, v. 78, p. 17, 325.
34. Garmany, J., 1989, Accumulations of melt at the base of young oceanic crust: Nature, v. 340, p. 628-632.
35. Gillis, K.M., Mevel, C., Allan, J. et al, 1993, Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 147.
36. Gillis, K.M and Roberts, M., 1999, Cracking at the magma-hydrothermal transition: evidence from the Troodos ophiolite: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 169, p. 227-244.
37. Green, D.H. and Ringwood, A.E., 1967, The genesis of basaltic magmas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 15, p. 103-190.
38. Hale, L.D., Morton, C.J. and Sleep, N.H., 1982, Reinterpretation of seismic reflection data over the East Pacific Rise: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 87, p. 7707-7717.
39. Harding, A.J., Orcutt, J., Kappus, M., Vera, E., Mutter, J., Buhl, P., Detrick, R. and Brocher, T., 1989, The structure of young oceanic crust at 13°N on the East Pacific Rise from expanding spread profiles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 94, p. 12,163-12,196.
40. Hawkins, J., Lonsdale, P.F., Macdougall, J.D. and Volpe, A.M., 1990, Petrology of the axial ridge of the Mariana Trough backarc spreading centre: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 100, p. 226-250.
41. Henstock, T.J., Woods, A.W. and White, R.S., 1993, the accretion of oceanic crust by episodic sill intrusion: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 4143-4161.
42. Herron, T.J., Ludwig, W.J., Stoffa, P.L., Kan, T.K. and Buhl, P., 1978, Structure of the East Pacific Rise from multichannel seismic reflection data: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 83, p. 798-804.
43. Hirth, G. and Kohlstedt, D.L., 1996, Water in the oceanic mantle: implications for rheology, melt extraction and the evolution of the lithosphere: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 144, p. 93-108.
44. 231 Pa disequilibria produced by mantle melting with porous and channel flows: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 125, p. 1-16.
45. Johnson, K.T.M. and Dick, H.J.B., 1992, Open system melting and temporal and spatial variation of basalt and peridotite at the Atlantis II fracture zone: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 9219-9241.
46. Johnson, K.T.M., Dick, H.J.B. and Shimizu, N., 1990, Melting in the oceanic upper mantle: an ion microprobe study of diopsides in abyssal peridotites: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 2661-2678.
47. Kelemen, P.B., Dick, H.J.B. and Quick, J.E., 1992, Formation of harzburgite by pervasive melt/rock reaction in the upper mantle: Nature, v. 358, p. 635-641.
48. Kelemen, P.B., Hirth, G., Shimizu, N., Spiegelman, M. and Dick, H.J.B., 1997, A review of melt migration processes in the adiabatically upwelling mantle beneath oceanic spreading ridges: Royal Society London, Philosophical Transactions, A, v. 355, p. 283-318.
49. Kent, G.M., Harding, A.J. and Orcutt, J.A., 1990, Evidence for a smaller magma chamber beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9°30'N: Nature, v. 344, p. 650-653.
50. Klein, E.M. and Langmuir, C.H., 1987, Global correlations of ocean ridge basalt geochemistry with axial depth and crustal thickness: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 92, p. 8089-8115.
51. Korenaga, J. and Kelemen, P.B., 1997, Origin of gabbro sills in the Moho transition zone of the Oman ophiolite: Implications for magma transport in the oceanic crust: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 27729-27749.
52. Kuznir, N.J., 1980, Thermal evolution of the oceanic crust: its dependence on spreading rate and effect on crustal structure: Geophysical Journal Royal Astronomical Society, v. 61, p. 167-181.
53. Langmuir, C.H., 1989, Geochemical consequence of in situ crystallisation: Nature, v. 340, p. 199-205.
54. Langmuir, C.H., Klein, E.M. and Plank, T., 1992, Petrological systematics of mid-ocean ridge basalts: constraints on melt generation beneath ocean ridges: Geophysical Monographs, v. 71, p. 183-281.
55. Leblanc, M. and Ceuleneer, G., 1992, Chromite crystallisation in a multicellular magma flow: evidence from a chromitite dike in the Oman ophiolite: Lithos, v. 27, p. 231-257.
