The Caribbean Triangle: Betancourt, Castro, and Trujillo and U.S. Foreign Policy, 1958-1963

Diplomatic History

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 55-78

  Rabe, Stephen G ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0039806308     PISSN: 01452096     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7709.1996.tb00252.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (117)

1. Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., A Thousand Days: John F. Kennedy in the White House (Boston, 1965), 769; official quoted is Lincoln Gordon (U.S. ambassador to Brazil), Gordon Oral History, John F. Kennedy Library, Boston, Massachusetts; Richard Goodwill memorandum to McGeorge Bundy, 8 June 1961, National Security File, Country File (hereafter NSFCO): Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General 1-6/61, Kennedy Library.
2. Federico G. Gil, "The Kennedy-Johnson Years," in United States Policy in Latin America: A Quarter Century of Crisis and Challenge, 1961-1986, ed. John D. Martz (Lincoln, NE, 1988), 3-27; Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine (New York, 1994), 3-19; Paul W. Drake, "From Good Men to Good Neighbors: 1912-1932," in Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, 1991), 3-40.
3. Federico G. Gil, "The Kennedy-Johnson Years," in United States Policy in Latin America: A Quarter Century of Crisis and Challenge, 1961-1986, ed. John D. Martz (Lincoln, NE, 1988), 3-27; Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine (New York, 1994), 3-19; Paul W. Drake, "From Good Men to Good Neighbors: 1912-1932," in Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, 1991), 3-40.
4. Federico G. Gil, "The Kennedy-Johnson Years," in United States Policy in Latin America: A Quarter Century of Crisis and Challenge, 1961-1986, ed. John D. Martz (Lincoln, NE, 1988), 3-27; Gaddis Smith, The Last Years of the Monroe Doctrine (New York, 1994), 3-19; Paul W. Drake, "From Good Men to Good Neighbors: 1912-1932," in Exporting Democracy: The United States and Latin America, ed. Abraham F. Lowenthal (Baltimore, 1991), 3-40.
5. Memorandum of discussion at the 237th meeting of the NSC, 17 February 1955, U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1987), 6:2-5 (hereafter FRUS, with year and volume number).
6. Tad Szulc, Twilight of the Tyrants (New York, 1959).
7. Dempster McIntosh (U.S. ambassador to Venezuela) to State Department, 6 December 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1987), 7:1164-67. See also Marvin R. Zahniser and W. Michael Weis, "A Diplomatic Pearl Harbor? Richard Nixon's Goodwill Mission to Latin America in 1958," Diplomatic History 13 (Spring 1989): 163-90.
8. Dempster McIntosh (U.S. ambassador to Venezuela) to State Department, 6 December 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 (Washington, 1987), 7:1164-67. See also Marvin R. Zahniser and W. Michael Weis, "A Diplomatic Pearl Harbor? Richard Nixon's Goodwill Mission to Latin America in 1958," Diplomatic History 13 (Spring 1989): 163-90.
9. Minutes of cabinet meeting, 16 May 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 5:238-39. See also Richard M. Nixon, Six Crises (Garden City, 1962), 183-230. For Allen Dulles's views see Duties memorandum for secretary of state, 28 May 1958. John Foster Dulles Papers, box 8, folder: Conversations with Dulles, A. W. (Intelligence Material), Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas; Allen Dulles to John Foster Dulles, 19 June 1958, Dulles Hapers, Telephone Series, box 8, folder: Telephone Conversations, 6-7/58 (5); Annex B, "CIA Intelligence Annex: Sino-Soviet Bloc Activity in Latin America," 15 April 1958, Office of the Special Assistant National Security Affairs (OSANSA), Policy Papers Subseries, box 18, folder: Office of the Coordinating Board (OCB) Progress Report on NSC 5613/1, 3 June 1958, NSC 5613 (1), Eisenhower Library; Annex C, "CIA Intelligence Annex: Sino-Soviet Bloc Activity in Latin America," 12 November 1958, OSANSA, Policy Paper Subseries, box 18, folder: OCB Progress Report on NSC 5613/1, 2 December 1958, NSC 5613/1 (1)
10. Minutes of cabinet meeting, 16 May 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 5:238-39. See also Richard M. Nixon, Six Crises (Garden City, 1962), 183-230. For Allen Dulles's views see Duties memorandum for secretary of state, 28 May 1958. John Foster Dulles Papers, box 8, folder: Conversations with Dulles, A. W. (Intelligence Material), Dwight D. Eisenhower Library, Abilene, Kansas; Allen Dulles to John Foster Dulles, 19 June 1958, Dulles Hapers, Telephone Series, box 8, folder: Telephone Conversations, 6-7/58 (5); Annex B, "CIA Intelligence Annex: Sino-Soviet Bloc Activity in Latin America," 15 April 1958, Office of the Special Assistant National Security Affairs (OSANSA), Policy Papers Subseries, box 18, folder: Office of the Coordinating Board (OCB) Progress Report on NSC 5613/1, 3 June 1958, NSC 5613 (1), Eisenhower Library; Annex C, "CIA Intelligence Annex: Sino-Soviet Bloc Activity in Latin America," 12 November 1958, OSANSA, Policy Paper Subseries, box 18, folder: OCB Progress Report on NSC 5613/1, 2 December 1958, NSC 5613/1 (1)
11. Nixon and Dulles quoted in memorandum of discussion of 366th meeting of NSC, 22 May 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:239-46.
12. Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of discussion of 366th meeting of NSC, 22 May 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:244; NSC-5902/1, "Statement of U.S. Policy toward Latin America," 16 February 1959, ibid., 91-116.
13. Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of discussion of 366th meeting of NSC, 22 May 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:244; NSC-5902/1, "Statement of U.S. Policy toward Latin America," 16 February 1959, ibid., 91-116.
14. See Charles R. Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 13 February 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement (Washington, 1991), 5:VE3; National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 89-58, "Venezuela: Situation and Prospects," 9 September 1958, ibid., VE13; and Stephen G. Rabe, The Road to OPEC: United States Relations vith Venezuela, 1919-1976 (Austin, 1982), 136-38.
15. See Charles R. Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 13 February 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement (Washington, 1991), 5:VE3; National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 89-58, "Venezuela: Situation and Prospects," 9 September 1958, ibid., VE13; and Stephen G. Rabe, The Road to OPEC: United States Relations vith Venezuela, 1919-1976 (Austin, 1982), 136-38.
16. See Charles R. Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 13 February 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement (Washington, 1991), 5:VE3; National Intelligence Estimate (NIE) 89-58, "Venezuela: Situation and Prospects," 9 September 1958, ibid., VE13; and Stephen G. Rabe, The Road to OPEC: United States Relations vith Venezuela, 1919-1976 (Austin, 1982), 136-38.
17. Jesús de Galíndez, The Era of Trujillo: Dominican Dictator, ed. Russell H. Fitzgibbon (Tucson, 1973). For the essential facts of the de Galíndez case see R. Richard Rubottom (acting assistant secretary of state) to Robert D. Murphy (deputy undersecretary of state for political affairs), 15 January 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 6:886-89. For a widely read account of the de Galíndez-Murphy murders see "The Story of a Dark International Conspiracy," Life 42 (25 February 1957): 24-31. For the claim regarding de la Maza see Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo, The Other Side of the Galíndez Case (New York, 1959).
18. Jesús de Galíndez, The Era of Trujillo: Dominican Dictator, ed. Russell H. Fitzgibbon (Tucson, 1973). For the essential facts of the de Galíndez case see R. Richard Rubottom (acting assistant secretary of state) to Robert D. Murphy (deputy undersecretary of state for political affairs), 15 January 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 6:886-89. For a widely read account of the de Galíndez-Murphy murders see "The Story of a Dark International Conspiracy," Life 42 (25 February 1957): 24-31. For the claim regarding de la Maza see Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo, The Other Side of the Galíndez Case (New York, 1959).
19. Jesús de Galíndez, The Era of Trujillo: Dominican Dictator, ed. Russell H. Fitzgibbon (Tucson, 1973). For the essential facts of the de Galíndez case see R. Richard Rubottom (acting assistant secretary of state) to Robert D. Murphy (deputy undersecretary of state for political affairs), 15 January 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 6:886-89. For a widely read account of the de Galíndez-Murphy murders see "The Story of a Dark International Conspiracy," Life 42 (25 February 1957): 24-31. For the claim regarding de la Maza see Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo, The Other Side of the Galíndez Case (New York, 1959).
20. Jesús de Galíndez, The Era of Trujillo: Dominican Dictator, ed. Russell H. Fitzgibbon (Tucson, 1973). For the essential facts of the de Galíndez case see R. Richard Rubottom (acting assistant secretary of state) to Robert D. Murphy (deputy undersecretary of state for political affairs), 15 January 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 6:886-89. For a widely read account of the de Galíndez-Murphy murders see "The Story of a Dark International Conspiracy," Life 42 (25 February 1957): 24-31. For the claim regarding de la Maza see Generalissimo Rafael L. Trujillo, The Other Side of the Galíndez Case (New York, 1959).
21. Rubottom to Duties, 20 February 1957, FRUS, 1955-1957 6:907-8;
22. Julian P. Fromer (officer in charge of Dominican Republic affairs) to Rubottom, 15 February 1957, ibid., 903.
23. See also memorandum of conversation between Dulles and Porfirio Herrera Báez (foreign minister), 7 November 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR5.
24. State Department to U.S. embassy in Cuba, 31 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 6:530-31. See also U.S. embassy in Cuba to State Department, 22 October 1958, ibid., 241-42; memorandum of conversation between Smith and Andrés Rivero Agüero (president-elect), 15 November 1958, ibid., 252-56; memorandum of conference in Christian Herter's office, 31 December 1958, ibid., 323-29; and Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 109-225.
25. State Department to U.S. embassy in Cuba, 31 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 6:530-31. See also U.S. embassy in Cuba to State Department, 22 October 1958, ibid., 241-42; memorandum of conversation between Smith and Andrés Rivero Agüero (president-elect), 15 November 1958, ibid., 252-56; memorandum of conference in Christian Herter's office, 31 December 1958, ibid., 323-29; and Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 109-225.
