Cold war to cold peace: Explaining U.S.-French competition in francophone Africa

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 115, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 395-419

  Schraeder, Peter J ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039594520     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2658125     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Jeffrey E. Garten, A Cold Peace: America, Japan, Germany, and the Struggle for Supremacy (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1993). See also Alpo M. Rusi, Dangerous Peace: New Rivalry in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998); and Robert A. Pastor, ed., A Century's Journey: How the Great Powers Shape the World (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
2. Jeffrey E. Garten, A Cold Peace: America, Japan, Germany, and the Struggle for Supremacy (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1993). See also Alpo M. Rusi, Dangerous Peace: New Rivalry in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998); and Robert A. Pastor, ed., A Century's Journey: How the Great Powers Shape the World (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
3. Jeffrey E. Garten, A Cold Peace: America, Japan, Germany, and the Struggle for Supremacy (New York: The Twentieth Century Fund, 1993). See also Alpo M. Rusi, Dangerous Peace: New Rivalry in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998); and Robert A. Pastor, ed., A Century's Journey: How the Great Powers Shape the World (New York: Basic Books, 1999).
4. Daniel Bourmaud, "The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Paris, France," Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26 (1998): 47.
5. Ibid., 49.
6. Howard W. French, "U.S. and French Sniping Heats Up Over Paris's Links to Africa," New York Times, 17 October 1996.
7. Stephen Smith, "Afrique noire: le duel Washington-Paris," Politique Internationale 63 (Spring 1994): 355-67. For an early view, see Stanley H. Hoffman, "Perceptions, Reality and the Franco-American Conflict," Journal of International Affairs 21 (1967): 57-71.
8. Stephen Smith, "Afrique noire: le duel Washington-Paris," Politique Internationale 63 (Spring 1994): 355-67. For an early view, see Stanley H. Hoffman, "Perceptions, Reality and the Franco-American Conflict," Journal of International Affairs 21 (1967): 57-71.
9. Dominique Moïsi, "The Trouble with France," Foreign Affairs 77 (May/June 1998): 94-104. See also Roland Marchal, "French Policy in Africa: Changing Track," International Affairs 74 (April 1998).
10. Dominique Moïsi, "The Trouble with France," Foreign Affairs 77 (May/June 1998): 94-104. See also Roland Marchal, "French Policy in Africa: Changing Track," International Affairs 74 (April 1998).
11. See James Petras and Morris Morley, "U.S.-French Relations in the 'New World Order,'" Review of International Studies 26 (January 2000): 49-68.
12. F. Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, "Containment in Africa: From Truman to Reagan," TransAfrica Forum 6 (Fall 1988): 7-34.
13. Edward A. Kolodziej, French Foreign Policy Under DeGaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1974).
14. Agir Ici et Survie, Sommet Franco-Africain au Louvre: La sécurité au sommet, l'insécurité à la base (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998).
15. Olivier Valée, Le prix de l'argent CFA: Heurs et malheurs de la zone franc (Paris: Karthala, 1989).
16. Claude Wauthier, Quatre présidents et l'Afrique: De Gaulle, Pompidou, Giscard d'Estaing, Mitterrand (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1995).
17. Guy Martin, "Continuity and Change in Franco-African Relations," The Journal of Modern African Studies 33 (March 1995):1-20.
18. George Ball, The Disciples of Power (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968).
19. Pierre Lellouche and Dominique Moïsi, "French Policy in Africa: A Lonely Battle Against Destabilization," International Security 3 (Spring 1979): 108-33.
20. See an account by the former U.S. Ambassador William Attwood, The Reds and the Blacks: A Personal Adventure (New York: Harper & Row, 1967).
21. See M. Crawford Young, Ideology and Development in Africa (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982), esp. chaps. 2 and 5.
22. Jacques Foccart with Philippe Gaillard, Foccart parle: entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard, 2 vols. (Paris: Fayard 1995, 1997); and Pierre Péan, L'Homme de l'ombre: Eléments d'enquête autour de Jaques Foccart, l'homme le plus mystérieux et le plus puissant de la Ve République (Paris: Fayard, 1990).
