Contesting hegemons: US-French relations in the 'New World Order'

Review of International Studies

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 49-67

  Petras, James ^a   Morley, Morris ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0034412128     PISSN: 02602105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0260210500000498     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. See Peter Wilson, 'The Myth of the 'First Great Debate'', Review of International Studies, 24:5, Special Issue (December 1998), p. 1.
2. See Ken Booth, 'Security in Anarchy: Utopian Realism in Theory and Practice', International Affairs, 67 (1991), pp. 527-45.
3. 'The politics of identity/difference flows beneath, through and over the boundaries of the state', in William Connolly (ed.), Identity/Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991), p. ix.
4. The classic exposition of the realist theory of international politics is Hans J. Morgenthau, Power Among Nations (New York; McGraw-Hill, 1993). Also see Richard Falk, 'The Realist School and Its Critics', in L. Carl Brown (ed.), Centerstage: American Diplomacy Since World War II (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990), pp. 365-81. For an application of the realist paradigm to twentieth century American foreign policy, see Normal A. Graebner, America as a World Power: A Realist Appraisal from Wilson to Reagan. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984.
5. The classic exposition of the realist theory of international politics is Hans J. Morgenthau, Power Among Nations (New York; McGraw-Hill, 1993). Also see Richard Falk, 'The Realist School and Its Critics', in L. Carl Brown (ed.), Centerstage: American Diplomacy Since World War II (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990), pp. 365-81. For an application of the realist paradigm to twentieth century American foreign policy, see Normal A. Graebner, America as a World Power: A Realist Appraisal from Wilson to Reagan. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984.
6. The classic exposition of the realist theory of international politics is Hans J. Morgenthau, Power Among Nations (New York; McGraw-Hill, 1993). Also see Richard Falk, 'The Realist School and Its Critics', in L. Carl Brown (ed.), Centerstage: American Diplomacy Since World War II (New York: Holmes & Meier, 1990), pp. 365-81. For an application of the realist paradigm to twentieth century American foreign policy, see Normal A. Graebner, America as a World Power: A Realist Appraisal from Wilson to Reagan. Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, 1984.
7. See Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half Century, 2nd edn. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1995), and Christopher Layne and Benjamin Schwarz, 'American Hegemony: Without an Enemy', Foreign Policy, 92 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-23. See also Bruce Cumings, 'America: Hegemonic Still', Review of International Studies, 24:5, Special Issue (December 1999).
8. See Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half Century, 2nd edn. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1995), and Christopher Layne and Benjamin Schwarz, 'American Hegemony: Without an Enemy', Foreign Policy, 92 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-23. See also Bruce Cumings, 'America: Hegemonic Still', Review of International Studies, 24:5, Special Issue (December 1999).
9. See Thomas J. McCormick, America's Half Century, 2nd edn. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1995), and Christopher Layne and Benjamin Schwarz, 'American Hegemony: Without an Enemy', Foreign Policy, 92 (Fall 1993), pp. 5-23. See also Bruce Cumings, 'America: Hegemonic Still', Review of International Studies, 24:5, Special Issue (December 1999).
10. See for example, Joseph N. Nye Jr., Bound to Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Henry R. Nau, The Myth of America's Decline (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), especially pp. 3-49.
11. See for example, Joseph N. Nye Jr., Bound to Lead (New York: Basic Books, 1990); Henry R. Nau, The Myth of America's Decline (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), especially pp. 3-49.
