Conceptualizing the APEC way: International cooperation in a non-institutionalized regime

Issues and Studies

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2000, Pages 177-204

  Chi Chen Chiang, Johnny ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

"APEC way"; APEC; APEC results; International cooperation; Non institutionalized co operation regime

Indexed keywords

EID: 0039257819     PISSN: 10132511     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. The APEC was founded by twelve initial members: Australia, New Zealand, the United States, Canada, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei. The People's Republic of China, Chinese Taipei (Taiwan), and Hong Kong then joined in 1991. In 1993, Mexico and Papua New Guinea were given accession. Chile obtained membership in 1994. Russia, Vietnam, and Peru became official members in 1998 after being observers during a transitional period.
2. See key indicators of APEC member economies in APEC official website: 〈http://www. apec.org.sg/member/indi.html〉.
3. Christopher Butler, "APEC: Pathway to Prosperity," APEC Press Release, 1997, available at 〈http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/re10a497.html〉.
4. Ibid.
5. Cameron Cooper, "Fischer Backs China, APEC, in Finale," Business Asia, 7, no. 15 (August 2, 1999): 6.
6. Yoichi Funabashi, Asia-Pacific Fusion: Japan's Role in APEC (Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1995), 145.
7. Amitav Acharya, "Multilateralism: Is There an Asia-Pacific Way?" NBR Analysis 8, no. 2 (1997): 5.
8. Ibid.
9. Stephen D. Krasner, "Structure Causes and Regime Consequences: Regime as Intervening Variables," in International Regimes, ed. Stephen D. Krasner (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), 2.
10. Vinod K. Aggarwal, "Analyzing Institutional Transformation in the Asia-Pacific," in Asia-Pacific Crossroads: Regime Creation and the Future of APEC, ed. Vinod K. Aggarwal and Charles E. Morrison (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), 25.
11. See note 9 above.
12. Ibid., 12.
13. John Ravenhill, "Australia and APEC," in Aggarwal and Morrison, Asia-Pacific Crossroads, 144-46.
14. Ibid., 144-54.
15. Ibid., 159.
16. Fedor Mediansky, "Australia and APEC," in Regionalism, Subregionalism, and APEC, ed. John Ingleson (Clayton, Australia: Monash Asia Institute, 1997), 129.
17. Richard W. Baker, "The United States and APEC Regime Building," in Aggarwal and Morrison, Asia-Pacific Crossroads, 165.
18. Ibid., 167.
19. Ibid., 171.
20. Ibid.
21. Roger Bell, "Ambivalent Regionalism: The United States and APEC," in Ingleson, Regionalism, Subregionalism, and APEC, 113-14.
22. Baker, "The United States and APEC Regime Building," 188.
23. Funabashi, Asia-Pacific Fusion, 188.
24. Ibid., 195-96; Yoshinobu Yamamoto and Tsutomu Kikuchi, "Japan's Approach to APEC and Regime Creation in the Asia-Pacific," in Aggarwal and Morrison, Asia-Pacific Crossroads, 208.
25. Ibid., 195-96; Yoshinobu Yamamoto and Tsutomu Kikuchi, "Japan's Approach to APEC and Regime Creation in the Asia-Pacific," in Aggarwal and Morrison, Asia-Pacific Crossroads, 208.
26. Susumu Awanohara, "Losse-Knit Family," Far Eastern Economic Review, December 2, 1993, 14.
27. Zhang Yunling, "China and APEC: Interests, Opportunities, and Challenges," in From APEC to Xanadu, ed. Donald C. Hellmann and Kenneth B. Pyle (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1997), 196.
28. Ibid.
29. Hadi Soesastro, "APEC: An ASEAN Prospective," in Hellmann and Pyle, From APEC to Xanadu, 175.
30. See table 5.1 (Unweighted average tariffs of APEC economies, 1988-96) in Peter Drysdale, Andrew Elek, and Hadi Soesastro, "Open Regionalism: The Nature of Asia-Pacific Integration," in Europe, East Asia, and APEC: A Shared Global Agenda? ed. Peter Drysdale and David Vines (Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 115; and Pacific Economic Cooperation Council (PECC), Assessing APEC Individual Action Plans and Their Contributions to APEC's Goals (Singapore), 27.
31. See table of APEC Regional Pattern of Trade in APEC Secretariat website: 〈http://www. apecsec.org.sg/member/indi.html〉.
32. Peter D. Drysdale and Andrew Elek, "Towards APEC's Liberalization Goals of 2010 and 2020," in APEC: Cooperation from Diversity, ed. Ippei Yamazawa and Akira Hirata (Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies, 1996), 125.
33. Peter D. Drysdale and Andrew Elek, "APEC: Community-Building in East Asia and the Pacific," ibid., 47-48.
34. Peter D. Drysdale and Andrew Elek, "APEC: Community-Building in East Asia and the Pacific," ibid., 47-48.
35. Chen S. Ho, "Analysis of APEC Decision-making Process," Chinese Taipei APEC Study Center Working Paper no. 99-02 (November 1999), available at 〈http://www.tier.org.tw/ APECC/hotnews/Discussion_Papers/WP9902.html〉.
36. APEC Secretariat, "Introduction to Manila Action Plan for APEC" (1996), available at 〈http://www.apecsec.org.sg/〉.
37. See note 9 above.
38. Drysdale and Elek, "APEC: Community-Building in East Asia and the Pacific," 38-39.
39. Funabashi, Asia-Pacific Fusion, 3.
40. See note 9 above.
41. Hadi Soesastro, "The APEC Approach to Trade Liberalization Commitments" (NCDS conference papers, National Competition Council Conference on Backsliding form Trade Liberalization Commitments, the Australian National University, Canberra, October 24, 1997).
42. Funabashi, Asia-Pacific Fusion, 139.
43. Ibid., 134.
44. Arlene Mayeda, "APEC: Making the Vision a Reality," Business America 19, no. 7 (July 1998): 26.
45. See note 3 above.
46. James M. Lambert, "Institution-Building in the Pacific - Canada in APEC," Pacific Affairs 70, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 200.
47. Ibid.
48. APEC Secretariat Press Release 02/96 (November 22, 1996), available at 〈http://www. apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/re100296.html〉.
49. APEC Secretariat Press Release 48/99 (September 10, 1999), available at 〈http://www. apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/press/rel48_99.html〉.
50. Ibid.
51. Jane Khanna, "Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and Challenges for Political Leadership," The Washington Quarterly 19, no. 1 (Winter 1996): 270.
52. Timothy Hannah, "The Role of APEC in the Asia-Pacific Region" (Lecture at Foreign Affairs College, Beijing, June 21, 1999), available at 〈http://www.apecsec.org.sg/whatsnew/ speeches/speech11.html〉.
53. See note 47 above.
54. Lambert, "Institution-Building in the Pacific," 195.
55. United Press International, New Zealand, September 13, 1999.
56. Frank Ching, "At APEC Summit, Everyone Won," Far Eastern Economic Review, December 9, 1993, 48.
57. Ibid.
58. Nicole Gallant and Richard Stubbs, "APEC's Dilemma: Institution-Building around the Pacific Rim," Pacific Affairs 70, no. 2 (Summer 1997): 210.
59. Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, second edition (New York: Harper Collins, 1989), 4.