26. State Department to U.S. embassy in Cuba, 31 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 6:530-31. See also U.S. embassy in Cuba to State Department, 22 October 1958, ibid., 241-42; memorandum of conversation between Smith and Andrés Rivero Agüero (president-elect), 15 November 1958, ibid., 252-56; memorandum of conference in Christian Herter's office, 31 December 1958, ibid., 323-29; and Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 109-225.
27. State Department to U.S. embassy in Cuba, 31 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 6:530-31. See also U.S. embassy in Cuba to State Department, 22 October 1958, ibid., 241-42; memorandum of conversation between Smith and Andrés Rivero Agüero (president-elect), 15 November 1958, ibid., 252-56; memorandum of conference in Christian Herter's office, 31 December 1958, ibid., 323-29; and Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 109-225.
28. State Department to U.S. embassy in Cuba, 31 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 (Washington, 1991), 6:530-31. See also U.S. embassy in Cuba to State Department, 22 October 1958, ibid., 241-42; memorandum of conversation between Smith and Andrés Rivero Agüero (president-elect), 15 November 1958, ibid., 252-56; memorandum of conference in Christian Herter's office, 31 December 1958, ibid., 323-29; and Thomas G. Paterson, Contesting Castro: The United States and the Triumph of the Cuban Revolution (New York, 1994), 109-225.
29. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
30. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
31. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
32. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
33. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
34. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
35. U.S. embassy in Dominican Republic to State Department, 15 December 1958, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:293; Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37; memorandum of discussion at 411th meeting of NSC, 25 June 1959, ibid. 5:391-92; Special NIE 80-59, "The Situation in the Caribbean through 1959," 30 June 1959, ibid., 393-406; Charles D. Ameringer, The Democratic Left in Exile: The Antidictatorial Struggle in the Caribbean, 1945-1959 (Coral Gables, 1974), 279-83. For Castro's admission of involvement see memorandum of telephone conversation between William Wieland (director of the Office of Caribbean and Mexican Affairs) and Tad Szulc (New York Times), 15 July 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:558-60. See also Department of State to All Missions in the American Republics, 18 June 1959, ibid., 535-37;
36. and memorandum of discussion of 412th meeting of NSC, 9 July 1959, ibid., 407.
37. Ameringer, Democratic Left, 56, 60, 267, 279; memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Edward J. Sparks (U.S. ambassador), 27 April 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE28.
38. Ameringer, Democratic Left, 56, 60, 267, 279; memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Edward J. Sparks (U.S. ambassador), 27 April 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE28.
39. For the Betancourt Doctrine see Embassy of Venezuela, Washington, Venezuela Up-to-Date to (May/June 1961): 3-4; and memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Rubottom, 14 February 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE20.
40. For the Betancourt Doctrine see Embassy of Venezuela, Washington, Venezuela Up-to-Date to (May/June 1961): 3-4; and memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Rubottom, 14 February 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE20.
41. Dulles to Herter, n.d. (but March 1959), FRUS, 1958-1960 5:372-73; Rubottom quoted in enclosure 1, memorandum of conversation, State Department, 8 July 1959, in Instruction from State Department to All Embassies in the American Republics, 16 July 1959, ibid., 296-98.
42. Dulles to Herter, n.d. (but March 1959), FRUS, 1958-1960 5:372-73; Rubottom quoted in enclosure 1, memorandum of conversation, State Department, 8 July 1959, in Instruction from State Department to All Embassies in the American Republics, 16 July 1959, ibid., 296-98.
43. Herter quoted in Department of State, Bulletin 41 (31 August 1959): 301-5. See also State Department to Diplomatic Missions in American Republics, 6 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1060 5:310-13; Secretary Herter to President Elsenhower, 17 August 1959, ibid., 344; notes of secretary's staff meetings, 21 August 1959, ibid., 346-47; and Jerome Slater, The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH, 1967), 94-96.
44. Herter quoted in Department of State, Bulletin 41 (31 August 1959): 301-5. See also State Department to Diplomatic Missions in American Republics, 6 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1060 5:310-13; Secretary Herter to President Elsenhower, 17 August 1959, ibid., 344; notes of secretary's staff meetings, 21 August 1959, ibid., 346-47; and Jerome Slater, The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH, 1967), 94-96.
45. Herter quoted in Department of State, Bulletin 41 (31 August 1959): 301-5. See also State Department to Diplomatic Missions in American Republics, 6 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1060 5:310-13; Secretary Herter to President Elsenhower, 17 August 1959, ibid., 344; notes of secretary's staff meetings, 21 August 1959, ibid., 346-47; and Jerome Slater, The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH, 1967), 94-96.
46. Herter quoted in Department of State, Bulletin 41 (31 August 1959): 301-5. See also State Department to Diplomatic Missions in American Republics, 6 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1060 5:310-13; Secretary Herter to President Elsenhower, 17 August 1959, ibid., 344; notes of secretary's staff meetings, 21 August 1959, ibid., 346-47; and Jerome Slater, The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH, 1967), 94-96.
