Neoliberal populism in Latin America and Eastern Europe

Comparative Politics

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 1999, Pages 379-401

  Weyland, Kurt ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038901560     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/422236     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
2. Kenneth Roberts, "Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America," World Politics, 48 (October 1995), 82-116; Kurt Weyland, "Neopopulism and Neoliberalism in Latin America," Studies in Comparative International Development, 31 (Fall 1996), 3-31.
3. Jeffrey Sachs, Social Conflict and Populist Policies in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass.: NBER, 1989); Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
4. Jeffrey Sachs, Social Conflict and Populist Policies in Latin America (Cambridge, Mass.: NBER, 1989); Rüdiger Dornbusch and Sebastian Edwards, eds., The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
5. Alejandro Foxley, Latin American Experiments in Neoconservative Economics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), pp. 16, 102.
6. David Collier and James Mahoney, "Insights and Pitfalls," World Politics, 49 (October 1996), 56-91.
7. Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism, 2nd ed. (Berkeley: University of California, 1979), pp. 53-57.
8. Gino Germani, Authoritarianism, Fascism, and National Populism (New Brunswick: Transaction, 1978), chs. 4-5.
9. Julian Casro Rea et al., "Back to Populism," in Archibald Ritter, ed., Latin America to the Year 2000 (New York: Praeger, 1992), pp. 125-30.
10. Michael Conniff, "Introduction," and Paul Drake "Conclusion," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 13-23, 218-36.
11. Michael Conniff, "Introduction," and Paul Drake "Conclusion," in Michael Conniff, ed., Latin American Populism in Comparative Perspective (Alburquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), pp. 13-23, 218-36.
12. Roberts, pp. 88-89; David Collier and James Mahon, "Conceptual 'Stretching' Revisited," American Political Science Review, 87 (December 1993), 845-55.
13. Sachs, pp. 10-16; Dornbusch and Edwards, pp. 8-11.
14. Sachs, pp. 17-21.
15. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Delegative Democracy," Journal of Democracy, 5 (January 1994), 55-69, advances a similar concept.
16. Nowadays, leaders establish this direct relationship especially via television and use opinion polls to ascertain the "will of the people."
17. While arising in opposition to established organizations, populists seek to routinize their charisma and build new organizations after consolidating power, especially in weakly organized societies. But usually these organizations remain dependent on the leader, as the problems of Argentina's Peronists and Peru's APRA after their founders' deaths show.
18. Classical Latin American populism, which arose in weakly organized societies, had affinities to corporatism and created new intermediary organizations. Contemporary populists, by contrast, seek to bypass established organizations and appeal especially to unorganized sectors, seen as an undifferentiated mass of individuals. This article focuses on the current "neopopulists." Weyland, pp. 7-11.
19. Stephan Haggard and Robert Kaufman, The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 9, 157.
20. See Miles Kahler, "Orthodoxy and Its Alternatives," in Joan Nelson, ed., Economic Crisis and Policy Choice (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990), p. 55.
21. András Bozoki and Miklós Sükösd, "Civil Society and Populism in Eastern European Democratic Transitions," Praxis International, 13 (October 1993), 232; Weyland, pp. 16-17.
22. Vladimir Tismaneanu, "The Leninist Debris or Waiting for Perón," East European Politics and Societies, 10 (Fall 1996), 504-35.
23. Barbara Geddes, "Challenging the Conventional Wisdom," Journal of Democracy, 5 (October 1994), 115-17.
24. Alvaro Alsogaray, Experiencias de Cincuenta Años de Político y Economĩa Argentina (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1993), pp. 162, 168-71.
25. Carlos Boloña, Cambio de Rumbo (Lima: IELM, 1993), pp. 18-20.
26. Anders Åslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995), pp. 291-98.
27. Leszek Balcerowicz, "Understanding Postcommunist Transitions," Journal of Democracy, 5 (October 1994), 75-89.
28. Robert Kaufman and Barbara Stallings, "The Political Economy of Latin American Populism," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds., pp. 22-25; Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, "Party Systems in Latin America," in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 22-24.
29. Robert Kaufman and Barbara Stallings, "The Political Economy of Latin American Populism," in Dornbusch and Edwards, eds., pp. 22-25; Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, "Party Systems in Latin America," in Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, eds., Building Democratic Institutions (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), pp. 22-24.
