Molotov's apprenticeship in foreign policy: The triple alliance negotiations in 1939

Europe - Asia Studies

Volumn 52, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 695-722

  Watson, Derek ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

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EID: 0040016215     PISSN: 09668136     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/713663077     Document Type: Review

References (276)

1. I have not included references to Russian published sources where I have consulted the original document in the archive.
2. T.J. Uldricks, 'A.J.P. Taylor and the Russians', in G. Martel (ed.), The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: the A.J.P. Taylor Debate after Twenty-five Years (Boston, 1986), p. 173.
3. W. Strang, 'The Moscow Negotiations of 1939', in D. Dilks (ed.), Retreat from Power: Studies in British Foreign Policy of the Twentieth Century, Volume one 1936-1939 (London, 1981), p. 170.
4. A.J.P. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War (London, 1962), pp. 229, 231.
5. See below p. 708; I. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler (London), 1964, pp. 151-152.
6. 'Soviet-British-French Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), July 1969, p. 81; G. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939', European History Quarterly, 26, 3, 1996, p. 390; A. Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 1, 2000, pp. 36-50.
7. 'Soviet-British-French Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), July 1969, p. 81; G. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939', European History Quarterly, 26, 3, 1996, p. 390; A. Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 1, 2000, pp. 36-50.
8. 'Soviet-British-French Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), July 1969, p. 81; G. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed: Moscow and the Triple Alliance Negotiations, 1939', European History Quarterly, 26, 3, 1996, p. 390; A. Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact', Europe-Asia Studies, 52, 1, 2000, pp. 36-50.
9. Uldricks, 'A.J.P. Taylor and the Russians', p. 169; Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, pp. 227, 229-230.
10. Uldricks, 'A.J.P. Taylor and the Russians', p. 169; Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, pp. 227, 229-230.
11. S. Aster, 1939: the Making of the Second World War (London, 1973), pp. 175-179, 282; Public Record Office (hereinafter PRO), Cab27/624, FP (36) 38th Meeting 27 March 1939.
12. S. Aster, 1939: the Making of the Second World War (London, 1973), pp. 175-179, 282; Public Record Office (hereinafter PRO), Cab27/624, FP (36) 38th Meeting 27 March 1939.
13. D.C. Watt, How War Came: the Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938-1939 (London, 1989), p. 118. See Seeds' early conversations with Potemkin and Litvinov in 1939, Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Rossisskoi Federatsii (hereinafter AVPRF), f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66 ll. 1, 5-8, II.
14. W. Strang, Home and Abroad (London, 1956), p. 198.
15. Strang, 'The Moscow Negotiations', pp. 176-177.
16. R.J. Young, In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-40 (Cambridge, MA, 1978), pp. 236-237, 240; M.J. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade": Failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance in 1939', Europe-Asia Studies, 45, 2, 1993, pp. 322, 324; J.E. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, The Origins of World War II, 1933-1941 (Arlington, 1968), pp. 170, 187.
17. R.J. Young, In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-40 (Cambridge, MA, 1978), pp. 236-237, 240; M.J. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade": Failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance in 1939', Europe-Asia Studies, 45, 2, 1993, pp. 322, 324; J.E. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, The Origins of World War II, 1933-1941 (Arlington, 1968), pp. 170, 187.
18. R.J. Young, In Command of France: French Foreign Policy and Military Planning, 1933-40 (Cambridge, MA, 1978), pp. 236-237, 240; M.J. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade": Failure of the Anglo-Franco-Soviet Alliance in 1939', Europe-Asia Studies, 45, 2, 1993, pp. 322, 324; J.E. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, The Origins of World War II, 1933-1941 (Arlington, 1968), pp. 170, 187.
19. Taylor, The Origins of the Second World War, pp. 229, 232, 240-241.
20. A. Yakovlev, Pravda, 18 August 1989, quoted in G. Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi-Germany', Europe-Asia Studies, 44, 1, 1992, p. 73.
21. A. Yakovlev, Pravda, 18 August 1989, quoted in G. Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact with Nazi-Germany', Europe-Asia Studies, 44, 1, 1992, p. 73.
22. See Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact', pp. 57-78; and more recently D.V. Posrednikov, SSSR-Angliya: na puti ot konfrontatsii k sotrudnichestvu (Donetsk, 1996), pp. 41-53.
23. See Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact', pp. 57-78; and more recently D.V. Posrednikov, SSSR-Angliya: na puti ot konfrontatsii k sotrudnichestvu (Donetsk, 1996), pp. 41-53.
