APEC's dilemmas: Institution-building around the pacific rim

Pacific Affairs

Volumn 70, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 203-218

  Gallant, Nicole ^a   Stubbs, Richard ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

APEC; DEVELOPING REGION; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; REGIONAL TRADE; TRADE BLOC;

ASIA; PACIFIC;

EID: 0031422104     PISSN: 0030851X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2760772     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Nicole Gallant would like to thank the Canada-ASEAN Centre and the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada for an Academic Travel Grant Award which allowed her to undertake research in Southeast Asia. Richard Stubbs would like to thank the Social Science Research Council of Canada for a research grant which allowed him to undertake research in East and Southeast Asia. The authors would also like to thank the many officials of various governments and intergovernmental agencies who granted them interviews, and Paul Irwin, Peggy Meyer and Larry Woods for comments on an earlier version of this paper. It is important to note that the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and not of any institutions with which they are associated.
2. See Linda Low, "The East Asian Economic Grouping," The Pacific Review, vol. 4, no. 4 (1991); and Richard Higgott and Richard Stubbs, "Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism: APEC Versus EAEC in the Asia Pacific," Review of International Political Economy, vol. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 522-26.
3. See Linda Low, "The East Asian Economic Grouping," The Pacific Review, vol. 4, no. 4 (1991); and Richard Higgott and Richard Stubbs, "Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism: APEC Versus EAEC in the Asia Pacific," Review of International Political Economy, vol. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 522-26.
4. William Bodde, Jr., View from the 19th Floor; Reflections of the First APEC Executive Director (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994), p. 38. See also Heather Dawker, "Blueprint for the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, November 21, 1996, pp. 43-18.
5. William Bodde, Jr., View from the 19th Floor; Reflections of the First APEC Executive Director (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994), p. 38. See also Heather Dawker, "Blueprint for the Future," Far Eastern Economic Review, November 21, 1996, pp. 43-18.
6. This term is adapted from Seiji Finch Naya and Pearl Imada Iboshi, "A Post-Uruguay Round Agenda for APEC: Promoting Convergence of the North American and the Asian View," in Yue Chia Siow, ed., APEC: Challenges and Opportunities (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 1994).
7. See Stephen Gill, "Knowledge, Politics, and Neo-Liberal Political Economy," in Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R. D. Underhill, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), pp. 78-80; and Iyanatul Islam, "Between the State and the Market: The Case for Eclectic Neoclassical Political Economy," in Andrew Maclntyre, ed., Business and Government in Industrialising Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 95.
8. See Stephen Gill, "Knowledge, Politics, and Neo-Liberal Political Economy," in Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R. D. Underhill, Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), pp. 78-80; and Iyanatul Islam, "Between the State and the Market: The Case for Eclectic Neoclassical Political Economy," in Andrew Maclntyre, ed., Business and Government in Industrialising Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994), p. 95.
9. See Higgott and Stubbs, "Competing Conceptions of Economic Regionalism," pp. 518-22.
10. Yoichi Funabashi, "The Asianization of Asia," Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (November/December 1993), p. 75. Some in Japan have referred to this phenomenon as "neo-Asianism." See Nikkei Weekly, January 17, 1994.
11. Yoichi Funabashi, "The Asianization of Asia," Foreign Affairs, vol. 72 (November/December 1993), p. 75. Some in Japan have referred to this phenomenon as "neo-Asianism." See Nikkei Weekly, January 17, 1994.
12. See Richard Stubbs, "The Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific Region," in Richard Stubbs and Geoffrey R. D. Underhill, eds., Political Economy and the Changing Global Order (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1994), pp. 366-77.
13. See Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Way," Foreign Affairs, vol. 74, no. 1 (1995), pp. 100-11; Mahathir Mohamad, "A Prime Minister Speaks," ASEAN-ISIS Monitor, vol. 6 (April 1993), and Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995), pp. 71-115.
14. See Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Way," Foreign Affairs, vol. 74, no. 1 (1995), pp. 100-11; Mahathir Mohamad, "A Prime Minister Speaks," ASEAN-ISIS Monitor, vol. 6 (April 1993), and Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995), pp. 71-115.
15. See Kishore Mahbubani, "The Pacific Way," Foreign Affairs, vol. 74, no. 1 (1995), pp. 100-11; Mahathir Mohamad, "A Prime Minister Speaks," ASEAN-ISIS Monitor, vol. 6 (April 1993), and Mahathir Mohamad and Shintaro Ishihara, The Voice of Asia: Two Leaders Discuss the Coming Century (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1995), pp. 71-115.