23. Jacques Foccart with Philippe Gaillard, Foccart parle: entretiens avec Philippe Gaillard, 2 vols. (Paris: Fayard 1995, 1997); and Pierre Péan, L'Homme de l'ombre: Eléments d'enquête autour de Jaques Foccart, l'homme le plus mystérieux et le plus puissant de la Ve République (Paris: Fayard, 1990).
24. Guy Martin, "Continuity and Change in Franco-African Relations" in John W. Harbeson and Donald Rothchild, eds., Africa in World Politics (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
25. Robert Bourgi, Le Général de Gaulle et l'Afrique noire: 1940-69 (Paris: Librairie Générale de Droit et de Jurisprudence, 1980).
26. Foccart, Forccart Parle, vol. 1.
27. Michael Clough, Free at Last? U.S. Policy Toward Africa and the End of the Cold War (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), 76-100.
28. Peter J. Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa: Incrementalism, Crisis and Change (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1994), esp. chap. 2.
29. Marie-Christine Kessler, La politique étrangère de la France: Acteurs et processus (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1999). See also Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique: Le Paris-Village du continent noir (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1992); and Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique 2: Des réseaux aux lobbies (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1997).
30. Marie-Christine Kessler, La politique étrangère de la France: Acteurs et processus (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1999). See also Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique: Le Paris-Village du continent noir (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1992); and Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique 2: Des réseaux aux lobbies (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1997).
31. Marie-Christine Kessler, La politique étrangère de la France: Acteurs et processus (Paris: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1999). See also Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique: Le Paris-Village du continent noir (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1992); and Stephen Smith and Antoine Glaser, Ces messieurs Afrique 2: Des réseaux aux lobbies (Paris: Calmann-Lévy, 1997).
32. Marchal, "La nouvelle politique africaine," 2.
33. Ibid.
34. For example, see Clough, Free at Last?
35. U.S. State Department, Congressional Presentation for Foreign Operations (Fiscal Year 2000) (Washington, DC. U.S. Government Printing Office [GPO], February 1999), 2.
36. Ibid., 2-3.
37. Ibid., 3.
38. Thomas M. Callaghy and John Ravenhill, eds., Hemmed In: Responses to Africa's Economic Decline (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
39. Peter J. Schraeder, "France and the Great Game in Africa," Current History 96 (May 1997): 211.
40. Chris Alden and Jean-Pascal Daloz, eds., Paris, Pretoria and the African Continent: The International Relations of States and Societies in Transition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996); and Daniel C. Bach, ed., La France et l'Afrique du Sud: Histoire, mythes et enjeux contemporains (Paris: Karthala, 1990).
41. Chris Alden and Jean-Pascal Daloz, eds., Paris, Pretoria and the African Continent: The International Relations of States and Societies in Transition (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996); and Daniel C. Bach, ed., La France et l'Afrique du Sud: Histoire, mythes et enjeux contemporains (Paris: Karthala, 1990).
42. James M. Scott, "Trade and Tradeoffs: The Clinton Administration and the Big Emerging Markets' Strategy," Futures Research Quarterly 13 (1997): 37-66. See also Jeffrey E. Garten, The Big Ten: The Big Emerging Markets and How They Will Change Our Lives (New York: Basic Books, 1997).
43. James M. Scott, "Trade and Tradeoffs: The Clinton Administration and the Big Emerging Markets' Strategy," Futures Research Quarterly 13 (1997): 37-66. See also Jeffrey E. Garten, The Big Ten: The Big Emerging Markets and How They Will Change Our Lives (New York: Basic Books, 1997).
44. U.S. Department of Commerce, "A Comprehensive Trade and Development Policy for the Countries of Africa. A Report Submitted by the President of the United States to the Congress," (Washington, DC: GPO, February 1996).