47. Herter quoted in Department of State, Bulletin 41 (31 August 1959): 301-5. See also State Department to Diplomatic Missions in American Republics, 6 August 1959, FRUS, 1958-1060 5:310-13; Secretary Herter to President Elsenhower, 17 August 1959, ibid., 344; notes of secretary's staff meetings, 21 August 1959, ibid., 346-47; and Jerome Slater, The OAS and United States Foreign Policy (Columbus, OH, 1967), 94-96.
48. Rubottom to Philip Bonsal (U.S. ambassador), 20 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:676-77. See also Herter to Eisenhower, 5 November 1959, ibid., 656-58; Committee paper, "A Program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime," 16 March 1960, ibid., 850-51; and Andrew J. Goodpaster memorandum of conference with president, 17 March 1960, ibid., 861-63.
49. Rubottom to Philip Bonsal (U.S. ambassador), 20 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:676-77. See also Herter to Eisenhower, 5 November 1959, ibid., 656-58; Committee paper, "A Program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime," 16 March 1960, ibid., 850-51; and Andrew J. Goodpaster memorandum of conference with president, 17 March 1960, ibid., 861-63.
50. Rubottom to Philip Bonsal (U.S. ambassador), 20 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:676-77. See also Herter to Eisenhower, 5 November 1959, ibid., 656-58; Committee paper, "A Program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime," 16 March 1960, ibid., 850-51; and Andrew J. Goodpaster memorandum of conference with president, 17 March 1960, ibid., 861-63.
51. Rubottom to Philip Bonsal (U.S. ambassador), 20 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:676-77. See also Herter to Eisenhower, 5 November 1959, ibid., 656-58; Committee paper, "A Program of Covert Action against the Castro Regime," 16 March 1960, ibid., 850-51; and Andrew J. Goodpaster memorandum of conference with president, 17 March 1960, ibid., 861-63.
52. Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of discussion of 437th meeting of NSC, 17 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:429; Nixon quoted in memorandum of discussion at 450th meeting of NSC, 7 July 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:984-85. See also Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuela: Oil and Politics (Boston, 1979).
53. Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of discussion of 437th meeting of NSC, 17 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:429; Nixon quoted in memorandum of discussion at 450th meeting of NSC, 7 July 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:984-85. See also Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuela: Oil and Politics (Boston, 1979).
54. Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of discussion of 437th meeting of NSC, 17 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:429; Nixon quoted in memorandum of discussion at 450th meeting of NSC, 7 July 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:984-85. See also Rómulo Betancourt, Venezuela: Oil and Politics (Boston, 1979).
55. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 10 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE22; memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 27 April 1959, ibid., VE28.
56. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 10 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE22; memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 27 April 1959, ibid., VE28.
57. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 31 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE25; editorial note, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:386-87; Ameringer, Democratic Left, 268, 291-92; Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 16 October 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE37.
58. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 31 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE25; editorial note, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:386-87; Ameringer, Democratic Left, 268, 291-92; Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 16 October 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE37.
59. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 31 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE25; editorial note, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:386-87; Ameringer, Democratic Left, 268, 291-92; Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 16 October 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE37.
60. Memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Sparks, 31 March 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE25; editorial note, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:386-87; Ameringer, Democratic Left, 268, 291-92; Burrows (chargé) to State Department, 16 October 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE37.
61. Memorandum of conversation between Herter, Rubottom, and Pedro Arcaya (Venezuelan foreign minister), FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE30. See also Rubottom to Dennis A. FitzGerald (International Cooperation Administration), 25 September 1959, ibid., VE36; Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 25 April 1960, ibid., VE40; memorandum of conversation at 443d meeting of NSC, 5 May 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:908; and Judith Ewell, The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (College Station, 1981).
62. Memorandum of conversation between Herter, Rubottom, and Pedro Arcaya (Venezuelan foreign minister), FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE30. See also Rubottom to Dennis A. FitzGerald (International Cooperation Administration), 25 September 1959, ibid., VE36; Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 25 April 1960, ibid., VE40; memorandum of conversation at 443d meeting of NSC, 5 May 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:908; and Judith Ewell, The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (College Station, 1981).
63. Memorandum of conversation between Herter, Rubottom, and Pedro Arcaya (Venezuelan foreign minister), FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE30. See also Rubottom to Dennis A. FitzGerald (International Cooperation Administration), 25 September 1959, ibid., VE36; Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 25 April 1960, ibid., VE40; memorandum of conversation at 443d meeting of NSC, 5 May 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:908; and Judith Ewell, The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (College Station, 1981).
64. Memorandum of conversation between Herter, Rubottom, and Pedro Arcaya (Venezuelan foreign minister), FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE30. See also Rubottom to Dennis A. FitzGerald (International Cooperation Administration), 25 September 1959, ibid., VE36; Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 25 April 1960, ibid., VE40; memorandum of conversation at 443d meeting of NSC, 5 May 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:908; and Judith Ewell, The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (College Station, 1981).
65. Memorandum of conversation between Herter, Rubottom, and Pedro Arcaya (Venezuelan foreign minister), FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE30. See also Rubottom to Dennis A. FitzGerald (International Cooperation Administration), 25 September 1959, ibid., VE36; Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 25 April 1960, ibid., VE40; memorandum of conversation at 443d meeting of NSC, 5 May 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 5:908; and Judith Ewell, The Indictment of a Dictator: The Extradition and Trial of Marcos Pérez Jiménez (College Station, 1981).
66. Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE41; Rubottom's comment in despatch, Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, which encloses Rubottom and Thomas Mann's memorandum of conversation with Marcos Falćon Briceño (Venezuelan ambassador), 11 May 1960, ibid., VE42. Betancourt's response in editorial notes attached to Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, ibid., VE41.
67. Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE41; Rubottom's comment in despatch, Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, which encloses Rubottom and Thomas Mann's memorandum of conversation with Marcos Falćon Briceño (Venezuelan ambassador), 11 May 1960, ibid., VE42. Betancourt's response in editorial notes attached to Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, ibid., VE41.
68. Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE41; Rubottom's comment in despatch, Herter to U.S. embassy in Caracas, which encloses Rubottom and Thomas Mann's memorandum of conversation with Marcos Falćon Briceño (Venezuelan ambassador), 11 May 1960, ibid., VE42. Betancourt's response in editorial notes attached to Henderson to U.S. embassy in Caracas, 28 April 1960, ibid., VE41.
69. Rubottom to Herter. 10 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR9; memorandum for president, "Possible Action to Prevent Castroist Takeover of Dominican Republic," with enclosure "Proposed Plan," 14 April 1960, Office of the Staff Secretary, Subject Series, Administrative Subseries, box 15, folder: Intelligence Matters (13 & 14), Eisenhower Library. See also U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (hereafter Church Committee), Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975, S. Rpt. 465, 192.
70. Rubottom to Herter. 10 November 1959, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR9; memorandum for president, "Possible Action to Prevent Castroist Takeover of Dominican Republic," with enclosure "Proposed Plan," 14 April 1960, Office of the Staff Secretary, Subject Series, Administrative Subseries, box 15, folder: Intelligence Matters (13 & 14), Eisenhower Library. See also U.S. Congress, Senate, Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities (hereafter Church Committee), Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, 94th Cong., 1st sess., 1975, S. Rpt. 465, 192.
71. Trujillo quoted in the oral history of William Pawley, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa. For Smather's mission see Henry Dearborn (deputy chief in the Dominican Republic) to State Department, 9 February 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR12. For Clark's efforts see memorandum of conversation between the president, Herter, and Allen Duties, 21 March 1960, ibid., DR17; memorandum of conversation between president, Herter, and Clark, 25 April 1960, ibid., DR20; and memorandum of conversation between John C. Hill (State Department officer) and Clark, 25 May 1960, ibid., DR24.
72. Trujillo quoted in the oral history of William Pawley, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa. For Smather's mission see Henry Dearborn (deputy chief in the Dominican Republic) to State Department, 9 February 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR12. For Clark's efforts see memorandum of conversation between the president, Herter, and Allen Duties, 21 March 1960, ibid., DR17; memorandum of conversation between president, Herter, and Clark, 25 April 1960, ibid., DR20; and memorandum of conversation between John C. Hill (State Department officer) and Clark, 25 May 1960, ibid., DR24.
73. Trujillo quoted in the oral history of William Pawley, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa. For Smather's mission see Henry Dearborn (deputy chief in the Dominican Republic) to State Department, 9 February 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR12. For Clark's efforts see memorandum of conversation between the president, Herter, and Allen Duties, 21 March 1960, ibid., DR17; memorandum of conversation between president, Herter, and Clark, 25 April 1960, ibid., DR20; and memorandum of conversation between John C. Hill (State Department officer) and Clark, 25 May 1960, ibid., DR24.
74. Trujillo quoted in the oral history of William Pawley, Herbert Hoover Library, West Branch, Iowa. For Smather's mission see Henry Dearborn (deputy chief in the Dominican Republic) to State Department, 9 February 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR12. For Clark's efforts see memorandum of conversation between the president, Herter, and Allen Duties, 21 March 1960, ibid., DR17; memorandum of conversation between president, Herter, and Clark, 25 April 1960, ibid., DR20; and memorandum of conversation between John C. Hill (State Department officer) and Clark, 25 May 1960, ibid., DR24.
75. Dearborn to State Department, 11 February 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR13.
76. Hill to John C. Dreier (U.S. ambassador to OAS), 15 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR15. See also Dreier to Hill, 14 March 1960, ibid., DR14; Hugh S. Cummings, Jr. (director of intelligence and research), to Herter, 25 March 1960, ibid., DR18; and memorandum of conversation of 441st meeting of NSC, 14 April 1960, ibid., DR19.
77. Hill to John C. Dreier (U.S. ambassador to OAS), 15 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR15. See also Dreier to Hill, 14 March 1960, ibid., DR14; Hugh S. Cummings, Jr. (director of intelligence and research), to Herter, 25 March 1960, ibid., DR18; and memorandum of conversation of 441st meeting of NSC, 14 April 1960, ibid., DR19.
78. Hill to John C. Dreier (U.S. ambassador to OAS), 15 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR15. See also Dreier to Hill, 14 March 1960, ibid., DR14; Hugh S. Cummings, Jr. (director of intelligence and research), to Herter, 25 March 1960, ibid., DR18; and memorandum of conversation of 441st meeting of NSC, 14 April 1960, ibid., DR19.