12. See the discussion in James Petras and Morris Morley, Empire or Republic? (New York: Routledge, 1995), pp. ix-xvi.
13. Martin Carnoy, 'Multinationals in a Changing World Economy: Wither the Nation-State', in Martin Carnoy et al. (eds.), The Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), pp. 45-96; Vincent Cable, 'The Diminished Nation-State: A Study in the Loss of Economic Power', Daedalus, 124:.2, Spring 1995, pp. 23-33; Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
14. Martin Carnoy, 'Multinationals in a Changing World Economy: Wither the Nation-State', in Martin Carnoy et al. (eds.), The Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), pp. 45-96; Vincent Cable, 'The Diminished Nation-State: A Study in the Loss of Economic Power', Daedalus, 124:.2, Spring 1995, pp. 23-33; Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
15. Martin Carnoy, 'Multinationals in a Changing World Economy: Wither the Nation-State', in Martin Carnoy et al. (eds.), The Global Economy in the Information Age (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1993), pp. 45-96; Vincent Cable, 'The Diminished Nation-State: A Study in the Loss of Economic Power', Daedalus, 124:.2, Spring 1995, pp. 23-33; Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
16. For arguments challenging the erosion of the power of the nation-state proposed by many globalization theorists, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), especially pp. 80-107; Michael Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?', Review of International Political Economy, 4:3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 472-96. Also see a challenging set of essays on the relationship between US multinational corporations, the US state and domestic US enterprises in Ronald Cox (ed.), Business and the State in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
17. For arguments challenging the erosion of the power of the nation-state proposed by many globalization theorists, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), especially pp. 80-107; Michael Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?', Review of International Political Economy, 4:3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 472-96. Also see a challenging set of essays on the relationship between US multinational corporations, the US state and domestic US enterprises in Ronald Cox (ed.), Business and the State in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
18. For arguments challenging the erosion of the power of the nation-state proposed by many globalization theorists, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), especially pp. 80-107; Michael Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?', Review of International Political Economy, 4:3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 472-96. Also see a challenging set of essays on the relationship between US multinational corporations, the US state and domestic US enterprises in Ronald Cox (ed.), Business and the State in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
19. For arguments challenging the erosion of the power of the nation-state proposed by many globalization theorists, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), especially pp. 80-107; Michael Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?', Review of International Political Economy, 4:3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 472-96. Also see a challenging set of essays on the relationship between US multinational corporations, the US state and domestic US enterprises in Ronald Cox (ed.), Business and the State in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
20. For arguments challenging the erosion of the power of the nation-state proposed by many globalization theorists, see Paul Hirst and Grahame Thompson, Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1996); Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998); Robert J. Holton, Globalization and the Nation-State (New York: St Martin's Press, 1998), especially pp. 80-107; Michael Mann, 'Has Globalization Ended the Rise and Rise of the Nation-State?', Review of International Political Economy, 4:3 (Autumn 1997), pp. 472-96. Also see a challenging set of essays on the relationship between US multinational corporations, the US state and domestic US enterprises in Ronald Cox (ed.), Business and the State in International Relations (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996).
21. Anthony Lake, 'From Containment to Enlargement', 21 September, 1993, reprinted in US Department of State, Dispatch, 27 September, 1993, pp. 658-64.
22. Warren Christopher, 'Nato and US Foreign Policy', 26 February, 1993, reprinted in US Department of State, Dispatch, 1 March, 1993, p. 120.
23. Warren Christopher, quoted in Daniel Williams and Ann Devroy, 'US Bombing, Credibility Linked', Washington Post, 22 April, 1994, p. A1.
24. Nancy E. Soderberg, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 'The Continuing Need for America's Global Leadership', 17 October, 1996, reprinted in US Department of State, Dispatch, 28 October, 1996, p. 541. For an interesting account of the hegemonic aspirations manifested in US foreign policy during the first Clinton administration, see David P. Calleo, 'A New Era of Overstretch?', World Policy Journal, 15:1, Spring 1998, pp. 11-25. See also Michael Cox, Superpower without a Mission? US Foreign Policy After the Cold War (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995).
25. Nancy E. Soderberg, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 'The Continuing Need for America's Global Leadership', 17 October, 1996, reprinted in US Department of State, Dispatch, 28 October, 1996, p. 541. For an interesting account of the hegemonic aspirations manifested in US foreign policy during the first Clinton administration, see David P. Calleo, 'A New Era of Overstretch?', World Policy Journal, 15:1, Spring 1998, pp. 11-25. See also Michael Cox, Superpower without a Mission? US Foreign Policy After the Cold War (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995).
26. Nancy E. Soderberg, Deputy Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, 'The Continuing Need for America's Global Leadership', 17 October, 1996, reprinted in US Department of State, Dispatch, 28 October, 1996, p. 541. For an interesting account of the hegemonic aspirations manifested in US foreign policy during the first Clinton administration, see David P. Calleo, 'A New Era of Overstretch?', World Policy Journal, 15:1, Spring 1998, pp. 11-25. See also Michael Cox, Superpower without a Mission? US Foreign Policy After the Cold War (London: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995).