24. A.A. Gromyko et al., (eds), SSSR v bor'be za mir nakanune vtoroi mirovoi voiny: (sentyabr' 1938g.-avgust 1939g.): dokumenty i materialy (hereafter SSSR v bor'be za mir) (Moscow, 1971), pp. 383-387. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade, " ' p. 305.
25. A.A. Gromyko et al., (eds), SSSR v bor'be za mir nakanune vtoroi mirovoi voiny: (sentyabr' 1938g.-avgust 1939g.): dokumenty i materialy (hereafter SSSR v bor'be za mir) (Moscow, 1971), pp. 383-387. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade, " ' p. 305.
26. PRO, FO 371/24825, Interview between Sir Neville Butler and Leon Helfhand; cf., S.M. Miner, 'His Master's Voice: Viacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov as Stalin's Foreign Commissar', in G.A. Craig & F. Z. Lowenheim, The Diplomats, 1939-1979 (Princeton, 1994), p. 73.
27. Watt, How War Came, p. 363; J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933-39 (London, 1984), pp. 207, 210; Resis, 'The Fall of Livinov', p. 38.
28. Watt, How War Came, p. 363; J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933-39 (London, 1984), pp. 207, 210; Resis, 'The Fall of Livinov', p. 38.
29. Watt, How War Came, p. 363; J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security in Europe, 1933-39 (London, 1984), pp. 207, 210; Resis, 'The Fall of Livinov', p. 38.
30. G. Roberts, 'Soviet Policy and the Baltic States, 1939-1940: A Reappraisal', Diplomacy and Statecraft, 6, 3, 1995, p. 674.
31. J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Threat from the East, 1933-41: Moscow, Tokyo and the Prelude to the Pacific War (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 129-134; A. Sella, 'Khalkin-Gol, the Forgotten War', Journal of Contemporary History, 18, 1983, p. 651.
32. J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Threat from the East, 1933-41: Moscow, Tokyo and the Prelude to the Pacific War (Basingstoke, 1994), pp. 129-134; A. Sella, 'Khalkin-Gol, the Forgotten War', Journal of Contemporary History, 18, 1983, p. 651.
33. Aster, 1939, pp. 309-310.
34. Sella, 'Khalkin-Gol, the Forgotten War', p. 666.
35. Izvestiya, 1 June 1939.
36. Sella, 'Khalkin-Gol, the Forgotten War', p. 656.
37. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 303, del. 2093, l. 142.
38. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', p. 397; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', pp. 35-56.
39. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', p. 397; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', pp. 35-56.
40. E.L. Woodward & R. Butler (eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, 3rd Series, (hereafter DBFP), vol. 5 (London, 1952), pp. 228-229; Carley, 'End of the "Low, dishonest decade" ', pp. 315-320; cf. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 4, ll. 27-28. For the early stages in these negotiations see Resis, 'The Fall of Litivinov', pp. 37-50.
41. E.L. Woodward & R. Butler (eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, 3rd Series, (hereafter DBFP), vol. 5 (London, 1952), pp. 228-229; Carley, 'End of the "Low, dishonest decade" ', pp. 315-320; cf. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 4, ll. 27-28. For the early stages in these negotiations see Resis, 'The Fall of Litivinov', pp. 37-50.
42. E.L. Woodward & R. Butler (eds), Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919-1939, 3rd Series, (hereafter DBFP), vol. 5 (London, 1952), pp. 228-229; Carley, 'End of the "Low, dishonest decade" ', pp. 315-320; cf. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 4, ll. 27-28. For the early stages in these negotiations see Resis, 'The Fall of Litivinov', pp. 37-50.
43. AVPRF, f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66, del. 1, l. 25.
44. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', pp. 395-396; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', pp. 49-50. The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland) were not included in the French proposal.
45. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', pp. 395-396; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', pp. 49-50. The Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland) were not included in the French proposal.
46. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 412-413; PRO, FO 371/23065, 211-212; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 124; AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2076, ll. 177-179.
47. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 412-413; PRO, FO 371/23065, 211-212; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 124; AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2076, ll. 177-179.
48. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 412-413; PRO, FO 371/23065, 211-212; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 124; AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2076, ll. 177-179.
49. PRO, FO 371/23065, 146-149, 23071, 243; DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 443-444, 448-450.
50. PRO, FO 371/23065, 146-149, 23071, 243; DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 443-444, 448-450.
51. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', pp. 314, 319.
52. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 117; Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', p. 306; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', p. 41.
53. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 117; Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', p. 306; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', p. 41.
54. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, p. 117; Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', p. 306; Resis, 'The Fall of Litvinov', p. 41.
55. For the precise nature of the commitments see M. Andreyeva & K. Dimitriyeva, 'The Military Negotiations between the Soviet Union, Britain and France, in 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), February 1959, pp. 107-123 and March 1959, pp. 106-122.
56. In reply to a question on 13 April asking if a 'definite military alliance' between the United Kingdom, France and the USSR had ever been proposed, when he had described the British guarantees to Poland, Romania and Greece as a 'new policy an effort to build up a peace front', Simon said, and repeated, that the British government had 'no objection in principle'. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 346, House of Commons 1938-39 (London, 1939), col. 131-140.
57. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, ll. 95-96; L.B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude (London, 1948), pp. 177-178. On 20 March Poland had refused to be associated with the USSR in a four-power guarantee (W.N. Medlicott, The Coming of War in 1939 (London, 1963), p. 23) but there does seem to have been an improvement in Soviet-Polish relations at the time of Molotov's appointment; see P.R. Sweet et al. (eds), Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945 (hereinafter DGFP), Series D, vol. 6 (London, 1956), p. 466.
58. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, ll. 95-96; L.B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude (London, 1948), pp. 177-178. On 20 March Poland had refused to be associated with the USSR in a four-power guarantee (W.N. Medlicott, The Coming of War in 1939 (London, 1963), p. 23) but there does seem to have been an improvement in Soviet-Polish relations at the time of Molotov's appointment; see P.R. Sweet et al. (eds), Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945 (hereinafter DGFP), Series D, vol. 6 (London, 1956), p. 466.
59. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, ll. 95-96; L.B. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude (London, 1948), pp. 177-178. On 20 March Poland had refused to be associated with the USSR in a four-power guarantee (W.N. Medlicott, The Coming of War in 1939 (London, 1963), p. 23) but there does seem to have been an improvement in Soviet-Polish relations at the time of Molotov's appointment; see P.R. Sweet et al. (eds), Documents on German Foreign Policy 1918-1945 (hereinafter DGFP), Series D, vol. 6 (London, 1956), p. 466.
60. PRO, FO 371/23065, 180;
61. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 469-471, 483-486; AVPRF, f. 5, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 8, ll. 6-8. Bonnet, the French foreign minister, had on 3 May, in a fit of temper, revealed to the Soviet ambassador the French proposal, held in reserve in deference to the British. Aster, 1939, p. 173.
62. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 469-471, 483-486; AVPRF, f. 5, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 8, ll. 6-8. Bonnet, the French foreign minister, had on 3 May, in a fit of temper, revealed to the Soviet ambassador the French proposal, held in reserve in deference to the British. Aster, 1939, p. 173.
63. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 471.
64. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 571.
65. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 303, del. 2093, ll. 60-61.
66. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 302, del. 2090, ll. 10-13; f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2076, ll. 189-190. It is not clear how far Maisky's despatches convinced Molotov that the British government would prefer an understanding with Germany, or that British public opinion was likely to force it into a pact with the USSR; Watt, How War Came, p. 369. Maisky was in close touch with the anti-appeasement opposition, particularly Lloyd George and Churchill, trying to drive the government into an alliance with the USSR. See S. Aster, 'Ivan Maisky and Anti-Appeasement', in A.J.P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (London, 1971), pp. 317-357.
67. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 302, del. 2090, ll. 10-13; f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2076, ll. 189-190. It is not clear how far Maisky's despatches convinced Molotov that the British government would prefer an understanding with Germany, or that British public opinion was likely to force it into a pact with the USSR; Watt, How War Came, p. 369. Maisky was in close touch with the anti-appeasement opposition, particularly Lloyd George and Churchill, trying to drive the government into an alliance with the USSR. See S. Aster, 'Ivan Maisky and Anti-Appeasement', in A.J.P. Taylor (ed.), Lloyd George: Twelve Essays (London, 1971), pp. 317-357.
68. XVII S''ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii(b), 10-21 Marta 1939g. Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1939), p. 15.
69. A. Roshchin, 'Soviet Pre-war Diplomacy', International Affairs (Moscow), December 1987, p. 120.
70. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 16, pap. 27, del. 1, ll. 7-10. In August, when the pact with Germany had been negotiated, Molotov told Naggiar that the Soviet government considered that the 1935 Soviet-French Pact of Mutual Assistance was made void by the Franco-German Non-Aggression Declaration of December 1938. Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, p. 289.