16. Noordin Sopiee, "Asian Approach Best Way to Build Enduring APEC," The Straits Times, September 1, 1994.
17. See Stephen Bell, "The Collective Capitalism of Northeast Asia and the Limits of Orthodox Economics," Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 30 (July 1995), pp. 264-87; and Richard Stubbs, "Asia-Pacific Regionalization and the Global Economy: A Third Form of Capitalism?" Asian Survey, vol. 35 (September 1995), pp. 787-96. See also James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), pp. 207-40.
18. See Stephen Bell, "The Collective Capitalism of Northeast Asia and the Limits of Orthodox Economics," Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 30 (July 1995), pp. 264-87; and Richard Stubbs, "Asia-Pacific Regionalization and the Global Economy: A Third Form of Capitalism?" Asian Survey, vol. 35 (September 1995), pp. 787-96. See also James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), pp. 207-40.
19. See Stephen Bell, "The Collective Capitalism of Northeast Asia and the Limits of Orthodox Economics," Australian Journal of Political Science, vol. 30 (July 1995), pp. 264-87; and Richard Stubbs, "Asia-Pacific Regionalization and the Global Economy: A Third Form of Capitalism?" Asian Survey, vol. 35 (September 1995), pp. 787-96. See also James Fallows, Looking at the Sun: The Rise of the New East Asian Economic and Political System (New York: Pantheon Books, 1994), pp. 207-40.
20. See "Changing of the Guard: After Osaka, APEC Begins to March to an Asian Beat," Asiaweek, December 8, 1995, pp. 21-24; and David Hulme, "Asia Takes Charge of the APEC Train," Asian Business (January 1996), pp. 32-35.
21. See "Changing of the Guard: After Osaka, APEC Begins to March to an Asian Beat," Asiaweek, December 8, 1995, pp. 21-24; and David Hulme, "Asia Takes Charge of the APEC Train," Asian Business (January 1996), pp. 32-35.
22. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Seattle, 17-19 November 1993, Section 36.
23. Irene Ngoo, "Need to Work Out Criteria for Full Membership," The Straits Times, November 13, 1994; and The Star (Malaysia), November 26, 1996.
24. Irene Ngoo, "Need to Work Out Criteria for Full Membership," The Straits Times, November 13, 1994; and The Star (Malaysia), November 26, 1996.
25. Seoul APEC Declaration, Seoul, November 14, 1991, Section 7.
26. See, for example, Bodde, Jr., View from the 19th Floor, p. 54.
27. "Achieving the APEC Vision: Free and Open Trade in the Asia-Pacific," Second Report of the Eminent Persons Group to APEC Ministers, August 1994, p. 38.
28. "Three 'C's Key to Successful APEC Action Agenda," U.S. Statement by U.S. Secretary of State Warren Christopher at the 7th APEC Ministerial Meeting, November 16, 1995, Osaka, Japan.
29. Noordin Sopiee, "Asian Approach Best Way to Build Enduring APEC," The Straits Times, September 1, 1994.
30. "The Opening of Asia," The Economist, November 12, 1994.
31. "Deep Fracture May Destroy APEC, Says U.S. Official," The Sunday Times, November 5, 1995.
32. Thomas M. Boddez and Michael J. Trebilcock, Unfinished Business: Reforming Trade Remedy Laws in North America, Policy Study No. 17 (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1993), pp. 109-56; Micheal B. Percy and Christian Yoder, The Softwood Lumber Dispute and Canada-U.S. Trade in Natural Resources (Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1987), ch. 5; Grace Skogstad, "The Application of Canadian and U.S. Trade Remedy Laws: Irreconcilable Expectations?" Canadian Public Administration, vol. 31 (Winter 1988); and Drew Fagan, "U.S. Revives Wool Suit Dispute," The Globe and Mail, June 24, 1996.
33. Thomas M. Boddez and Michael J. Trebilcock, Unfinished Business: Reforming Trade Remedy Laws in North America, Policy Study No. 17 (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1993), pp. 109-56; Micheal B. Percy and Christian Yoder, The Softwood Lumber Dispute and Canada-U.S. Trade in Natural Resources (Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1987), ch. 5; Grace Skogstad, "The Application of Canadian and U.S. Trade Remedy Laws: Irreconcilable Expectations?" Canadian Public Administration, vol. 31 (Winter 1988); and Drew Fagan, "U.S. Revives Wool Suit Dispute," The Globe and Mail, June 24, 1996.