79. Hill to John C. Dreier (U.S. ambassador to OAS), 15 March 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR15. See also Dreier to Hill, 14 March 1960, ibid., DR14; Hugh S. Cummings, Jr. (director of intelligence and research), to Herter, 25 March 1960, ibid., DR18; and memorandum of conversation of 441st meeting of NSC, 14 April 1960, ibid., DR19.
80. NIE on the Dominican Republic, 26 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR21; Castro quoted in Philip Bonsai (U.S. ambassador to Cuba) to State Department, 23 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:898. See also special NIE on the Caribbean, 30 June 1959, ibid. 5:394; and special NIE, "Situation in the Caribbean through 1960," 29 December 1959, ibid., 418-19.
81. NIE on the Dominican Republic, 26 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR21; Castro quoted in Philip Bonsai (U.S. ambassador to Cuba) to State Department, 23 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:898. See also special NIE on the Caribbean, 30 June 1959, ibid. 5:394; and special NIE, "Situation in the Caribbean through 1960," 29 December 1959, ibid., 418-19.
82. NIE on the Dominican Republic, 26 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR21; Castro quoted in Philip Bonsai (U.S. ambassador to Cuba) to State Department, 23 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:898. See also special NIE on the Caribbean, 30 June 1959, ibid. 5:394; and special NIE, "Situation in the Caribbean through 1960," 29 December 1959, ibid., 418-19.
83. NIE on the Dominican Republic, 26 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR21; Castro quoted in Philip Bonsai (U.S. ambassador to Cuba) to State Department, 23 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:898. See also special NIE on the Caribbean, 30 June 1959, ibid. 5:394; and special NIE, "Situation in the Caribbean through 1960," 29 December 1959, ibid., 418-19.
84. Edward E. Rice (Policy Planning Staff) to Gerard C. Smith (assistant secretary of state for policy planning), 13 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:892; Dillon quoted in memorandum of conversation of 441st meeting of NSC, 14 April 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR19; Dillon to president, 20 May 1960, ibid., DR23; Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of conversation between president, Dillon, Rubottom, and Joseph Farland (U.S. ambassador to the Dominican Republic), 13 May 1960, Office of the Staff Secretary, Subject Series, State Department Subseries, box 4, folder: State Department 3-5/60 (6), Eisenhower Library.
85. Memorandum of conversation between president and Herter, 30 August 1960, Office of Staff Secretary, Subject Series, State Department Subseries, box 4, folder: State Department 8-9/60 (2), Eisenhower Library. The legislators identified by Eisenhower and Herter were representative Harold Cooley (D-NC) and Allen Ellender (D-LA). Cooley was chair of the House Agricultural Committee, the body that allocated a sugar import quota to the Dominican Republic.
86. Herter to president, 18 August 1960, Ann Whitman File, Dulles-Herter Series, box 11, folder 8/60 (2), Eisenhower Library; Eisenhower quoted in memorandum of conversation of 453d meeting of NSC, 25 July 1960, FRUS. 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR25.
87. Slater, OAS and United States Foreign Policy, 192; John C. Dreier, The Organization of American States and the Hemispheric Crisis (New York, 1962), 99-100.
88. Slater, OAS and United States Foreign Policy, 192; John C. Dreier, The Organization of American States and the Hemispheric Crisis (New York, 1962), 99-100.
89. Editorial notes on San José meeting, 22 to 29 August 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960 6:1060-65.
90. For the CIA's desire for a base in the Dominican Republic see telephone calls between Dulles and Herter, 19 August 1960, Christian Herter papers, Telephone series, box 13, folder 7/1-8/31/60, Eisenhower Library. For Eisenhower's actions see memorandum of conversation with legislative leaders, 23 August 1960, Whitman File, Legislative Leaders Series, box 3, folder: Legislative Leaders, 1960 (4), Eisenhower Library; memorandum of conversation between president and Herter, 30 August 1960, Office of the Staff Secretary, Subject Series, State Department Subseries, box 4, folder: State Department 8-9/60 (2), Eisenhower Library; and memorandum of conversation of 453d meeting of NSC, 25 July 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR25.
91. Memorandum of conversation between president and Dillon, 13 October 1960, Whitman File, Eisenhower Diaries, box 53, folder: Staff Notes, 10/60 (1), Eisenhower Library; Dearborn to State Department, 3 August 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR26; Dearborn to Mann, 27 October 1960, ibid., DR28. For CIA activities see Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 193-96. For Mann's diplomacy see Mann to Dearborn, 10 October 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR27. On the Pawley mission see Bernardo Vega, Eisenhower y Trujillo [Eisenhower and Trujillo] (Santo Domingo, 1991), 168-74, 226-30. During the 1950S Joaquín Balaguer was a fervent apologist for Trujillo. See El principio de la alternabilidad en la bistoria Dominicana [The alternability principle in Dominican history] (Ciudad Trujillo, 1952), 8-10; Two Essays on Dominican History (Ciudad Trujillo, 1955), 22. For Balaguer's defense of his collaboration during the Trujillo era see Memorias de un cortesanu de la "Era de Trujillo" [Memoirs of a courtier of the "Trujillo Era"] (Santo Domingo, 1989), 259-61.