71. In answer to a parliamentary question by Henderson on 8 May, Chamberlain had talked about 'obtaining the fullest co-operation with Russia', but had not mentioned an alliance, although this had been implied by Henderson, Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 347, col. 10.
72. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 737; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 16, pap. 27, del., 1, ll. 7-10.
73. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, ll. 119-120, 121; DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 589-590, 558-559, 567-568.
74. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 302, del. 2090, ll. 22-31.
75. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 568; PRO, FO 371/23071, 243-244; Aster, 1939, p. 182; AVPRF, f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66, del. 1, ll. 39-40.
76. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 568; PRO, FO 371/23071, 243-244; Aster, 1939, p. 182; AVPRF, f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66, del. 1, ll. 39-40.
77. Watt, How War Came, p. 246; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 128-130; A.P. Bondarenko (ed.), God krizisa 1938-1939: dokumenty i materialy (here after God krizisa), t. 1, 29 sentyabrya 1938g.-31 maya 1939 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 486-487.
78. Watt, How War Came, p. 246; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 128-130; A.P. Bondarenko (ed.), God krizisa 1938-1939: dokumenty i materialy (here after God krizisa), t. 1, 29 sentyabrya 1938g.-31 maya 1939 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 486-487.
79. Watt, How War Came, p. 246; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 128-130; A.P. Bondarenko (ed.), God krizisa 1938-1939: dokumenty i materialy (here after God krizisa), t. 1, 29 sentyabrya 1938g.-31 maya 1939 (Moscow, 1990), pp. 486-487.
80. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 298, del. 2057, ll. 11-12.
81. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1, pap. 1, del. 2, ll. 24-26. Schulenburg was exploring the significance of Molotov replacing Litvinov. Watt, How War Came, pp. 248-250.
82. DGFP, vol. 6, pp. 494-500.
83. Aster, 1939, pp. 185-187; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 167.
84. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 668-669, 678; AVPRF, f. 11, op. 4, pap. 24, del. 7, ll. 65-67.
85. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 710; PRO, FO 371/23067, 126-130.
86. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 710; PRO, FO 371/23067, 126-130.
87. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 680, 702, 712; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 168. For the Soviet account of this interview, recorded by Potemkin, which confirms the words of Molotov which struck Seeds and Strang most forcibly, see AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1, pap. 1, del. 2, ll. 41-47.
88. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 680, 702, 712; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 168. For the Soviet account of this interview, recorded by Potemkin, which confirms the words of Molotov which struck Seeds and Strang most forcibly, see AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1, pap. 1, del. 2, ll. 41-47.
89. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 303, del. 2093, l. 92.
90. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', p. 324.
91. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 722; PRO, FO 371/23067, 49-50.
92. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 722; PRO, FO 371/23067, 49-50.
93. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 346, col. 137.
94. PRO, FO 371/23067, 135; DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 725-727.
95. PRO, FO 371/23067, 135; DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 725-727.
96. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 722; PRO, FO 371/23067, 49-50.
97. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 722; PRO, FO 371/23067, 49-50.
98. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 736.
99. Izvestiya, 1 June 1939.
100. DGFP, vol. 6, p. 626.
101. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 737.
102. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, ll. 146-147.
103. DBFP, vol. 5, pp. 753-754.
104. PRO, FO 371/23071, 245.
105. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 433-434.
106. PRO, FO 371/23067, 230-231.
107. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 301, del. 2075, ll. 186-187.
108. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', p. 402.
109. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 140-141; AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 2077, ll. 59-61.
110. Aster, 1939, pp. 264-265.
111. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 348, col. 2205, 21 June, vol. 349, col. 5, 26 June, vol. 350, col. 2036, 31 July, col. 2818, 4 August.
112. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 348, col. 2205, 21 June, vol. 349, col. 5, 26 June, vol. 350, col. 2036, 31 July, col. 2818, 4 August.
113. Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 348, col. 2205, 21 June, vol. 349, col. 5, 26 June, vol. 350, col. 2036, 31 July, col. 2818, 4 August.
114. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 2-4; R.J. Sontag & J.S. Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office (here after Nazi-Soviet Relations) (Westport, CT, 1976), p. 60;
115. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 2-4; R.J. Sontag & J.S. Beddie, Nazi-Soviet Relations 1939-1941: Documents from the Archives of the German Foreign Office (here after Nazi-Soviet Relations) (Westport, CT, 1976), p. 60;
116. God krizisa, t. 2, p. 270.
117. Pravda, 1 September 1939.
118. Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 156-157; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 22. Roberts only stayed briefly; see ibid., p. 216.
119. Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 156-157; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 22. Roberts only stayed briefly; see ibid., p. 216.
120. Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 156-157; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 22. Roberts only stayed briefly; see ibid., p. 216.
121. Carley, 'End of the "Low, Dishonest Decade" ', p. 323.
122. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 79; 115-119; PRO, FO 371/23069, 21-29.
123. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 79; 115-119; PRO, FO 371/23069, 21-29.
124. According to Aster, 1939, p. 268, Molotov's desk 'appeared mistakenly to be on a raised dais' (my italics).
125. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 175; PRO, FO 371/23071, 14.
126. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 175; PRO, FO 371/23071, 14.
127. A.V. Korotkov et al. (eds) 'Posetiteli kremlevskogo kabineta I.V. Stalina', Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1995, 6, pp. 37-41.
128. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 174; BFP, vol. 6, pp. 138-139.
129. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 174; BFP, vol. 6, pp. 138-139.
130. e Série 1939-1939), t. xvi-xix (Paris, 1983-86) (here after DDF), is considerably more formal and contains far less comment than the British account.
131. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 165.
132. Rossiisskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Sotsial'no-Politicheskoi Istorii, f. 82, op. 1, del. 8, l. 13.
133. Izvestiya, 16 June 1939.
134. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 85-87; PRO, FO 371/23069, 36-37; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 10, ll. 14-15.
135. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 85-87; PRO, FO 371/23069, 36-37; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 25, del. 10, ll. 14-15.
136. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 89, 119; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 176-177.
137. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 89, 119; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 176-177.
138. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 89-91, 139. Poland, as Molotov noted, had signed a treaty with Romania directed against the USSR.
139. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 313, del 2154, ll. 107-108.
140. DDF, t. 16, pp. 937-8, t. 17. p. 9; DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 140-142.
141. DDF, t. 16, pp. 937-8, t. 17. p. 9; DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 140-142.
142. DDF, t. 16, pp. 937-8, t. 17. p. 9; DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 140-142.
143. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 142; Izvestiya, 22 June 1939; PRO, FO 371/23069, 12.
144. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 142; Izvestiya, 22 June 1939; PRO, FO 371/23069, 12.
145. DBFP, vol. 5, p. 142; Izvestiya, 22 June 1939; PRO, FO 371/23069, 12.
146. PRO, FO, 371/23069, 15-16; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 143; DDF, t. 16, pp. 951-952.
147. PRO, FO, 371/23069, 15-16; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 143; DDF, t. 16, pp. 951-952.
148. PRO, FO, 371/23069, 15-16; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 143; DDF, t. 16, pp. 951-952.
149. 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow on the Eve of War, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), September 1969, p. 69.
150. G. Roberts, The Unholy Alliance: Stalin's Pact with Hitler (London, 1989), pp. 145, 150.
151. DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 173-174, 179-184, 193-194, 208-209; PRO, FO 371/23069, 56-57, 63-65; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 76-77.
152. DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 173-174, 179-184, 193-194, 208-209; PRO, FO 371/23069, 56-57, 63-65; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 76-77.
153. DBFP, vol. 6., pp. 173-174, 179-184, 193-194, 208-209; PRO, FO 371/23069, 56-57, 63-65; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 76-77.
154. DDF, t. xvii, pp. 125-127, 151-153; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 229-233.
155. DDF, t. xvii, pp. 125-127, 151-153; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 229-233.
156. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 242-243, 249-251, 279-281; PRO, FO 371/23069, 102-103, 106; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 151-153, 168-169. The eight countries in the Soviet draft of 2 June were Poland, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Belgium, Estonia, Latvia and Finland.
157. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 242-243, 249-251, 279-281; PRO, FO 371/23069, 102-103, 106; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 151-153, 168-169. The eight countries in the Soviet draft of 2 June were Poland, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Belgium, Estonia, Latvia and Finland.
158. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 242-243, 249-251, 279-281; PRO, FO 371/23069, 102-103, 106; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 151-153, 168-169. The eight countries in the Soviet draft of 2 June were Poland, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Belgium, Estonia, Latvia and Finland.
159. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 266-270; PRO, FO 370/23069, 94-95; 23070, 61-64. The frequently cited paradigm for 'indirect aggression' was the Austrian Anschluss of 1938; see P.D. Raymond, Conflict and Consensus in Soviet Foreign Policy 1933-1939, Pennsylvania State University D.Phil thesis, 1979, pp. 579, 635; M.A. Poltavsky, Diplomatiya imperializma: malye strany Evropy 1938-1939gg. (Moscow, 1973), passim.
160. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 266-270; PRO, FO 370/23069, 94-95; 23070, 61-64. The frequently cited paradigm for 'indirect aggression' was the Austrian Anschluss of 1938; see P.D. Raymond, Conflict and Consensus in Soviet Foreign Policy 1933-1939, Pennsylvania State University D.Phil thesis, 1979, pp. 579, 635; M.A. Poltavsky, Diplomatiya imperializma: malye strany Evropy 1938-1939gg. (Moscow, 1973), passim.
161. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 266-270; PRO, FO 370/23069, 94-95; 23070, 61-64. The frequently cited paradigm for 'indirect aggression' was the Austrian Anschluss of 1938; see P.D. Raymond, Conflict and Consensus in Soviet Foreign Policy 1933-1939, Pennsylvania State University D.Phil thesis, 1979, pp. 579, 635; M.A. Poltavsky, Diplomatiya imperializma: malye strany Evropy 1938-1939gg. (Moscow, 1973), passim.
162. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 266-270; PRO, FO 370/23069, 94-95; 23070, 61-64. The frequently cited paradigm for 'indirect aggression' was the Austrian Anschluss of 1938; see P.D. Raymond, Conflict and Consensus in Soviet Foreign Policy 1933-1939, Pennsylvania State University D.Phil thesis, 1979, pp. 579, 635; M.A. Poltavsky, Diplomatiya imperializma: malye strany Evropy 1938-1939gg. (Moscow, 1973), passim.
163. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 179.
164. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 277; PRO, FO 371/23069, 94-95; 23070, 53-55; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 179. For the Baltic states representing their views to the British government see McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 191-192.
165. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 277; PRO, FO 371/23069, 94-95; 23070, 53-55; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 179. For the Baltic states representing their views to the British government see McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 191-192.
166. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 277; PRO, FO 371/23069, 94-95; 23070, 53-55; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 179. For the Baltic states representing their views to the British government see McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 191-192.
167. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 277; PRO, FO 371/23069, 94-95; 23070, 53-55; Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 179. For the Baltic states representing their views to the British government see McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 191-192.
168. PRO, FO 371/23070, 78.
169. PRO, FO 371/23070, 165; DDF, t. 17, pp. 262-263.
170. PRO, FO 371/23070, 165; DDF, t. 17, pp. 262-263.
171. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 314; PRO, FO 371/32070, 85.
172. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 314; PRO, FO 371/32070, 85.
173. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 180.
174. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 308-310; PRO, FO 371/23070, 46-48, 156-157; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 278, 192-199.
175. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 308-310; PRO, FO 371/23070, 46-48, 156-157; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 278, 192-199.
176. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 308-310; PRO, FO 371/23070, 46-48, 156-157; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 278, 192-199.
177. 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, p. 62; Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security, p. 221; SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 459, 471.
178. 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, p. 62; Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security, p. 221; SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 459, 471.
179. 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, p. 62; Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security, p. 221; SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 459, 471.
180. PRO, FO 371/23070, 164; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 313; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 16, l. 70. To explain the reference to 'forces', Molotov suggested the attachment of German officers to the Estonian or Latvian armies.
181. PRO, FO 371/23070, 164; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 313; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 16, l. 70. To explain the reference to 'forces', Molotov suggested the attachment of German officers to the Estonian or Latvian armies.
182. PRO, FO 371/23070, 148-149, 155.
183. DDF, t. xvii, p. 267.
184. DDF, t. xvii, pp. 268, 312-317; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 311-312.
185. DDF, t. xvii, pp. 268, 312-317; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 311-312.
186. DBFP, vol, 6, p. 312; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 335-337.
187. DBFP, vol, 6, p. 312; DDF, t. xvii, pp. 335-337.
188. PRO, FO 371/23070, 118-129, 151-152, 163, 168-169; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 346, 360.
189. PRO, FO 371/23070, 118-129, 151-152, 163, 168-169; DBFP, vol. 6, p. 346, 360.
190. Watt, How War Came, pp. 372-374.
191. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 379.
192. Aster, 1939, p. 284.
193. 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow in 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, p. 65a.
194. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 375-377; PRO, FO 371/23070, 215-219.
195. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 375-377; PRO, FO 371/23070, 215-219.
196. SSSR v bor'be za mir, p. 496.
197. PRO, FO 371/23070, 212. For the leaks in the press see Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, pp. 153, 179-202. The British government suspected that the Soviet embassy was responsible, endeavouring to influence British public opinion. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 386. If this was the case it must have given Molotov considerable satisfaction to complain about press leaks he had inspired!
198. PRO, FO 371/23070, 212. For the leaks in the press see Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, pp. 153, 179-202. The British government suspected that the Soviet embassy was responsible, endeavouring to influence British public opinion. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 386. If this was the case it must have given Molotov considerable satisfaction to complain about press leaks he had inspired!
199. PRO, FO 371/23070, 212. For the leaks in the press see Namier, Diplomatic Prelude, pp. 153, 179-202. The British government suspected that the Soviet embassy was responsible, endeavouring to influence British public opinion. DBFP, vol. 6, p. 386. If this was the case it must have given Molotov considerable satisfaction to complain about press leaks he had inspired!
200. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 422-426; PRO, FO 371/23071, 132-135.
201. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 422-426; PRO, FO 371/23071, 132-135.
202. DDF, t. xvii, p. 388; PRO, Cab 27/625, FP (36) 54th Meeting 26 June.
203. DDF, t. xvii, p. 388; PRO, Cab 27/625, FP (36) 54th Meeting 26 June.
204. Izvestiya, 22 July 1939.
205. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 456-460; PRO, FO 371/23071, 69-74; DDF, t. 17, pp. 469-467; M. Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War (Cambridge, MA., 1951), p. 89.
206. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 456-460; PRO, FO 371/23071, 69-74; DDF, t. 17, pp. 469-467; M. Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War (Cambridge, MA., 1951), p. 89.
207. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 456-460; PRO, FO 371/23071, 69-74; DDF, t. 17, pp. 469-467; M. Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War (Cambridge, MA., 1951), p. 89.
208. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 456-460; PRO, FO 371/23071, 69-74; DDF, t. 17, pp. 469-467; M. Jakobson, The Diplomacy of the Winter War (Cambridge, MA., 1951), p. 89.
209. DDF, t. xvii, p. 539.
210. AVPRF, f. 59, op. 1, pap. 300, del. 277, ll. 168-170.
211. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 509-510, 521-524; PRO, FO 371/23071, 126-127, 173-179.
212. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 509-510, 521-524; PRO, FO 371/23071, 126-127, 173-179.
213. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, p. 199; Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact', p. 64.
214. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, p. 199; Roberts, 'The Soviet Decision for a Pact', p. 64.
215. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 504-505, 516; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 159-160; 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, pp. 66-67.
216. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 504-505, 516; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 159-160; 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, pp. 66-67.
217. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 504-505, 516; Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 159-160; 'Anglo-French-Soviet Talks in Moscow, 1939', International Affairs (Moscow), October 1969, pp. 66-67.
218. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 163-164, quoting Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 350, col. 2023.
219. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 163-164, quoting Hansard, Parliamentary Debates, vol. 350, col. 2023.
220. PRO, FO 371/23072, 64-67; Aster, 1939, p. 296.
221. PRO, FO 371/23072, 7; 23073, 35; DBFP, vol. 7, p. 45.
222. PRO, FO 371/23072, 7; 23073, 35; DBFP, vol. 7, p. 45.
223. Maisky, Who Helped Hitler, pp. 165-167; Aster, 1939, p. 291.
224. D. Volkogonov, Triumf i tragediya: politicheskii portret I.V. Stalina (Moscow, 1989), t. 2(1), p. 19.
225. Butler had said that the main remaining difficulty was whether we should encroach on the independence of the Baltic States. We [i.e. the British and French] are in agreement that we should not do so, and the difficulty of reaching a formula on that point is one of the main reasons why there has been a delay in the negotiations.
226. Izvestiya, 2 August 1939.
227. PRO, FO 371/23074, 47-54; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 570-574; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, l. 218; DDF, t. xvii pp. 658-660.
228. PRO, FO 371/23074, 47-54; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 570-574; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, l. 218; DDF, t. xvii pp. 658-660.
229. PRO, FO 371/23074, 47-54; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 570-574; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, l. 218; DDF, t. xvii pp. 658-660.
230. PRO, FO 371/23074, 47-54; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 570-574; Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1a, pap. 26, del. 18, l. 218; DDF, t. xvii pp. 658-660.
231. Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 32-34; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 136-140.
232. Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 32-34; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 136-140.
233. Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 575, 592, 682-683; AVPRF, f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66, del. 1, l. 53.
234. Home and Abroad, pp. 187-188; DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 575, 592, 682-683; AVPRF, f. 69, op. 23, pap. 66, del. 1, l. 53.
235. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 594-595.
236. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 46; PRO, FO 371/23073, 37.
237. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 46; PRO, FO 371/23073, 37.
238. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1, pap. 3, del. 1, ll. 2-6; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 159-163.
239. DBFP, vol. 6, pp. 682-683, 762 et seq.
240. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 543-549; PRO, FO 371/23072, 179, 185.
241. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 543-549; PRO, FO 371/23072, 179, 185.
242. PRO, FO 371/23072, 190;
243. Strang, Home and Abroad, pp. 188-189.
244. For a record of these negotiations see DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 558-614
245. SSSR v bor'be za mir, pp. 544-582, 589-603, 607-623, 631-636.
246. DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 114-115, 589-590; PRO, FO 371 23073, 52-54; Raymond, Conflict and Consensus, pp. 612-613.
247. DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 114-115, 589-590; PRO, FO 371 23073, 52-54; Raymond, Conflict and Consensus, pp. 612-613.
248. DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 114-115, 589-590; PRO, FO 371 23073, 52-54; Raymond, Conflict and Consensus, pp. 612-613.
249. AVPRF, f. 6, op. 1, pap. 3, del. 1, l. 21.
250. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 384; Carley, 'End of the "Low Dishonest Decade" ', p. 330.
251. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 384; Carley, 'End of the "Low Dishonest Decade" ', p. 330.
252. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 224-225, 227, quoting G. Bonnet, La Défense de la Paix, 1936-1940 (Geneva, 1948), vol. 2, p. 286.
253. McSherry, Stalin, Hitler and Europe, vol. 1, pp. 224-225, 227, quoting G. Bonnet, La Défense de la Paix, 1936-1940 (Geneva, 1948), vol. 2, p. 286.
254. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 385.
255. PRO, FO 371/23073, 80-81; DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 142-143, 385.
256. PRO, FO 371/23073, 80-81; DBFP, vol. 7, pp. 142-143, 385.
257. V. Molotov, Soviet Peace Policy: Four Speeches by V. Molotov (London, 1941), pp. 12-14.
258. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 195; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 178 et seq.; Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 42-49.
259. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 195; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 178 et seq.; Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 42-49.
260. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 195; God krizisa, t. 2, pp. 178 et seq.; Nazi-Soviet Relations, pp. 42-49.
261. Roberts, 'The Alliance that Failed', p. 384
262. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 225; PRO, FO 371/23073, 199.
263. DBFP, vol. 7, p. 225; PRO, FO 371/23073, 199.
264. DDF, t. xvii, pp. 515-516.
265. G.A. Craig, 'Totalitarian Approaches to Diplomatic Negotiations', in A.D. Sorkisson, Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G.P. Gooch (London, 1961), pp. 120-125.
266. C. Roetter, The Diplomatic Art: An Informal History of World Diplomacy (Philadelphia, 1963), p. 108.
267. US Congress Committee on Foreign Affairs, Soviet Diplomacy and Negotiating Behaviour: Emerging New Context for US Diplomacy (Washington, 1979), p. xlviii. Eden recalled an occasion in 1943 when he said 'I may be mistaken' and Molotov replied 'You are', Craig, 'Totalitarian Approaches', p. 121.
268. US Congress Committee on Foreign Affairs, Soviet Diplomacy and Negotiating Behaviour: Emerging New Context for US Diplomacy (Washington, 1979), p. xlviii. Eden recalled an occasion in 1943 when he said 'I may be mistaken' and Molotov replied 'You are', Craig, 'Totalitarian Approaches', p. 121.
269. W. Hayter, The Diplomacy of the Great Powers (New York, 1960), p. 22.
270. Watt, How War Came, p. 113.
271. G. Kennan, Russia and the West under Lenin and Stalin (Toronto, 1960), p. 335.
272. Craig, 'Totalitarian Approaches', p. 122.
273. G. Hilger & A.G. Meyer, The Incompatible Allies: a Memoir-History of German-Soviet Relations 1918-1941 (London, 1953), p. 290.
274. Strang, Home and Abroad, p. 159.
275. Aster, 1939, p. 319.
276. PRO, FO 371/23103, 289.