Clovis hunting and large mammal extinction: A critical review of the evidence

Journal of World Prehistory

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 313-359

  Grayson, Donald K ^a   Meltzer, David J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Clovis; Mammoth; Mastodon; North America; Pleistocene extinctions

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECT; ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; EXTINCTION; HUMAN SETTLEMENT; MAMMAL; PLEISTOCENE;

NORTH AMERICA;

EID: 0038702075     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022912030020     Document Type: Article

References (197)

1. Alexon, R. C. (1988). Gingery Cache Site (8Ta99): A cache of possible Paleolithic tools found with mastodon bones. Florida Anthropologist 41: 483-485.
2. Alroy, J. (2001). A multispecies overkill simulation of the end-Pleistocene megafaunal mass extinction. Science 292: 1893-1896.
3. Alvard, M. S. (1994). Conservation by native peoples: Prey choice in a depleted habitat. Human Nature 5: 127-154.
4. Alvard, M. S. (1998). Indigenous hunting in the Neotropics: Conservation or optimal foraging? In Caro, T. (ed.), Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 474-500.
5. Anderson, A. (1989). Prodigious Birds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
6. Anderson, D. G. (1990). Paleoindian interaction networks in the eastern woodlands. In Nassaney, M., and Sassaman, K. (eds.), Native American Interactions: Multiscalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, pp. 3-26.
7. Anderson, D. G. (1995). The Paleoindian colonization of eastern North America: A view from the southeastern United States. Research in Economic Anthropology 5 (Suppl.): 163-216.
8. Anderson, D. G., and Gillam, J. C. (2000). Paleoindian colonization of the Americas: Implications from an examination of physiography, demography, and artifact distribution. American Antiquity 65: 43-66.
9. Anderson, D. G., and Gillam, J. C. (2001). Paleoindian interaction and mating networks: Reply to Moore and Moseley. American Antiquity 66: 530-535.
10. Audouze, F., and Enloe, J. G. (1997). High resolution archaeology at Verberie: Limits and interpretations. World Archaeology 29: 195-207.
11. Bement, L. (1986). Excavation of the Late Pleistocene deposits of Bonfire Shelter, Val Verde County, Texas Texas Archeological Survey, University of Texas, Austin.
12. Binford, L.R. (1981). Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths, Academic Press, New York.
13. Blondel, J., and Vigne, J.-D. (1993). Space, time, and man as determinants of diversity of birds and mammals in the Mediterranean region. In Ricklefs, R. E., and Schluter, D. (eds.), Species Diversity in Ecological Communities, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 135-146.
14. Bradley, B., and Frison, G. C. (1996). Flaked-stone and worked bone artifacts from the Mill Iron site. In Frison, G. (ed.), The Mill Iron Site, University of New Mexico Press. Albuquerque, pp. 43-69.
15. Bridault, A., Chaix, L., Pion, P., Oberlin, C., Thiébault, S., and Argant, J. (2000). Position chronologique du renne (Rangifer tarandus L.) dans les Alpes de Nord françaises et le Jura méridional. In, Pion, G. (Dir.), Le Paléolithique Supérieur Récent: Nouvelles Données sur le Peuplement et l'Environnement. Société Préhistorique Française Mémoire 28: 47-57.
16. Brown, J. H., and McDonald, W. (1995). Livestock grazing and conservation on Southwestern rangelands. Conservation Biology 9: 1644-1647.
17. Brown, J. H., and McDonald, W. (1997). Historical and cultural perspectives on grazing: Reply to Dudley. Conservation Biology 11: 270-272.
18. Brunswig, R. H., Jr. and Fisher, D. C. (1993). Research on the Dent mammoth site. Current Research in the Pleistocene 10: 63-65.
19. Brush, N., Newman, M., and Smith, F. (1994). Immunological analysis of flint flakes from the Martins Creek mastodon site. Current Research in the Pleistocene 11: 16-18.
20. Bryan, K., and Ray, C. (1938). Longchannelled point found in alluvium besides bones of Elephas columbi. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society 10: 263-268.
21. Byers, D. (2002). Taphonomic analysis, associational integrity, and depositional history of the Fetterman Mammoth, eastern Wyoming, U.S.A. Geoarchaeology 17:417-440.
22. Burney, D. A. (1997). Theories and facts regarding Holocene environmental change before and after human colonization. In Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B. D. (eds.), Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 75-89.