30. Mainwaring and Scully, pp. 17-20.
31. In Venezuela the recent crisis of the party system allowed for the exceptional rise of populist Rafael Caldera outside the established parties in the 1993 election.
32. David Ost, "The Politics of Interest in Post-Communist East Europe," Theory and Society, 22 (August 1993), 453-86; Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), ch. 3; Linz and Stepan, chs. 4, 15-21.
33. David Ost, "The Politics of Interest in Post-Communist East Europe," Theory and Society, 22 (August 1993), 453-86; Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), ch. 3; Linz and Stepan, chs. 4, 15-21.
34. Fish, pp. 47-50; Voytek Zubek, "Walȩsa's Leadership and Poland's Transition," Problems of Communism, 40 (January 1991), 73-74, 79-80; Anders Åslund, "Ukraine's Turnaround," Foreign Policy, 100 (Fall 1995), 131. Walȩsa also drew on loyalties of the organizationally diffuse "Solidarity."
35. Fish, pp. 47-50; Voytek Zubek, "Walȩsa's Leadership and Poland's Transition," Problems of Communism, 40 (January 1991), 73-74, 79-80; Anders Åslund, "Ukraine's Turnaround," Foreign Policy, 100 (Fall 1995), 131. Walȩsa also drew on loyalties of the organizationally diffuse "Solidarity."
36. Data on East European parties in Maurizio Cotta, "Structuring the New Party Systems," in Geoffrey Pridham and Paul Lewis, eds., Stabilising Fragile Democracies (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 71; Linz and Stepan, p. 283; Jack Bielasiak, "Substance and Process in the Development of Party Systems in East Central Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30 (March 1997), 31, 40.
37. Data on East European parties in Maurizio Cotta, "Structuring the New Party Systems," in Geoffrey Pridham and Paul Lewis, eds., Stabilising Fragile Democracies (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 71; Linz and Stepan, p. 283; Jack Bielasiak, "Substance and Process in the Development of Party Systems in East Central Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30 (March 1997), 31, 40.
38. Data on East European parties in Maurizio Cotta, "Structuring the New Party Systems," in Geoffrey Pridham and Paul Lewis, eds., Stabilising Fragile Democracies (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 71; Linz and Stepan, p. 283; Jack Bielasiak, "Substance and Process in the Development of Party Systems in East Central Europe," Communist and Post-Communist Studies, 30 (March 1997), 31, 40.
39. Fish, pp. 50, 65-66.
40. Frances Millard, "The Shaping of the Polish Party System, 1989-93," East European Politics and Societies, 8 (Fall 1993), 479, 482, 494.
41. David McQuaid, "The 'War' over the Election Law," Report on Eastern Europe, 2 (August 1991), 11-28.
42. Interviews with Humberto Celli, former president of Acción Democrática, Caracas, May 31, 1996; and Pérez, Caracas, June 5, 1996.
43. Boloña, pp. 50-52, 90, 168; interview with Miguel Rodríguez, former minister of CORDIPLAN, Caracas, June 6, 1996; Åslund, How Russia, pp. 87-88.
44. Kåre Martinsen, "Václav Klaus und die politische Stabilität in der Tschechischen Republik," Osteuropa, 44 (November 1994), 1067-69.
45. Roberts, pp. 97-99.
46. Yeltsin, for example, has always maintained distance from trade unions, even independent ones. By contrast, Ukraine's Kuchma, an insider turned reformer, maintained close links to nascent entrepreneurs who, like him, had nomenklatura backgrounds.
47. In the 1990 presidential election, "blue-collar workers...voted overwhelmingly for Walesa." Mark Kramer, "Polish Workers and the Post-Communist Transition," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (1995), 687. But in 1995 they disproportionately backed his postcommunist opponent. Hubert Tworzecki, "The Polish Presidential Elections of 1995," Electoral Studies, 15 (August 1996), 408.
48. In the 1990 presidential election, "blue-collar workers...voted overwhelmingly for Walesa." Mark Kramer, "Polish Workers and the Post-Communist Transition," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (1995), 687. But in 1995 they disproportionately backed his postcommunist opponent. Hubert Tworzecki, "The Polish Presidential Elections of 1995," Electoral Studies, 15 (August 1996), 408.