27. Quoted in Charles Trueheart, 'US and France: A Study in Rancor', Washington Post, 14 December, 1996, p. A22.
28. Jospin and Chirac quoted in 'Jospin Raps US "Hegemony" Bid at G7 Summit', 24 June, 1997, Reuters News Service. Also see Dominique Moisi, 'The Trouble With France', Foreign Affairs, 77:3, May-June 1998, pp. 97-9.
29. Jospin and Chirac quoted in 'Jospin Raps US "Hegemony" Bid at G7 Summit', 24 June, 1997, Reuters News Service. Also see Dominique Moisi, 'The Trouble With France', Foreign Affairs, 77:3, May-June 1998, pp. 97-9.
30. Quoted in Thomas W. Lippman, 'In Friction and in Friendship, US Retains Bond With France', Washington Post, 21 October, 1996, p. A29.
31. Elaine Sciolino, 'US Declines to Back Peace Plan as Balkan Talks Shift to UN', New York Times, 2 February, 1993, p. 9.
32. Thomas Friedman, 'US Will Not Push Bosnia to Accept Bosnia Peace Plan', New York Times, 4 February, 1993, pp. 1,11.
33. Also see David Owen, Balkan Odyssey (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1995).
34. See Paul E. Gallis, France: Current Foreign Policy Issues and Relations with the United States, Report to Congress, 26 September, 1996. Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service, p. 13.
35. See US Congress Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, The Peace Process in the Former Yugoslavia, 104th Congress, 1st Session, 17 October and 1 December, 1995 (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1996), p. 28.
36. See Marlise Simons, 'NATO Picks Spanish Foreign Minister for Secretary General', New York Times, 2 December, 1995, p. 5.
37. 'France, US Square Off in Alliance Power Play', The Australian, 19 February, 1997, p. 8.
38. 'France's Millon Says NATO Command Issue Tests US', 3 January, 1997, Reuters News Service; 'Clinton Calls Chirac on NATO, Russia Ties', 30 January, 1997, Reuters News Service.
39. 'France's Millon Says NATO Command Issue Tests US', 3 January, 1997, Reuters News Service; 'Clinton Calls Chirac on NATO, Russia Ties', 30 January, 1997, Reuters News Service.
40. Quoted in 'US Will Not Share Nato Command, Pentagon Says', 28 January, 1997, Reuters News Service.
41. 'Transcript: Albright, Dini Press 2/16 Briefing in Rome', US Information Agency, Washington, DC, 18 February, 1997.
42. Quoted in Craig R. Whitney, 'French-American Ties Mostly Untied, for Now', New York Times, 10 November, 1996, p. 1-12.
43. Daniel Singer, 'The Real Eurobattle', The Nation, 23 December, 1996, p. 22.
44. Quoted in 'France Says Conditions Not Ripe for NATO Return', 2 July, 1997, Reuters News Service.
45. Bernard Edinger, 'France to Step Up Military Role in NATO', 21 January, 1998, Reuters News Service.
46. See 'France to Stay Out of NATO Military Wing for Now', 3 July, 1997, Reuters News Service.
47. Quoted in David Fairhall, 'The Incompetent Brigade is Enlisted to Swell the Ranks', Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July, 1997, p. 11. For an interesting argument stressing the need 'to create a stronger European substructure among its membership, and redefine its enlargement policy toward the east with a more explicitly European approach' if NATO is to continue playing a constructive role in helping solve future European crises, see Karl Kaiser, 'Reforming NATO', Foreign Policy, 103 (Summer 1996), pp. 128-43.
48. Quoted in David Fairhall, 'The Incompetent Brigade is Enlisted to Swell the Ranks', Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July, 1997, p. 11. For an interesting argument stressing the need 'to create a stronger European substructure among its membership, and redefine its enlargement policy toward the east with a more explicitly European approach' if NATO is to continue playing a constructive role in helping solve future European crises, see Karl Kaiser, 'Reforming NATO', Foreign Policy, 103 (Summer 1996), pp. 128-43.
49. Quoted in 'Christopher Defends US Role in Africa', 12 October, 1996, Reuters News Service; Thomas W. Lippman, 'Christopher Urges Greater Role in Africa', Washington Post, 13 October, 1996, p. A43.
50. Quoted in 'Christopher Defends US Role in Africa', 12 October, 1996, Reuters News Service; Thomas W. Lippman, 'Christopher Urges Greater Role in Africa', Washington Post, 13 October, 1996, p. A43.