34. Thomas M. Boddez and Michael J. Trebilcock, Unfinished Business: Reforming Trade Remedy Laws in North America, Policy Study No. 17 (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1993), pp. 109-56; Micheal B. Percy and Christian Yoder, The Softwood Lumber Dispute and Canada-U.S. Trade in Natural Resources (Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1987), ch. 5; Grace Skogstad, "The Application of Canadian and U.S. Trade Remedy Laws: Irreconcilable Expectations?" Canadian Public Administration, vol. 31 (Winter 1988); and Drew Fagan, "U.S. Revives Wool Suit Dispute," The Globe and Mail, June 24, 1996.
35. Thomas M. Boddez and Michael J. Trebilcock, Unfinished Business: Reforming Trade Remedy Laws in North America, Policy Study No. 17 (Toronto: C.D. Howe Institute, 1993), pp. 109-56; Micheal B. Percy and Christian Yoder, The Softwood Lumber Dispute and Canada-U.S. Trade in Natural Resources (Ottawa: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1987), ch. 5; Grace Skogstad, "The Application of Canadian and U.S. Trade Remedy Laws: Irreconcilable Expectations?" Canadian Public Administration, vol. 31 (Winter 1988); and Drew Fagan, "U.S. Revives Wool Suit Dispute," The Globe and Mail, June 24, 1996.
36. "The Osaka Action Agenda: Implementation of the Bogor Declaration," November 19, 1995, Osaka, Japan, Section B; and "Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA)," Volume 1 (Singapore: APEC Secretariat, November 1996).
37. "The Osaka Action Agenda: Implementation of the Bogor Declaration," November 19, 1995, Osaka, Japan, Section B; and "Manila Action Plan for APEC (MAPA)," Volume 1 (Singapore: APEC Secretariat, November 1996).
38. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Ministerial Meeting, Joint Statement, Canberra, November 6-7, 1989.
39. See the discussion of this point in Charles E. Morrison, "The Future of APEC: Institutional and Structural Issues," Analysis, vol. 6, no. 1 (1994), p. 81; and Martin Rudner, "APEC: The Challenges of Asia-Pacific Cooperation," Modern Asian Studies, no. 2 (1995), p. 410.
40. See the discussion of this point in Charles E. Morrison, "The Future of APEC: Institutional and Structural Issues," Analysis, vol. 6, no. 1 (1994), p. 81; and Martin Rudner, "APEC: The Challenges of Asia-Pacific Cooperation," Modern Asian Studies, no. 2 (1995), p. 410.
41. "A Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia-Pacific Economic Community," Report of the Eminent Persons Group to APEC Ministers (Singapore: APEC Secretariat, October, 1993), p. 55. See also the argument in Donald C. Hellmann, "APEC and the Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific: New Myths, Old Realities," Analysis, vol. 6, no. 1 (1994), p. 36.
42. "A Vision for APEC: Towards an Asia-Pacific Economic Community," Report of the Eminent Persons Group to APEC Ministers (Singapore: APEC Secretariat, October, 1993), p. 55. See also the argument in Donald C. Hellmann, "APEC and the Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific: New Myths, Old Realities," Analysis, vol. 6, no. 1 (1994), p. 36.
43. Hellmann, "APEC and the Political Economy of the Asia-Pacific," p. 36.
44. Miles Kahler, "Institution Building in the Pacific," in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St. Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, 1994), p. 34. Similar comments are made by David Rapkin, "Leadership and Cooperative Institutions in the Asia-Pacific," in Mack and Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation, p. 118.
45. Miles Kahler, "Institution Building in the Pacific," in Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region (St. Leonards, New South Wales: Allen and Unwin, 1994), p. 34. Similar comments are made by David Rapkin, "Leadership and Cooperative Institutions in the Asia-Pacific," in Mack and Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation, p. 118.
46. See the discussion of this problem in Sopiee, "Asian Approach"; and David Rapkin, "Leadership and Cooperative Institutions in the Asia-Pacific," in Mack and Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation, pp. 118-21.
47. See the discussion of this problem in Sopiee, "Asian Approach"; and David Rapkin, "Leadership and Cooperative Institutions in the Asia-Pacific," in Mack and Ravenhill, eds., Pacific Cooperation, pp. 118-21.