56. Lin, J., Purdy, G.M., Schouten, H., Sempere, J-C. and Zervas, C., 1990, Evidence for focussed magmatic accretion along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Nature, v. 344, p. 627-632.
57. Lundstrom, C.C., Gill, J., Williams, Q. and Perfit, M.R., 1995, Mantle melting and basalt extraction by equilibrium porous flow: Science, v. 270, p. 1958-1961.
58. Maaloe, S., 1981, Magma accumulation in the ascending mantle: Geological Society London, Journal, v. 138, p. 223-236.
59. Maaloe, S. and Scheie, A., 1982, The permeability controlled accumulation of primary magma: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 81, p. 350-357.
60. Malpas, J., 1987, The Bay of Islands ophiolite. A cross section through Paleozoic ocean crust and mantle in Western Newfoundland: Geological Society of America, DNAG field guides, p. 451-456.
61. Malpas, J., 1990, Accretionary processes in the Troodos ophiolite, Cyprus: evidence from field mapping and deep crusta drilling in Malpas, J., Moores, E., Panayiotou, A. and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites, oceanic crustal analogues: Geological Survey of Cyprus, p. 65-74.
62. Malpas, J., Case, G. and Moore, P., 1989, Geology of the area immediately surrounding the CY-4 borehole, Cyprus Crustal Study Project in CCSP Initial Report, Hole CY-4: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 88-9, p. 31-37.
63. McClain, J.S., Orcutt, J.A. and Burnett, M., 1985, The East Pacific Rise in cross section; a seismic model: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 8627-8640.
64. Moores, E.M. and Vine, F.J., 1971, The Troodos massif, Cyprus and other ophiolites as oceanic crust: evaluation and implications: Royal Society London, Philosophical Transactions, A, v. 268, p. 443-466.
65. Natland, J.H. and Dick, H.J.B., 1996, Melt migration through high-level gabbroic cumulates of the East Pacific Rise at Hess Deep: The origin of magma lenses and the deep crustal structure of fast-spreading ridges in Mevel, C., Gillis, K.M., Allan, J. F. and Meyer, P.S., eds., Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, p. 21-58.
66. Nicolas, A., 1986, A melt extraction model based on structural studies in mantle peridotites: Journal of Petrology, v. 27, p. 999-1022.
67. Nicolas, A., 1989, Structures of Ophiolites and Dynamics of Ocean Lithosphere: Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dortrecht, 367 p.
68. Nicolas, A., 1990, Melt extraction from mantle peridotites: hydrofracturing and porous flow, with consequences for oceanic ridge activity in Ryan, M.P., ed., Magma Transport and Storage: Wiley, New York, p. 159-174.
69. Nicolas, A., Reuber, I. and Benn, K., 1988, A new magma chamber model based on structural studies in the Oman ophiolite: Tectonophysics, v. 151, p. 87-105.
70. Nielsen, R.L., Crum, J, Bourgeois, R., Hascall, K., Forsythe, L.M., Fisk, M.R., and Christie, D.M., 1995, Melt inclusions in high-An plagioclase from the Gorda Ridge: an example of the local diversity of MORB parental magmas: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 122, p. 34-50.
71. Nisbet, E.G. and Fowler, C.M.R., 1978, The Mid-Atlantic ridge at 37° and 45° N: some geophysical and petrological constraints: Geophysical Journal Royal Astronomical Society, v. 54, p. 631-660.
72. Niu, Y., 1997, Mantle melting and melt extraction processes beneath ocean ridges: evidence from abyssal peridotites: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1047-1074.
73. Niu, Y. and Hekinian, R., 1997, Basaltic liquids and harzburgitic residues in the Garrettt Transform: a case study at fast spreading ridges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 146, p. 243-258.
74. O'Hara, M.J., 1965, Primary magmas and the origin of basalts, Scotland: Journal of Geology, v. 1, p. 19-40.
75. Pallister, J.S. and Hopson, C.A., 1981, Semail ophiolite plutonic suite: field relations, phase variation, cryptic variation and layering, and a model for the spreading ridge magma chamber: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2593-2644.
76. Pedersen, R.B. and Malpas, J., 1984, The origin of oceanic plagiogranites from the Karmoy ophiolite, Western Norway: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, p. 36-52.