51. Quoted in 'France and US in War of Words Over Africa', 15 October, 1996, Reuters News Service;
52. Howard W. Lippman, 'French Power In Africa Under Attack On all Sides', New York Times, 6 December, 1996, p. 11.
53. Quoted in David B. Ottaway, 'US Seeking Resignation of Mobutu', Washington Post, 9 April, 1997, p. A1.
54. Senior US official quoted in Steven Erlanger, 'US Decides Time Is Ripe to Elbow Mobutu Aside', New York Times, 30 April, 1997, p. 15.
55. See Laurent Zecchini, 'Washington's Dollar Diplomacy in Africa', Guardian Weekly, 8 June, 1997, p. 13. In recent years, American investors have 'discovered' the spreading market economies of Africa, attracted by the possibilities for making large-scale profits despite the risks involved. See Frank Smyth, 'A New Game: The Clinton Administration on Africa', World Policy Journal, 15:2 (Summer 1998), pp. 82-3.
56. See Laurent Zecchini, 'Washington's Dollar Diplomacy in Africa', Guardian Weekly, 8 June, 1997, p. 13. In recent years, American investors have 'discovered' the spreading market economies of Africa, attracted by the possibilities for making large-scale profits despite the risks involved. See Frank Smyth, 'A New Game: The Clinton Administration on Africa', World Policy Journal, 15:2 (Summer 1998), pp. 82-3.
57. Jacques Chirac quoted in Francis Cornu, 'Paris Backs Down on Outside Force for Zaire', Guardian Weekly, 30 March, 1997, p. 14.
58. Raymond Bonner, 'France Linked to Defense of Mobutu', New York Times, 2 May, 1997, p. 6.
59. See 'France Wants Aid to Follow Clinton's Africa Trip', 15 April, 1998, Reuters News Service; Charles Trueheart, 'France Revises African Relationship', Washington Post, 6 February, 1998, p. A40.
60. See 'France Wants Aid to Follow Clinton's Africa Trip', 15 April, 1998, Reuters News Service; Charles Trueheart, 'France Revises African Relationship', Washington Post, 6 February, 1998, p. A40.
61. Quoted in 'US Sees No French Threat to its Mideast Role', 25 October, 1996, Reuters News Service.
62. See Thomas W. Lippman, 'Accord Assures Continued US Role in Middle East', Washington Post, 16 January, 1997, p. A26.
63. Quoted in 'Paris Says Washington Too Passive in Middle East', 28 August, 1997, Reuters News Service.
64. See Daniel Williams, 'US Shifts Approach to Algeria as Islamic Movement Builds', Washington Post, 19 May, 1994, pp. A31, A35.
65. Ibid., p. A35.
66. Quoted in Ibid.
67. Quoted in Robert S. Greenberger and Thomas E. Ricks, 'As Algeria Splinters, US Weighs Options', Wall Street Journal, 13 March, 1995, p. 13. For a discussion of the choices confronting Washington at this time, also see Andrew J. Pierre and William B. Quand, 'Algeria's War on Itself, Foreign Policy, 99 (Summer 1995), pp. 144-8.
68. Quoted in Robert S. Greenberger and Thomas E. Ricks, 'As Algeria Splinters, US Weighs Options', Wall Street Journal, 13 March, 1995, p. 13. For a discussion of the choices confronting Washington at this time, also see Andrew J. Pierre and William B. Quand, 'Algeria's War on Itself, Foreign Policy, 99 (Summer 1995), pp. 144-8.
69. Quoted in Thomas W. Lippman, 'US Stakes Are High, Expectations Low, in Algeria's Impending Election', Washington Post, 1 November, 1995, p. A26.
70. Excerpts from Rand study quoted in 'Army Report Sees Eventual Collapse of Algerian Government', Washington Post, 12 January, 1997, p. A27.
71. See Roger Cohen, 'In Algeria, Oil and Islam Make a Volatile Mixture', New York Times, 28 December, 1996, p. 1.
72. On the provisions of Helms-Burton, see Mark P. Sullivan, Cuba: Issue Brief. Library of Congress: Congressional Research Service, 13 May, 1997.
73. Charette quoted in Sarah Helm, 'EU Threatens Trade Wars Over Anti-Cuba Laws', The Independent, 16 July, 1996, p. 10; Galland quoted in CubaInfo, 1 August, 1996, p. 2.