48. See Joceline Tan, "Putting APEC Back on Track," The New Straits Times, January 5, 1994.
49. Seoul APEC Declaration, Seoul, November 14, 1991, Section 11.
50. The first five governments to host APEC's annual meeting were Australia, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand -under the interim government of Anand Panyarachun, which was dominated by Western-trained technocrats - and the United States. All were strong supporters of liberalization. The next three hosts, Indonesia, Japan and the Philippines, were APEC moderates.
51. Bodde, Jr., View from the 19th Floor, p. 65.
52. Ed Broadbent, "Globalization the Democratic Challenge" (Paper presented at the Conference on Globalization, Trade and Human Rights, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, February 22, 1996).
53. Ibid. See also "APEC: The Challenge of Human Rights," Libertas, vol. 5 (February 1996); and Far Eastern Economic Review, November 14, 1996.
54. Ibid. See also "APEC: The Challenge of Human Rights," Libertas, vol. 5 (February 1996); and Far Eastern Economic Review, November 14, 1996.
55. See Brian S. Turner, "Human Rights: From Local Cultures to Global Systems," in Damien Kingsbury and Greg Barton, eds., Differences and Tolerance: Human Rights Issues in Southeast Asia (Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1994), p. 9. See also Diane K. Mauzy and R. S. Milne, "Human Rights in ASEAN States: A Canadian Policy Perspective," in Amitav Acharya and Richard Stubbs, eds., New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995), pp. 115-29; and James C. Hsuing, "Human Rights in an East Asian Perspective," in James C. Hsuing, ed., Human Rights in East Asia: A Cultural Perspective (New York: Paragon House, 1985), pp. 5-6.
56. See Brian S. Turner, "Human Rights: From Local Cultures to Global Systems," in Damien Kingsbury and Greg Barton, eds., Differences and Tolerance: Human Rights Issues in Southeast Asia (Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1994), p. 9. See also Diane K. Mauzy and R. S. Milne, "Human Rights in ASEAN States: A Canadian Policy Perspective," in Amitav Acharya and Richard Stubbs, eds., New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995), pp. 115-29; and James C. Hsuing, "Human Rights in an East Asian Perspective," in James C. Hsuing, ed., Human Rights in East Asia: A Cultural Perspective (New York: Paragon House, 1985), pp. 5-6.
57. See Brian S. Turner, "Human Rights: From Local Cultures to Global Systems," in Damien Kingsbury and Greg Barton, eds., Differences and Tolerance: Human Rights Issues in Southeast Asia (Victoria: Deakin University Press, 1994), p. 9. See also Diane K. Mauzy and R. S. Milne, "Human Rights in ASEAN States: A Canadian Policy Perspective," in Amitav Acharya and Richard Stubbs, eds., New Challenges for ASEAN: Emerging Policy Issues (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995), pp. 115-29; and James C. Hsuing, "Human Rights in an East Asian Perspective," in James C. Hsuing, ed., Human Rights in East Asia: A Cultural Perspective (New York: Paragon House, 1985), pp. 5-6.
58. APEC Meeting of Ministers Responsible for the Environment, Summary Report, Vancouver, March 23-25, 1994.
59. See Hee Kwon Park, "Multilateral Security Cooperation," The Pacific Review, vol. 6, no. 3 (1993), p. 251.
60. See David Dewitt, "Common, Comprehensive, and Cooperative Security in the Asia Pacific," The Pacific Review, vol. 7, no. 1 (1994).
61. This point is made by Fred Bergsten, the chair of the EPG, who also notes, somewhat ambiguously, that "APEC does not - and should not - discuss security issues but its security implications are profound." See Fred Bergsten, "The Case for APEC: An Asian Push for World-Wide Free Trade," The Economist, January 6, 1996.
62. Douglas H. Paal, "APEC and Regional Security," Analysis, vol. 4, no. 4 (1993), p. 91; and Far Eastern Economic Review, December 5, 1996.
63. Douglas H. Paal, "APEC and Regional Security," Analysis, vol. 4, no. 4 (1993), p. 91; and Far Eastern Economic Review, December 5, 1996.
64. Nobutoshi Akao, "A Strategy for APEC: A Japanese View," Japan Review of International Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3 (1995), p. 171.
65. Ibid., p. 170.
66. Akio Watanabe, "What is Asia-Pacific Regionalism?" Japan Review of International Affairs, vol. 9, no. 3 (1995), p. 194.