23. Burney, D. A. (1999). Rates, patterns, and processes of landscape transformation and extinction in Madagascar. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 145-164.
24. Butler, B. R. (1969) More information on the frozen ground features and further interpretation of the small mammal sequence at the Wasden site (Owl Cave), Bonneville County, Idaho. Tebiwa 12(l): 58-63.
25. Carlson, D. L., and Steele, D. G. (1992). Human-mammoth sites: Problems and prospects. In Fox, J., Smith, C., and Wilkins, K. (eds.), Proboscidean and Paleoindian Interactions, Baylor University Press, Waco, pp. 149-169.
26. Carlson, R. L. (1990). Cultural antecedents. In Suttles, W. (ed.), Northwest Coast, vol. 7: Handbook of North American Indians, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 60-69.
27. Chrisman, D., MacNeish, R. S., Mavalwala, J., and Savage, H. (1996). Late Pleistocene human friction skin prints from Pendejo Cave, New Mexico. American Antiquity 61: 357-376.
28. Clausen, C. J., Cohen, A. D., Emiliani, C., Holman, J. A., and Stipp, J. J. (1979). Little Salt Spring, Florida: A unique underwater site. Science 204: 609-614.
29. Costamagno, S. (1999). Stratégies de Chasse et Fonction des Sites au Magdalénien dans le Sud de la France, Thèse de l'Université Bordeaux I, No. 2134.
30. Crook, W. W., and Harris, R. K. (1957). Hearths and artifacts of early man near Lewisville, Texas, and associated faunal material. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 28: 7-97.
31. Crook, W. W., and Harris, R. K. (1958). A Pleistocene campsite near Lewisville, Texas. American Antiquity 23: 233-246.
32. De luliis, G., Bargo, M. S., and Vizcaíno, S. F. (2000). Variation in skull morphology and mastication in the fossil giant armadillos Pampatherium spp. and allied genera (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Pampatheriidae), with comments on their systematics and distribution. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20: 743-754.
33. Delpech, F. (1983). Les faunes du Paléolithique supérieur dans le Sud-Ouest de la France. Cahiers du Quaternaire 6.
34. Delpech, F. (1999). Biomasse d'ongulés au Paléolithique et inférences démographiques. Paléo 11: 19-42.
35. Dewar, R. E. (1997a). Does it matter that Madagascar is an island? Human Ecology 25: 481-489.
36. Dewar, R. E. (1997b). Were people responsible for the extinction of Madagascar's subfossils, and how will we ever know? In Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B. D. (eds.), Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 364-377.
37. Diamond, J. M. (1984). Historic extinction: A Rosetta Stone for understanding prehistoric extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 824-862.
38. Diamond, J. M. (1986). The mammoths' last migration. Nature 319: 265-266.
39. Diamond, J. M. (1989). The present, past and future of human-caused extinctions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 325: 469-477.
40. Diamond, J. M. (1992). The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal, HarperCollins, New York.
41. Dibble, D. (1970). On the significance of additional radiocarbon dates from Bonfire Shelter, Texas. Plains Anthropologist 15: 251-254.
42. Dibble, D., and Lorrain, D. (1968). Bonfire Shelter: A stratified bison kill site, Val Verde County, Texas. Texas Memorial Museum Miscellaneous Papers, No. 1.
43. Dick, H., and Mountain, B. (1960). The Claypool site: A Cody complex site in northeastern Colorado. American Antiquity 26: 223-235.
44. Dillehay, T. (1997). Monte Verde: A Late Pleistocene Settlement at Chile, Vol. 2: The Archaeological Context and Interpretation, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
45. Dunbar, J. S., and Webb, S. D. (1996). Bone and ivory tools from submerged Paleoindian sites in Florida. In Anderson, D., and Sassaman, K. (eds.), The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, University of Alabama Press. Tuscaloosa, pp. 331-353.
46. Dunbar, J. S., Webb, S. D., and Cring, D. (1989). Culturally and naturally modified bones from a Paleoindian site in the Aucilla River, north Florida. In Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M. H. (eds.), Bone Modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, pp. 473-497.
47. Edmund, A. G. (1985). The fossil giant armadillos of North American (Pampatheriinae, Xenarthra = Edentata). In Montbomery, G. E. (ed.), The Evolution and Ecology of Armadillos, Sloths, and Vermilinguas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 83-93.