74. Charette quoted in Sarah Helm, 'EU Threatens Trade Wars Over Anti-Cuba Laws', The Independent, 16 July, 1996, p. 10; Galland quoted in CubaInfo, 1 August, 1996, p. 2.
75. Craig R. Whitney, 'Ignoring US, France Signs Accord Protecting Cuba Ties', New York Times, 26 April, 1997, p. 3.
76. Quoted in CubaInfo, 11 July, 1996, p. 9.
77. Quoted in John Palmer and Mark Tran, 'Europe Heads for Trade War with US', Guardian Weekly, 4 August, 1996, p. 4.
78. Quoted in 'Chirac Attacks US Over Trade Sanctions', 4 October, 1996, Reuters News Service.
79. Quoted in Steven Erlanger and David E. Sanger, 'On Global Stage, Clinton's Pragmatic Turn', New York Times 29 July, 1996, p. 17.
80. See Gail Russell Chaddock, 'A New Era? Europe Tries to Buck US out of its Saddle', Christian Science Monitor (International Weekly Edition), 7-13 June, 1996, p. 7; Alan Cowell, 'Political Savy Tempers European Furor over US Bill Aimed at Libya and Iran', New York Times, 7 August, 1996, p. 6.
81. See Gail Russell Chaddock, 'A New Era? Europe Tries to Buck US out of its Saddle', Christian Science Monitor (International Weekly Edition), 7-13 June, 1996, p. 7; Alan Cowell, 'Political Savy Tempers European Furor over US Bill Aimed at Libya and Iran', New York Times, 7 August, 1996, p. 6.
82. Quoted in 'Franco-American Ties Tense Once More', 4 October, 1997, Reuters News Service.
83. Jospin and EU officials quoted in 'Jospin Defends Total, Rebuffs US Sanctions', 29 September, 1997, Reuters News Service; Roger Cohen, 'France Scoffs At US Protest Over Iran Deal', New York Times, 30 September, 1997, p. 12.
84. Jospin and EU officials quoted in 'Jospin Defends Total, Rebuffs US Sanctions', 29 September, 1997, Reuters News Service; Roger Cohen, 'France Scoffs At US Protest Over Iran Deal', New York Times, 30 September, 1997, p. 12.
85. Quoted in Carol Giacomo, 'US, EU Discuss Total Deal With Iran', 2 October, 1997, Reuters News Service.
86. On Washington's growing disillusionment with Boutros-Ghali, see Stanley Meisler, 'Dateline UN: A New Hammarskjold', Foreign Policy, 98 (Spring 1995), pp. 180-97.
87. 'Ghanaian Gets Nod as French Drop Objections', The Guardian, 14 December, 1996, p. 15. Also see Thomas W. Lippman and John M. Goshko, 'Albright Led Challenge to US Chief, Washington Post, 7 January, 1997, p. A1.
88. 'Ghanaian Gets Nod as French Drop Objections', The Guardian, 14 December, 1996, p. 15. Also see Thomas W. Lippman and John M. Goshko, 'Albright Led Challenge to US Chief, Washington Post, 7 January, 1997, p. A1.
89. See Ibid., pp. A1, A7.
90. John M. Goshko, 'Ghanaian Is Selected U.N. Chief', Washington Post, 14 December, 1996, p. A22.
91. Quoted in El Pais (Spain), 13 March, 1997, p. 13. Also see Francois Raitberger, 'France's Chirac Takes Jabs at US in Latin America', 18 March, 1997, Reuters News Service.
92. Quoted in El Pais (Spain), 13 March, 1997, p. 13. Also see Francois Raitberger, 'France's Chirac Takes Jabs at US in Latin America', 18 March, 1997, Reuters News Service.
93. Quoted in Helen Fontanaud, 'France Accepts US Supremacy 'Without Acrimony', 28 August, 1997, Reuters News Service.
94. See Charles Maynes, 'US Unilateralism and its Dangers', Review of International Studies, 25:3 (July 1999), pp. 515-18.
95. For another view, see Christopher Layne, 'Rethinking American Grand Strategy: Hegemony or Balance of Power in the Twenty First Century?', World Policy Journal, 15:2 (Summer 1998), pp. 8-28. Layne argues that while US hegemony 'may be sustainable for perhaps another decade', it 'cannot be maintained much beyond that period' (p. 25).