45. Quoted in Henri Vernet, "La potion libérale de l'oncle Sam," Jeune Afrique, 9-15 March 1995.
46. Antoine Glaser and Stephen Smith, L'Afrique sans Africains: Le rêve blanc du continent noir (Paris: Editions Stock, 1994), 187.
47. Martin, "Francophone Africa," 180-81.
48. Ibid., 180.
49. Ibid., 181.
50. John R. Heilbrunn, "The Flea on Nigeria's Back: The Foreign Policy of Benin" in Stephen Wright, ed., African Foreign Policies (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999), 43-65.
51. Peter J. Schraeder with Nefertiti Gaye, "Senegal's Foreign Policy: Challenges of Democratization and Marginalization," African Affairs 96 (October 1997): 485-508.
52. Howard W. French, "West Africa's New Oil Barons: Equatorial Guinea Joins the Region's Bonanza," New York Times, 7 March 1998.
53. For an historical overview, see Peter Duignan and L. H. Gann, The United States and Africa: A History (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1984).
54. Author's interview carried out in 1996 in Gaborone, Botswana, with Michael A. Weaver, manager of plant operations for Owens-Corning in Botswana.
55. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, eds., Political Reform in Francophone Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997). See also Jean-Pascal Daloz, ed., Le (non-)renouvellement des élites en Afrique subsaharienne (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999): and L'Afrique politique 1999: Entre transitions et conflits (Paris: Karthala, 1999).
56. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, eds., Political Reform in Francophone Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997). See also Jean-Pascal Daloz, ed., Le (non-)renouvellement des élites en Afrique subsaharienne (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999): and L'Afrique politique 1999: Entre transitions et conflits (Paris: Karthala, 1999).
57. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, eds., Political Reform in Francophone Africa (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997). See also Jean-Pascal Daloz, ed., Le (non-)renouvellement des élites en Afrique subsaharienne (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999): and L'Afrique politique 1999: Entre transitions et conflits (Paris: Karthala, 1999).
58. Agir Ici et Survie, La France à Biarritz: Mise en examen de la politique africaine de la France (Paris: Karthala, 1995). See also Jean-François Bayart, La politique Africaine de François Mitterrand (Paris: Karthala, 1984).
59. Agir Ici et Survie, La France à Biarritz: Mise en examen de la politique africaine de la France (Paris: Karthala, 1995). See also Jean-François Bayart, La politique Africaine de François Mitterrand (Paris: Karthala, 1984).
60. Agir Ici et Survie, France Cameroun: Croisement dangereux! (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996).
61. Glaser and Smith, L'Afrique sans Africains.
62. Roland Marchal, "La France en quête d'une politique Africaine?" Politique Etrangère, no. 4 (Winter 1995/96): 903-16. See also Agir Ici et Survie, Jacques Chirac et la Françafrique: Retour à la case Foccart? (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995).
63. Roland Marchal, "La France en quête d'une politique Africaine?" Politique Etrangère, no. 4 (Winter 1995/96): 903-16. See also Agir Ici et Survie, Jacques Chirac et la Françafrique: Retour à la case Foccart? (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995).
64. Howard W. French, "France's Army Keeps Grip in African Ex-Colonies," New York Times, 22 May 1996.
65. Emmanuel V. Adjovi, Une élection libre en Afrique: La présidentielle du Bénin (1996) (Paris: Karthala, 1998).
66. Schraeder, "Senegal's Foreign Policy," 1997.
67. French, "U.S. and French Sniping Heats Up Over Paris's Links to Africa."
68. Ibid.
69. Bourmaud, "The Clinton Administration and Africa: A View from Paris."
70. I. William Zartman, ed., Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
71. Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, eds., Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1997).
72. Douglas Jehl, "Officials Told to Avoid Calling Rwanda Killings 'Genocide,'" New York Times, 10 June 1994.
73. Jim Cason and Bill Martin, "Clinton and Africa: Searching for a Post-Cold War Order," Bulletin: Association of Concerned Africa Scholars, nos. 38-39 (Winter 1993): 2.