48. Edmund, A. G. (1996). A review of Pleistocene giant armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Pampatheriidae). In Stewart, K. M., and Seymour, K. L. (eds.), Paleoecology and Palaeoenvironments of Late Cenozoic Mammals, University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 300-321.
49. Enloe, J.-G., and Audouze, F. (1997). Le rōle de l'environnement dans la vie des chasseurs magdaléniens du Bassin parisien. In Fagnart, J. P., and Thevenin, A. (eds.). Le Tardiglaciaire en Europe du Nord-Ouest, Editions du Comité des Travaux Historiques et Scientifiques, Paris, pp. 177-186.
50. F̀AUNMAP Working Group (1994). FAUNMAP: A database documenting late Quaternary distributions of mammal species in the United States. Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers No. 25.
51. Ferring, C. R. (2001). The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Aubrey Clovis Site (41DN479) Denton County, Texas, Center for Environmental Archaeology, Department of Geography, University of North Texas, Denton.
52. Fisher, D. C. (1984a). Mastodon butchery by North American Paleo-indians. Nature 308: 271-272.
53. Fisher, D. C. (1984b). Taphonomic analysis of late Pleistocene mastodon occurrences: Evidence of butchery by North American Paleo-indians. Paleobiology 10: 338--357.
54. Fisher, D. C. (1987). Mastodont procurement by Paleoindians of the Great Lakes region: Hunting or scavenging? In Nitecki, M., and Nitecki, D. (eds.), The Evolution of Human Hunting, Plenum, New York, pp. 309-421.
55. Fisher, D. C., Lepper, B. T., and Hooge, P. E. (1991). Taphonomic analysis of the Burning Tree mastodont. Current Research in the Pleistocene 8: 88-91.
56. Fisher, D. C., Lepper, B. T., and Hooge, P. E. (1994). Evidence for the butchery of the Burning Tree mastodon. In Dancey, W. S. (ed.), The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area, The Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus, pp. 43-57.
57. Frison, G. C. (1978). Prehistoric Hunters on the High Plains, Academic Press, New York.
58. Frison, G. C. (1982).The Sheaman site: A Clovis component. In Frison G. C., and Stanford, D. J. (eds.), The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains. Academic Press, New York, pp. 143-157.
59. Frison, G. C. (ed.) (1996). The Mill Iron Site, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
60. Frison, G. C., and Craig, C. (1982). Bone, antler, and ivory artifacts and manufacture technology. In Frison, G. C., and Stanford. D. J. (eds.), The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, Academic Press, New York, pp. 157-173.
61. Frison, G. C., and Todd, L. (1986). The Colby Mammoth Site: Taphonomy and Archaeology of a Clovis Kill in Northern Wyoming, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
62. Gilbow, D. W. (1981). Inference of Human Activity From Faunal Remains, MA Tbesis, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman.
63. Gillette, D., and Madsen, D. B. (1993). The Columbian mammoth, Mammuthus columbi, from the Wasatch Mountains of central Utah. Journal of Paleontology 67: 669-680.
64. Goodyear, A. (1999). The early Holocene occupation of the southeastern United States: A geoarchaeological summary. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. (eds.), lce-Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, pp. 432-481.
65. Graham, R. W., and Kay, M. (1988). Taphonomic comparisons of cultural and noncultural faunal deposits at the Kimmswick and Barnhart sites, Jefferson County, Missouri. In Laub, R. S., Miller, N., and Steadman. D., (eds.), Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 33: 227-240.
66. Graham, R. W., and Lundelius, E. L., Jr. (1984). Coevolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G., Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 211-222.
67. Graham, R. W., Haynes, C. V., Johnson, D., and Kay, M. (1981). Kimmswick: A Clovis-mastodon association in eastern Missouri. Science 213: 1115-1117.
68. Grayson, D. K. (1984a). Archaeological associations with extinct Pleistocene mammals in North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 11: 213-221.
69. Grayson, D. K. (1984b). Explaining Pleistocene extinctions: Thoughts on the structure of a debate. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 807-823.
70. Grayson, D. K. (1987). An analysis of the chronology of late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America. Quaternary Research 28: 281-289.
71. Grayson, D. K. (1988a). Danger Cave, Last Supper Cave, Hanging Rock Shelter: The faunas. American Museum of Natural History Anthropological Papers No. 66(l).
72. Grayson, D. K. (1988b). Perspectives on the Archaeology of the First Americans. In Carlisle, R. L. (ed.), Ice Age Origins: Americans before Columbus. Ethnology Monographs 12: 107-123.