92. Sparks to State Department, memorandum of conversation with Betancourt, 5 December 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE51. See also Herter to president on Venezuela and the Dominican Republic, 8 December 1960, ibid., DR30.
93. Stewart to State Department, 12 November 1960, FRLS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:VE47; memorandum of conversation between president and national security advisers, 29 November 1960, FRLS, 1958-1960 6:1127.
94. Eisenhower quoted in Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York, 1979), 87-88n; Herter to Eisenhower, 8 December 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR30.
95. Eisenhower quoted in Peter Wyden, Bay of Pigs: The Untold Story (New York, 1979), 87-88n; Herter to Eisenhower, 8 December 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR30.
96. Cummings to Herter, 22 November 1960, FRUS, 1958-1960, Microfiche Supplement 5:DR29; memorandum of conversation between president, Gordon Gray, and others, 3 January 1961, OSANSA, Special Assistants Series, Presidential Subseries, box 5, folder: 1960 Meetings with President, vol. 2 (2), Eisenhower Library. For covert activities see Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 196-201. Lorenzo "Wimpy" Berry, an American who owned supermarkets in the Dominican Republic, reportedly served as intermediary between Dearborn and the dissidents. See Bernardo Vega, Kennedy y los Trujillos [Kennedy and the Trujillos] (Santo Domingo, 1991), 44, 48, 85; and John Bartlow Martin, Overtaken by Events: The Dominican Crisis from the Fall of Trujillo to the Civil War (Garden City, 1966), 12.
97. Thomas G. Paterson, "Fixation with Cuba: The Bay of Pigs, Missile Crisis, and Covert War against Fidel Castro, in Kennedy's Quest for Victory: American Foreign Policy, 1961-1963, ed. Thomas G. Paterson (New York, 1989), 123-55.
98. Arthur Schlesinger quoted in Tony Smith, "The Alliance for Progress: The 1960s," in Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy, 87n.12. See also Rabe, Road to OPEC, 142-49.
99. Arthur Schlesinger quoted in Tony Smith, "The Alliance for Progress: The 1960s," in Lowenthal, ed., Exporting Democracy, 87n.12. See also Rabe, Road to OPEC, 142-49.
100. Rusk to president, 15 February 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/61, Kennedy Library; Kennedy's Alliance for Progress speech in Department of State Bulletin 44 (3 April 1961): 47-74. For Betancourt's views see Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Navigating the Rapids, 1918-1971: From the Papers of Adolf A. Berle, ed. Beatrice Bishop Berle and Travis Beal Jacobs (New York, 1973), 733-34. For the role of the Republicans see New York Times, 21 February 1961.
101. On covert activities see Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 201-7; and Richard Bissell (deputy director of CIA) to Bundy, "Briefing Paper on Dominican Republic," 17 March 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/61. For debate within the Kennedy administration see memorandum by Murphy on 15-16 April 1961 trip to Dominican Republic, n.d. (but late April 1961), NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: Subjects, Murphy Trip, 1961; and Bundy to president, 2 May 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: Subjects, Murphy Trip, 1961. See also intelligence memorandum, "Situation in the Dominican Republic," 8 May 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/61; and New York Times, 14 May 1961.
102. Dearborn and Kennedy quoted in Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 209-13. On military preparations see General Earle Wheeler (JCS) to General Clifton, 5 May 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/61.
103. Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 213-15; Victor Grimaldi, Los Estados Unidos en el derrocamiento de Trujillo [The United States on the overthrow of Trujillo] (Santo Domingo, 1985).
104. Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 213-15; Victor Grimaldi, Los Estados Unidos en el derrocamiento de Trujillo [The United States on the overthrow of Trujillo] (Santo Domingo, 1985).
105. Dearborn's telegram in Clifton to Bundy for Kennedy in Paris, 31 May 1961, President's Office File, Country File (POFCO): Dominican Republic, box 115A, folder: Dominican Republic Security, 2/61-9/65, Kennedy Library. See also Berle, Navigating the Rapids, 746-48; and Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 214-15.
106. Dearborn's telegram in Clifton to Bundy for Kennedy in Paris, 31 May 1961, President's Office File, Country File (POFCO): Dominican Republic, box 115A, folder: Dominican Republic Security, 2/61-9/65, Kennedy Library. See also Berle, Navigating the Rapids, 746-48; and Church Committee, Alleged Assassination Plots, 214-15.
107. Dearborn and others quoted in Goodwin to Bundy, 8 June 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/61. Dearborn's recommendation in Clifton to Bundy for Kennedy in Vienna, 5 June 1961, POFCO: Dominican Republic, box 115A, folder: Dominican Republic Security, 2/61-9/63.
108. State Department memorandum, "Courses of Action in the Dominican Republic," 17 July 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 7-8/61; Rusk to Hill on oral instructions from president, 21 July 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 7-8/61. See also Hill to Rusk, 1 August 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 7-8/61; and Hill to Rusk, 12 August 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 67, folder: Cables, 8-9/61.