49. Tworzecki, p. 408; Jakob Juchler, "Machtwechsel," Osteuropa, 46 (March 1996), 281-82; Matthew Wyman, "The Russian Elections of 1995 and 1996," Electoral Studies, 16 (March 1997), 84-85; Matthew Wyman et al., "Public Opinion, Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Elections," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (1995), 599; Weyland, pp. 13-14.
50. Tworzecki, p. 408; Jakob Juchler, "Machtwechsel," Osteuropa, 46 (March 1996), 281-82; Matthew Wyman, "The Russian Elections of 1995 and 1996," Electoral Studies, 16 (March 1997), 84-85; Matthew Wyman et al., "Public Opinion, Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Elections," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (1995), 599; Weyland, pp. 13-14.
51. Tworzecki, p. 408; Jakob Juchler, "Machtwechsel," Osteuropa, 46 (March 1996), 281-82; Matthew Wyman, "The Russian Elections of 1995 and 1996," Electoral Studies, 16 (March 1997), 84-85; Matthew Wyman et al., "Public Opinion, Parties and Voters in the December 1993 Russian Elections," Europe-Asia Studies, 47 (1995), 599; Weyland, pp. 13-14.
52. An exception are members of the nomenklatura who became new entrepreneurs.
53. Balcerowicz in Mario Blejer and Fabrizio Coricelli, The Making of Economic Reform in Eastern Europe (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995), pp. 87, 90; Jiri Pehe, "Civil Society at Issue in the Czech Republic," RFE/RL Research Report, 3 (August 19, 1994), 13-18; Weyland, pp. 13-15.
54. Balcerowicz in Mario Blejer and Fabrizio Coricelli, The Making of Economic Reform in Eastern Europe (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1995), pp. 87, 90; Jiri Pehe, "Civil Society at Issue in the Czech Republic," RFE/RL Research Report, 3 (August 19, 1994), 13-18; Weyland, pp. 13-15.
55. Juan Linz, "Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy," in Juan Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), pp. 20-21, 25-32, 40, 55.
56. Matthew Shugart and John Carey, Presidents and Assemblies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 81-85.
57. Linz, pp. 6-8, 39-42, 48-55, 64-67.
58. Haggard and Kaufman, pp. 348-55; Valerie Bunce, "Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe," and Kurt von Mettenheim and Bert Rockman, "Presidential Institutions, Democracy, and Comparative Politics," in Kurt von Mettenheim, ed., Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 173, 238-39.
59. Haggard and Kaufman, pp. 348-55; Valerie Bunce, "Presidents and the Transition in Eastern Europe," and Kurt von Mettenheim and Bert Rockman, "Presidential Institutions, Democracy, and Comparative Politics," in Kurt von Mettenheim, ed., Presidential Institutions and Democratic Politics (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 173, 238-39.
60. Yet, while adopting rapid price liberalization and privatization, the Czech government avoided serious industrial restructuring. This caution limited unemployment, but productivity kept falling.
61. See Peter Bod in Blejer and Coricelli, p. 98.
62. Since former socialist countries with strong successor Communist parties instituted especially powerful presidencies, the correlation of presidential strength with drastic reform initiation holds only at low to medium levels of presidential power. While the linear model in Timothy Frye, "A Politics of i Institutional Choice," Comparative Political Studies, 30 (October 1997), yields a different conclusion, his scatterplot (p. 530) shows this curvilinear relationship.
63. John Carey and Matthew Shugart, eds., Decree Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Charles Wise and Trevor Brown, "The Consolidation of Democracy in Ukraine," paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association conference, Chicago, 1996, p. 9; Åslund, How Russia p. 59.
64. John Carey and Matthew Shugart, eds., Decree Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Charles Wise and Trevor Brown, "The Consolidation of Democracy in Ukraine," paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association conference, Chicago, 1996, p. 9; Åslund, How Russia p. 59.
65. John Carey and Matthew Shugart, eds., Decree Authority (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998); Charles Wise and Trevor Brown, "The Consolidation of Democracy in Ukraine," paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association conference, Chicago, 1996, p. 9; Åslund, How Russia p. 59.
66. Weyland, pp. 17, 24.
67. John Campbell, "An Institutional Analysis of Fiscal Reform in Postcommunist Europe," Theory and Society, 25 (February 1996), 61.
68. Guy Standing, "Social Protection in Central and Eastern Europe," in Gøsta Esping-Andersen, ed., Welfare States in Transition (London: Sage, 1996), pp. 236-39, 246-48.
69. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. 190-94.