73. Grayson, D. K. (1989). The chronology of North American late Pleistocene extinctions. Journal of Archaeological Science 16: 153-165.
74. Grayson, D. K. (1991). Late Pleistocene mammalian extinctions in North America: Taxonomy, chronology, and explanations. Journal of World Prehistory 5: 193-231.
75. Grayson, D. K. (1993). The Desert's Past: A Natural Prehistory of the Great Basin, Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC.
76. Grayson, D. K. (2001). The archaeological record of human impacts on animal populations. Journal of World Prehistory 15: 1-68.
77. Grayson, D. K., Delpech, F., Rigaud, J. Ph., and Simek, J. (2001). Explaining the development of dietary dominance by a single ungulate taxon at Grotte XVI, Dordogne, France. Journal of Archaeological Science 28: 115-125.
78. Grayson, D. K., and Meltzer, D. J. (in press). A requiem for North American Pleistocene overkill. Journal of Archaeological Science.
79. Gustafson, C. E. (1985). The Manis mastodon site. National Geographic Society Research Reports 20: 283-295.
80. Gustafson, C., Gilbow, D., and Daugherty, R. (1979). The Manis mastodon site: Early man on the Olympic Peninsula. Canadian Journal of Archaeology 3: 157-164.
81. Hannus, A. (1990). The Lange-Ferguson site: A case for mammoth bone butchering tools. In Agenbroad, L. D., Mead, J. I., and Nelson, L. W. (eds.), Megafauna and Man: Discovery of America's Heartland, The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Scientific Papers 1: 86-99.
82. Haury, E. W., Antevs, E., and Lance, J. (1953). Artifacts with mammoth remains, Naco, Arizona. American Antiquity 19: 1-24.
83. Haury, E. W., Sayles, E., and Wasley, W. (1959). The Lehner mammoth site, southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 25: 2-30.
84. Haynes, C. V. (1966). Elephant-hunting in North America. Scientific American 214(6): 104-112
85. Haynes, C. V. (1970). Geochronology of man-mammoth sites and their bearing on the origin of the Llano complex. In Dort, W., and Jones, J. K. (eds.), Pleistocene and Recent Environments of the Central Great Plains. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, pp. 77-92.
86. Haynes, C. V. (1974). Archaeological investigations at the Murray Springs site, Arizona, 1967. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1967 Projects, pp. 145-148.
87. Haynes, C. V. (1976). Archaeological investigations at the Murray Springs site, Arizona, 1968. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1968 Projects, pp. 165-171.
88. Haynes, C. V. (1978). Archaeological investigations at the Murray Springs site, Arizona, 1969. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1969 Projects, pp. 239-242.
89. Haynes, C. V. (1979). Archaeological investigations at the Murray Springs site, Arizona, 1970. National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1970 Projects, pp. 165-171.
90. Haynes, C. V. (1980). Archaeological investigations at the Murray Springs site, Arizona, 1971. National Geographic Society Research Reports 12: 347-353.
91. Haynes, C. V. (1981). Geochronology and paleoenvironments of the Murray Springs Clovis site, Arizona. National Geographic Society Research Reports 13: 243-251.
92. Haynes, C. V. (1982). Were Clovis progenitors in Beringia? In Hopkins, D., Matthews, J., Schweger, C., and Young, S. (eds.), Paleoecology of Beringia, Academic Press, New York, pp. 383-398.
93. Haynes, C. V. (1987). Curry Draw, Cochise County, Arizona: A late Quaternary stratigraphic record of Pleistocene extinction and Paleo-Indian activities. Geological Society of America Centennial Field Guide, Cordilleran Section 1: 23-28.
94. Haynes, C. V., and Hemmings, E. (1968). Mammoth bone shaft wrench from Murray Springs, Arizona. Science 159: 186-187.
95. Haynes, G. (1991). Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
96. Haynes, G., and Stanford, D. (1984). On the possible utilization of Camelops by early man in North America. Quaternary Research 22: 216-230.
97. Heizer, R. F., and Berger, R. (1970). Radiocarbon age of the Gypsum Cave culture. University of California Archaeological Research Facility Contributions 7: 13-18.
98. Hemmings, E. T. (1970). Early Man in the San Pedro Valley, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson.
99. Hemmings, E. T., and Haynes, C. V. (1969). The Escapule mammoth and associated projectile points, San Pedro Valley. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 5: 184-188.