109. Kennedy quoted in Schlesinger, A Thousand Days, 770-71; Rusk to president, 27 July 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: Subjects, Murphy Trips, 5-7/61. See also DeLesseps S. Morrison, Latin American Mission: An Adventure in Hemisphere Diplomacy (New York, 1965), 113-14. On democratization plan see Rusk to Hill, 1 September 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: Cables, 8/61-9/61.
110. Betancourt quoted in Teodoro Moscoso (U.S. ambassador) to Rusk, memorandum of conversation between Betancourt and Chester Bowles (undersecretary), 16 October 1961, NSFCO: Venezuela, box 192, folder 10-11/61; Roger Hilsman (Division of Intelligence and Research) to acting secretary of state, 20 September 1961, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 8-9/61; Martin report on Dominican Republic, n.d. (but September 1961), POFCO: Dominican Republic, box 115A, folder 9. See also Martin, Overtaken by Events, 64-83.
111. Rusk warning in Department of State Bulletin 45 (4 December 1961): 931. See also Vega, Kennedy y los Trujillos, 275-392; Balaguer, Memorias, 167-68, 313-14; and Morrison, Latin American Mission, 146.
112. Betancourt's position quoted in Rusk to all diplomatic posts in American Republics, 16 November 1961, NSFCO: Cuba, box 40, folder: Cables, 1-11/61. See also Allan Stewart (U.S. ambassador) to Rusk, 22 October 1962, NSFCO: Venezuela, box 192, folder 9/20-10/31/62.
113. Betancourt speech to National Press Club, 20 February 1963, POFCO: Venezuela, box 128, folder: Venezuela, General, 1963; Kennedy to John McCone (CIA director), 9 February 1963, NSFCO: box 192, folder: Venezuela, 1-2/63; CIA to director, "Current Thinking of Cuban Government Leaders," 5 March 1964, NSF: Memoranda to President, box 1, folder: Vol. II (2 of 2), 3/1-3/31/64, Lyndon Baines Johnson Library, Austin, Texas; Joseph Burkholder Smith, Portrait of a Cold Warrior (New York, 1976), 381-84. See also Thomas L. Hughes (Bureau of Intelligence and Research) to Rusk, 29 November 1963, NSFCO: Latin America, box 1, folder: Vol. I; and Benjamin Read (State Department) to Bundy, 13 February 1964, NSFCO: Cuba, box 24, folder: OAS Resolution-Arms Cache (I), Cuba, Memoranda-Vol. II, Johnson Library. The cache allegedly consisted of eighty-one rifles, thirty-one machine guns, and ammunition for heavy weapons.
114. Bundy quoted in Gordon Chase (NSC) memorandum of record of Cuba meeting of 19 February 1964, 22 February 1904, NSFCO: Cuba, box 24, folder: OAS Resolution-Arms Cache (II), Cuba, Memoranda-Vol. II. See also Read to Bundy, 13 February 1964, NSFCO: Cuba, box 24, folder: OAS Resolution-Arms Cache (I), Cuba, Memoranda-Vol. II; Chase to Bundy, minutes of 21 February 1964 Cuba meeting, 29 February, 1964, NSFCO: Cuba, box 24. folder: OAS Resolution-Arms Cache (II), Cuba, Memoranda-Vol. II; and Robert M. Sayre, NSC, to Bundy, 7 August 1964, NSFCO: Cuba, box 24, folder: OAS Resolution-Arms Cache (II), Memoranda-Vol. II.
115. Official quoted is Hughes (director of intelligence and research) in memorandum to acting secretary of state, 25 September 1963, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 67, folder: Cables, 9/63. See also comments on Bosch in Dean Rusk (as told to Richard Rusk), As I Saw It (New York, 1990), 369; and by Martin in Overtaken by Events, 601. For the shitting Dominican views on U.S. policy toward Bosch see Miguel Guerrero, El golpe de estado: Historia del derrocamiento de Juan Bosch [Blow to the state: History of the overthrow of Juan Bosch] (Santo Domingo, 1993), 196-98. For U.S. recognition policy see Abraham F. Lowenthal, The Dominican Intervention (Cambridge, MA, 1972), 192n.81. For U.S policy toward Bosch see National Security Action Memorandum No. 153, "Dominican Republic: Plan of Action for Period from Present to February 1963," 15 May 1962, NSF: Meetings and Memoranda, box 536, folder NSAM 153, Kennedy Library; Ambassador Martin to State Department, "Bosch's First Two Months," 28 April 1963, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/63; William H. Brubeck (State Department) to Bundy, "President Juan Bosch of Dominican Republic," 4 June 1963, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 1-6/63; and CIA memorandum, "President Bosch and Internal Security in the Dominican Republic," 14 June 1963, NSFCO: Dominican Republic, box 66, folder: General, 6/14-7/31/65.
116. Edwin McCammon Martin, Kennedy and Latin America (Lanham, MD, 1994), 466. For the Mann Doctrine see Tad Szulc, "U.S. May Abandon Effort to Deter Latin Dictators," New York Times, 19 March 1964.
117. Edwin McCammon Martin, Kennedy and Latin America (Lanham, MD, 1994), 466. For the Mann Doctrine see Tad Szulc, "U.S. May Abandon Effort to Deter Latin Dictators," New York Times, 19 March 1964.