77. Pedersen, R.B., Malpas, J., and Fallon, T., 1996, Petrology and geochemistry of gabbroic and related rocks from Site 894, Hess Deep, in Mevel, C., Gillis, K.M., Allan, J.F. and Meyer, P.S., eds., Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147, p. 3-19.
78. Perfit, M.R., Fornari, D.J., Smith, M.C., Bender, J.F, Langmuir, C.H., and Haymon, R.M., 1994, Small scale spatial and temporal variations in mid-ocean ridge crest magmatic processes: Geology, v. 22, p. 375-379.
79. Pettigrew, T.L., Casey, J.F, Miller, D.J. et al., 1999, Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 147.
80. Phipps Morgan, J., 1987, Melt segregation beneath mid ocean spreading centres: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 14, p. 1238-1241.
81. Phipps Morgan, J. and Chen, Y. J., 1993, The genesis of ocean crust: magma injection, hydrothermal circulation, and crustal flow: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 6283-6297.
82. Quick, J.E. and Denlinger, R.P., 1993, Ductile deformation and the origin of layered gabbros in ophiolites: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 98, p. 14015-14027.
83. Rhodes, J.M., Dungan, M.A., Blanchard, D.P. and Long, P.E., 1979, Magma mixing at mid ocean ridges: evidence from basalts drilled near 22°N on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Tectonophysics, v. 55, p. 35-61.
84. Ringwood, A.E., 1962, A model for the Upper Mantle; Pt 1 : Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 67, p. 857-867.
85. Robinson, P.T. and Malpas, J., 1990, The Troodos Ophiolite of Cyprus: new perspectives on its origin and emplacement in Malpas, J., Moores, E., Panayiotou, A. and Xenophontos, C., eds., Ophiolites, oceanic crustal analogues: Geological Survey of Cyprus, p. 13-26.
86. Robinson, P.T. and Von Herzen, R., et al, 1989, Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, 118, Part A, 826 P.
87. Robson, D. and Cann, J.R., 1982, A geochemical model of mid ocean ridge magma chambers: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 60, p. 93-104.
88. Rohr, K.B., Mildreit, B. and Yorath, C.J., 1988, Asymmetric deep crustal structure across the Juan de Fuca Ridge: Geology, v. 16, p. 533-537.
89. Salters, V.J.M. and Hart, S.R., 1989, The Hafnium paradox and the role of garnet in the source of mid-ocean ridge basalts: Nature, v. 342, p. 420-422.
90. Scheirer, D.S., Forsyth, D.W., Cormier, M-H., and Macdonald, K.C., 1998, Shipboard Geophysical Indications of Asymmetry and Melt Production Beneath the East Pacific Rise Near the MELT Experiment: Science, v. 280, p. 1221-1224
91. Schiffman, P., Smith, B.M., Varga, R.J. and Moores, E.M., 1987, Geometry, conditions and timing of off-axis hydrothermal metamorphism and ore deposition in the Solea Graben: Nature, v. 325, p. 423-425.
92. Schouten, H., Klitgord, K.D. and Whitehead, J.A., 1985, Segmentation of mid-ocean ridges: Nature, v. 317, p. 225-229.
93. Shen, Y. and Forsyth, D.W., 1995, Geochemical constraints on initial and final depths of melting beneath mid-ocean ridges: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 100, p. 2211-2237.
94. Shimizu, N., 1998, The geochemistry of olivine-hosted melt inclusions in FAMOUS basalt ALV519-4-1: Physics of Earth Planetary Interiors, v. 107, p. 183-201.
95. Shipboard Scientific Party, 1999, Leg 176 Summary in Dick, H.J.B., Natland, J.H., Miller, D.J., et al., Proceedings: Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Reports, v. 176, p. 1-70.
96. Sinha, M.C., Navin, D.A., MacGregor, L.M., Constable, S., Peirce, C., White, A., Heinson, G. and Inglis, M.A., 1999, Evidence for accumulated melt beneath the slow-spreading Mid-Atlantic Ridge in Cann. J.R., Elderfield, H. and Laughton, A., eds., Mid-Ocean Ridges: Cambridge University Press, p. 17-38.
97. Sinton, J.M. and Detrick, R.S., 1992, Mid-ocean ridge magma chambers: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 197-216.