100. Hester, J. J. (1967). The agency of man in animal extinctions. In Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 169-192.
101. Hester, J. J. (1972). Blackwater Locality No. I: A Stratified Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico, Fort Burgwin Research Center, Dallas.
102. Hofman, J. L. (2001). Mehl's dilemma: Paleomortology and interpretation of the Clovis-mammoth association at Domebo, Oklahoma. In West, D. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Mammoth Site Studies. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 22: 95-103.
103. Holliday, V. T. (1985). Archaeological geology of the Lubbock Lake site, southern High Plains of Texas. Geological Society of American Bulletin 96: 1483-1492.
104. Holliday, V. T, Haynes, C. V., Hofman, J. L., and Meltzer, D. J. (1994). Geoarchaeology and geochronology of the Miami (Clovis) site, southern High Plains of Texas. Quaternary Research 41: 234-244.
105. Holliday, V. T., and Johnson, E. (eds.) (1990). Fifty Years of Discovery: The Lubbock Lake Landmark. Guidebook to the Quaternary History of the Llano Estacado (Lubbock Lake Landmark Quaternary Research Center Series No. 2), Museum of Texas Tech University, Lubbock.
106. Holliday, V. T., and Meltzer, D. J. (1996). Geoarchaeology of the Midland (Paleoindian) Site. American Antiquity 61: 755-771.
107. Holman, J. A., and Clausen, C. J. (1984). Fossil vertebrates associated with Paleo-Indian artifacts at Little Salt Spring, Florida. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4: 146-154.
108. Huckleberry, G., Beck, C., Jones, G. T., Holmes, A., Cannon, M., Livingston, S., and Broughton, J. M. (2001). Terminal Pleistocene/Early Holocene environmental change at the Sunshine Locality, north-Central Nevada, U.S.A. Quaternary Research 55: 303-312.
109. Jelinek, A. J. (1967). Man's role in the extinction of Pleistocene faunas. In Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 193-200.
110. Jodry, M. (1999). Paleoindian stage. In Martorano, M., Hoefer, T., Jodry, M., Spero, V., and Taylor, M.(eds.), Colorado Prehistory: A Context for the Rio Grande Basin, Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists, Golden, CO, pp. 45-114.
111. Johnson, E.(1977). Animal food resources of Paleoindians. In Johnson, E. (ed.), Paleo-indian lifeways. The Museum Journal 17: 65-77
112. Johnson, E. (ed.) (1987). Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary Studies on the Southern High Plains, Texas AandM Press, College Station.
113. Johnson, E. (1989). Human-modified bones from early southern Plains sites. In Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M.H. (eds.), Bone Modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, pp. 431-471.
114. Johnson, E. (1991 ). Late Pleistocene cultural occupation on the southern Plains. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. (eds.), Clovis: Origins and Adaptations, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, pp. 133-152.
115. Johnson, E. (1995). Site formation and disturbance processes at Lubbock lake (Southern High Plains, USA) during the terminal Pleistocene. In Johnson, E. (ed.), Ancient Peoples and Landscapes, Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, pp. 315-340.
116. Johnson, E., and Holliday, V. T. (1989). Lubbock Lake: Late Quaternary cultural and environmental change on the southern High Plains, USA. Journal of Quaternary Science 4: 145-165.
117. Johnson, W., Cheney, N., and Martin, C. (1990). The Koehn-Schneider mammoth site of western Kansas. Current Research in the Pleistocene 7: 113-114.
118. Jones, G. T., Beck, C., Nials, F. L., Neudorfer, J. J., Brownholz, B. J., and Gilbert, H. B. (1996). Recent archaeological and geological investigations at the Sunshine Locality, Long Valley, Nevada. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 18: 48-63.
119. Kelly, R. L. (1999). Hunter-gatherer foraging and colonization of the western hemisphere. L'Anthropologie 37: 143-153.
120. Kelly, R. L., and Todd, L. (1988). Coming into the country: Early Paleoindian hunting and mobility. American Antiquity 53: 231-244.
121. Kooyman, B., Newman, M., Cluney, C., Lobb, M., Tolman, S., McNeil, P., and Hills, L. (2001). Identification of horse exploitation by Clovis hunters based on protein analysis. American Antiquity 66: 686-691.
122. Kreutzer, L.A. (1988). Megafaunal butchering at Lubbock Lake, Texas: A taphonomic reanalysis. Quaternary Research 30: 221-231.