70. Castro Rea et al.; Bozoki and Sükösd, pp. 235-37; Béla Greskovits, "Demagogic Populism in Eastern Europe?," Telos, 102 (Winter 1995), 102-3.
71. Moisés Naím, Paper Tigers and Minotaurs (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 1993), ch. 3; interview with Pérez.
72. While campaigning against the shock therapy he later enacted, Fujimori promised to end Peru's deep crisis and instilled hopes for "salvation." Carlos Iván Degregori and Romeo Grompone, Elecciones 1990 (Lima: IEP, 1991), pp. 102-28.
73. In Venezuela, where the incumbent government hid severe problems from the public, a majority elected Pérez, a populist ex-president who had wrested his party's candidacy away from the established leadership.
74. Astrid Sahm, "Schleichender Staatsstreich in Belarus," Osteuropa, 47 (May 1997), 475-87. Similar hopes helped insider Kuchma win Ukraine's 1994 presidential election.
75. Karel Dyba and Jan Svejnar, "Economic Developments and Prospects in Czechoslovakia," American Economic Review, 81 (May 1991), 185; Ardo Hansson, "Estonia," in Michael Wyzan, ed., First Steps toward Economic Independence (Westport: Praeger, 1995), pp. 26-28, 44.
76. Karel Dyba and Jan Svejnar, "Economic Developments and Prospects in Czechoslovakia," American Economic Review, 81 (May 1991), 185; Ardo Hansson, "Estonia," in Michael Wyzan, ed., First Steps toward Economic Independence (Westport: Praeger, 1995), pp. 26-28, 44.
77. Peru's García rejected orthodox adjustment for similar reasons. Collor's initial popularity showed the payoffs of economic stabilization, but his impeachment revealed the risks of neopopulism. Current president Fernando Henrique Cardoso has therefore pursued market reform through negotiation, not populist imposition.
78. Mora y Araujo, Análisis Socio-Politico de la Coyuntura Argentina (Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo, September 1990), p. 4; Datafolha, Plano Collar 1 - Avaliação V - 3 Meses (São Paulo: Datafolha, 1990); Apoyo, Informe de Opinión (Lima: Apoyo, January 1991), pp. 3, 16-17; Adam Przeworski, "Public Support for Economic Reforms in Poland," Comparative Political Studies, 29 (October 1996), 523.
79. Mora y Araujo, Análisis Socio-Politico de la Coyuntura Argentina (Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo, September 1990), p. 4; Datafolha, Plano Collar 1 - Avaliação V - 3 Meses (São Paulo: Datafolha, 1990); Apoyo, Informe de Opinión (Lima: Apoyo, January 1991), pp. 3, 16-17; Adam Przeworski, "Public Support for Economic Reforms in Poland," Comparative Political Studies, 29 (October 1996), 523.
80. Mora y Araujo, Análisis Socio-Politico de la Coyuntura Argentina (Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo, September 1990), p. 4; Datafolha, Plano Collar 1 - Avaliação V - 3 Meses (São Paulo: Datafolha, 1990); Apoyo, Informe de Opinión (Lima: Apoyo, January 1991), pp. 3, 16-17; Adam Przeworski, "Public Support for Economic Reforms in Poland," Comparative Political Studies, 29 (October 1996), 523.
81. Mora y Araujo, Análisis Socio-Politico de la Coyuntura Argentina (Buenos Aires: Mora y Araujo, September 1990), p. 4; Datafolha, Plano Collar 1 - Avaliação V - 3 Meses (São Paulo: Datafolha, 1990); Apoyo, Informe de Opinión (Lima: Apoyo, January 1991), pp. 3, 16-17; Adam Przeworski, "Public Support for Economic Reforms in Poland," Comparative Political Studies, 29 (October 1996), 523.
82. Lisa Baglione and Carol Clark, "Participation and the Success of Economic and Political Reforms," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 11 (September 1995), 221; Consultores 21, Estudio de Temas Económicos (Caracas: Consultores 21, April 1989), p. 31.
83. Lisa Baglione and Carol Clark, "Participation and the Success of Economic and Political Reforms," Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics, 11 (September 1995), 221; Consultores 21, Estudio de Temas Económicos (Caracas: Consultores 21, April 1989), p. 31.
84. Andrzej Rychard, "Beyond Gains and Losses," Social Research, 63 (Summer 1996), 465-84.