74. Ibid.
75. Gérard Prunier, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
76. Agir Ici et Survie, Rwanda: Depuis le 7 avril 1994, la France choisit le camp du génocide (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995).
77. Pascal Krop, Le génocide Franco-Africain: Faut-il juger les Mitterrand? (Paris: Editions Jean-Claude Lattès, 1994).
78. Stephen Smith, "France-Rwanda: lévirat colonial et abandon dans la région des grands lacs" in André Guichaoua, ed., Les Crises politiques au Burundi et Rwanda (1993-1994): Analyses, faits et documents (Paris: Karthala, 1995), 452.
79. Glaser and Smith, L'Afrique sans Africains, 182-85.
80. Ibid. See also Roger Glenn Brown, Fashoda Reconsidered: The Impact of Domestic Politics on French Policy in Africa 1893-1898 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970).
81. Ibid. See also Roger Glenn Brown, Fashoda Reconsidered: The Impact of Domestic Politics on French Policy in Africa 1893-1898 (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1970).
82. See the December 1997 special issue of Politique Africaine (no. 68), "Politiques internationales dans la région des Grands Lacs."
83. Guy Martin, "France's Africa Policy in Transition: Disengagement and Redeployment," Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 34 (forthcoming 2000); and André Dumoulin, La France militaire et l'Afrique: Coopération et interventions (Brussels: Editions GRIP, 1997).
84. Guy Martin, "France's Africa Policy in Transition: Disengagement and Redeployment," Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 34 (forthcoming 2000); and André Dumoulin, La France militaire et l'Afrique: Coopération et interventions (Brussels: Editions GRIP, 1997).
85. Daniel Bourmaud, "Nouvelles tendances dans la politique africaine de la France: Réforme institutionnelle et processus de décision," Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 34 (forthcoming 2000).
86. Valérie Thorin, "Veni, vidi. . .," Jeune Afrique, hors-série no. 2 (January 2000).
87. Rene Lemarchand, "U.S. Policy in the Great Lakes: A Critical Perspective," Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26 (1998):41-46.
88. Michael G. Schatzberg, Mobutu or Chaos? The United States and Zaire 1960-1990 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1991).
89. Quoted in Schraeder, United States Foreign Policy Toward Africa, 107.
90. Ibid.
91. R. W. Apple, Jr., "U.S. Influence Over Zaire Now Appears to be Limited," New York Times, 17 May 1997.
92. Raymond Bonner, "France Linked to Defense of Mobutu," New York Times, 2 May 1997.
93. Foccart, Foccart Parle, vol. 1, 310.
94. Marchai, "La nouvelle politique Africaine," 3.
95. Martin, "France's Africa Policy in Transition."
96. See, for example, Karl E. Meyer and Shareen Blair Brysac, Tournament of Shadows: The Great Game and the Race for Empire in Central Asia (Washington, DC: Counterpoint, 1999).
97. Peter J. Schraeder, "Japan's Quest for Influence in Africa," Current History 98 (May 1999): 232-35.
98. Jun Morikawa, Japan and Africa: Big Business and Diplomacy (Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1997).
99. Peter J. Schraeder, "From Berlin 1884 to 1989: Foreign Assistance and French, American, and Japanese Competition in Francophone Africa," The Journal of Modern African Studies 33 (December 1995): 539-67.
100. Don Connell and Frank Smyth, "Africa's New Bloc," Foreign Affairs 77 (March/April 1998): 80-94. See also Marina Ottaway, Africa's New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction? (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
101. Don Connell and Frank Smyth, "Africa's New Bloc," Foreign Affairs 77 (March/April 1998): 80-94. See also Marina Ottaway, Africa's New Leaders: Democracy or State Reconstruction? (Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
102. Ibid., 88-89.
103. Ibid.
104. Donald Rothchild, "The Clinton Administration and Ethnic Conflict Management: Limits of Intervention in a Partially Autonomous Africa," Issue: A Journal of Opinion 26 (1998): 41-46.