123. Lance, J. (1959). Faunal remains from the Lehner mammoth site, southeastern Arizona. American Antiquity 25: 35-39.
124. Laub, R. (2002). The Paleoindian presence in the northeast: A view from the Hiscock site. In Carr, K., and Adovasio, J. (eds.), Ice Age Peoples of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Recent Research in Pennsylvania Archaeology, No. 2, pp. 105-121.
125. Laub, R., DeRemer, M., Dufort, C., and Parsons, W. (1988). The Hiscock site: A rich late Quaternary locality in western New York state. In Laub, R. S., Miller, N., and Steadman, D. (eds ), Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Bulletin 33: 67-81.
126. Lepper, B. T. (1999). Pleistocene peoples of midcontinental North America. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. (eds.), Ice-Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, pp. 362-394.
127. Leroi-Gourhan, A., and Brézillon, M. (1972). Fouilles de Pincevent: Essai d'Analyse Ethnographique d'un Habitat Magdalénien. Gallia Préhistoire 7 (Suppl.).
128. Lundelius, E. (1972). Vertebrate remains from the gray sand. In Hester, J. (ed.), Blackwater Locality No. 1: A Stratified Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico, Fort Burgwin Research Center, Dallas, pp. 148-163.
129. Lyman, R. L. (1994). Vertebrate Taphonomy, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
130. MacNeish, R. S. (1996). Pendejo pre-Clovis proofs and their implications. In Anais da Conferência Internacional sobre o Povoamento das Américas. Revista da Fundaçāo Museu do Homem Americano 1: 171-200.
131. MacPhee, R. D., and Marx, P. (1997). The 40,000 year plague: Humans, hyperdisease, and first-contact extinctions. In Goodman, S. M., and Patterson, B. D. (eds.), Natural Change and Human Impact in Madagascar, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 169-217.
132. MacPhee, R. D. E., Tikhonov, A. N., Mol, D., de Marliave, C., van der Plicht, H., Greenwood. A. D., Flemming, C., and Agenbroad, L. (2002). Radiocarbon chronologies and extinction dynamics of late Quaternary mammalian megafauna from the Taimyr Peninsiula, Russian Federation. Journal of Archaeological Science 29: 1017-1042.
133. Marean, C. W., and Bertino, L. (1994). Intrasite spatial analysis of bone: Subtracting the effect of secondary carnivore consumers. American Antiquity 59: 748-768.
134. Marean, C. W., Spencer, L. M., Blumenschine, R. J., and Capaldo, S. D. (1992). Captive hyaena bone choice and destruction, the Schlepp effect, and Olduvai archaeofaunas. Journal of Archaeological Science 19: 101-121.
135. Martin, J. E. (1987). Paleoenvironment of the Lange-Ferguson Clovis kill site in the Badlands of South Dakota. In Graham, R. W., Semken, H., and Graham, M. (eds.), Late Quaternary Mammalian Biogeography and Environments of the Great Plains and Prairies, Illinois State Museum Scientific Papers 22: 314-333.
136. Martin, P. S. (1967). Prehistoric overkill. In Martin, P. S., and Wright, H. E., Jr. (eds.), Pleistocene Extinctions: The Search for a Cause, Yale University Press, New Haven, pp. 75-120.
137. Martin, P. S. (1973). The discovery of America. Science 179: 969-974.
138. Martin, P. S. (1982). The pattern and meaning of Holarctic mammoth extinction. In Hopkins, D., Matthews, J., Schweger, C., and Young, S. (eds.), Paleoecology of Beringia, Academic Press, New York, pp. 399-408.
139. Martin, P. S. (1984). Prehistoric overkill: The global model. In Martin, P. S., and Klein, R. G. (eds.), Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 354-403.
140. Martin, P. S. (1990). Who or what destroyed our mammoths. In Agenbroad, L. D., Mead, J. I., and Nelson, L. W. (eds.), Megafauna and Man: Discovery of America's Heartland. The Mammoth Site of Hot Springs, South Dakota, Scientific Papers 1: 109-117.
141. Martin, P. S. (1999). Deep history and a wilder west. In Robichaux, R. H. (ed.), Ecology of Sonoran Desert Plants, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 256-290.
142. Martin, P. S., and Steadman, D. W. (1999). Prehistoric extinctions on islands and continents. In MacPhee, R. D. E. (ed.), Extinctions in Near Time, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 17-52.