98. Sinton, J.M., Smaglik, S.M., Mahoney, J.J. and Macdonald, K.C., 1991, Magmatic processes at superfast spreading ocean ridges: glass compositional variations along the East Pacific Rise, 13° - 23°S: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 6133-6155.
99. Sleep, N.H., 1975, Formation of oceanic crust: some thermal constraints: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 80, p. 4037-4042.
100. Sinewing, J.D., 1981, Mixing characteristics and compositional differences in mantle-derived melts beneath spreading axes: evidence from cyclically layered rocks in the ophiolite of North Oman: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 86, p. 2645-2660.
101. Sobolev, A.V. and Shimizu, N., 1993, Ultra-depleted primary melt inclusions in an olivine from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Nature, v. 363, p. 151-154.
102. Sobolev, A.V. and Shimizu, N., 1994, The origin of typical N-MORB: the evidence from a melt inclusion study: Mineralogical Magazine, v. A58, p. 862-863.
103. Sparks, D.W. and Parmentier, E.M., 1991, Melt exttaction from the mantle beneath mid-ocean ridges: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 105, p. 368-377.
104. Spiegelman, M., Aharonov, E. and Kelemen, P. B., 1996, The compaction reaction: magma channel formation by reactive flow in deformable media: EOS, v. 77, p. F783.
105. Spiegelman, M. and McKenzie, D., 1987, Simple 2D models for melt extraction at mid-ocean ridges and island arcs: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 83, p. 137-152.
106. Spooner, E.T.C., 1980, Cu-mineralisation and seawater convection in ocean crust - the ophiolite ore deposits of Cyprus: Geological Society of America, Special Paper 20, p. 665-704.
107. Strong, D.F. and Malpas, J., 1975, The sheeted dyke layer of the Bett's Cove ophiolite does not represent spreading: further discussion: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 12, p. 894-896.
108. Thompson, G., Bryan, W.B. and Humphris, S.E., 1989, Axial volcanism on the East Pacific Rise, 10° -12°N: Geological Society London, Special Publication 42, p. 181-200.
109. Toomey, D.R., Solomon, S.C., Wilcock, W.S. D., Blackman, D.K., Orcutt, J.A. and Hammond, WC., 1996, Upper mantle structure beneath the MELT region of the East Pacific Rise from initial observations of P and S delay times: EOS, v. 77, p. 652.
110. Toomey, D.R., Purdy, G.M., Solomon, S. and Wilcox, W., 1990, The three dimensional seismic velocity structure of the East Pacific Rise near latitude 9°30'N: Nature, v. 347, p. 639-644.
111. Toomey, D.R., Wilcock, W.S., Solomon, S.C., Hammond, W.C., Orcutt, J.A., 1998, Mantle Seismic Structure Beneath the MELT Region of the East Pacific Rise from P and S Wave Tomography: Science, v. 280, p. 1224-1227
112. Tucholke, B.E., Lin, J., Kleinrock, M.C., Tivey, M.A., Reed, T.B., Goff, J. and Jaroslow, G.E., 1997, Segmentation and crustal structure of the western Mid-Atlantic Ridge flank, 25° 25'-27'N and 0-29 m.y.: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 102, p. 10203-10223.
113. Turcotte, D.L. and Phipps Morgan, J., 1992, The physics of magma migration and mantle flow beneath a mid-ocean ridge: Geophysical Monograph 71, p. 155-182.
114. Vera, E.E., Buhl, P., Mutter, J.C., Harding, A.J., Orcutt, J.A. and Detrick, R.S., 1990, The structure of 0-0.2 My old oceanic crust at 90N in the East Pacific Rise from expanded spread profiles: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 15,529-15,556.
115. Walker, D., Shibata, T. and DeLong, S.E., 1979, Abyssal tholeiites from the Oceanographer Fracture Zone, II. Phase equilibria and mixing: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 70, p. 111-125.
116. Zhou, M-F., Robinson, P.T, Malpas, J. and Zijin, L., 1996, Podiform chromitites in the Luobusa ophiolite (Southern Tibet): Implications for melt-rock interaction and chromite segregation in the upper mantle: Journal of Petrology, v. 37, p. 3-21.