143. Mason, R. (1962). The Paleo-indian tradition in eastern North America. Current Anthropology 3: 227-278.
144. McDonald, H. G. (1995). Gravigrade xenarthrans from the early Pleistocene Leisey Shell Pit 1A, Hillsborough County, Florida. Florida State Museum Bulletin 37: 345-373.
145. Meltzer, D. J. (1986). Pleistocene overkill and the associational critique. Journal of Archaeological Science 13: 51-60.
146. Meltzer, D. J. (1988). Late Pleistocene human adaptations in eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 2: 1-52.
147. Meltzer, D. J. (1993a). Is there a Clovis adaptation? In Soffer, O., and Praslov, N. (eds.), From Kostenkito Clovis: Upper Paleolithic-Paleo-Indian Adaptations, Plenum, New York, pp.293-310.
148. Meltzer, D. J. (1993b). Search for the First Americans, Smithsonian Books, Washington, DC.
149. Meltzer, D. J. (1995). Clocking the First Americans. Annual Review of Anthropology 24: 21-45.
150. Meltzer, D. J. (1997). Monte Verde and the Pleistocene peopling of the Americas. Science 276: 754-755.
151. Meltzer, D. J. (2002). What do you do when no one's been there before? Thoughts on the exploration and colonization of new lands. In Jablonski, N. (ed.), The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World. California Academy of Sciences Memoirs 27: 25-56.
152. Meltzer, D. J., Grayson, D. K., Ardila, G., Barker, A., Dincauze, D., Haynes, C. V., Mena, F., Núnez, L., and Stanford, D. J. (1997). On the Pleistocene antiquity of Monte Verde, southern Chile. American Antiquity 62: 659-663.
153. Meltzer, D. J., and Mead, J. I. (1985). Dating late Pleistocene extinctions: Theoretical issues, analytical bias and substantive results. In Mead, J. I., and Meltzer, D. J. (eds.), Environments and Extinctions: Man in Late Glacial North America, Center for the Study of Early Man, University of Maine, Orono, pp. 145-174.
154. Miller, S. J. (1982). The archaeology and geology of an extinct megafauna/fluted-point association at Owl Cave, the Wasden site, Idaho: A preliminary report. In Ericson, J. E., Taylor, R. E., and Berger, R. (ed.), Peopling of the New World. Ballena Press Anthropological Papers 23: 81-95.
155. Miller, S. J. (1983). Osteo-archaeology of the mammoth-bison assemblage at Owl Cave, the Wasden site, Idaho. In LeMoine, G. M., and MacEachern, A. D. (eds.), Carnivores, Human Scavengers and Predators: A Question of Bone Technology, Archaeological Association, Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, pp. 39-53.
156. Miller, S. J. (1989), Characteristics of mammoth bone reduction at Owl Cave, the Wasden site, Idaho. In Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M. H. (ed.), Bone Modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, pp. 381-394.
157. Miller, S. J., and Dort, W., Jr. (1978). Early man at Owl Cave: Current investigations at the Wasden site, eastern Snake River Plain, Idaho. In Bryan, A. L. (ed.), Early Man in America from a Circum-Pacific Perspective. Department of Anthropology, University of Calgary, Occasional Papers 1: 129-139.
158. Moore, J. (2001). Evaluating five models of human colonization. American Anthropologist 103: 395-408.
159. Moore, J., and Moseley, M. (2001). How many frogs does it take to leap around the Americas? Comments on Anderson and Gillian. American Antiquity 66: 526-529.
160. Morgan, G. S. (2001). Patterns of extinction in West Indian bats. In Woods, C. A., and Sergile, F. E. (eds.), Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 369-424.
161. Morgan, G. S., and Woods, C. A. (1986). Extinction and the zoogeography of West Indian land mammals. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 28: 167-203.
162. Overstreet, D. F. (1998). Late Pleistocene geochronology and the Paleoindian penetration of the southwestern Lake Michigan Basin. Wisconsin Archaeologist 79: 28-52
163. Overstreet, D. F, and Kolb, M. F. (2003). Geoarchaeological context for late Pleistocene archaeological sites with human-modified woolly mammoth remains in southeastern Wisconsin, U.S.A. Geoarchaeology 18: 91-114.
164. Palmer, H., and Stoltman, J. (1976). The Boaz mastodon: A possible association of man and mastodon in Wisconsin. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 1: 163-177.
165. Paulay, G. (1994). Biodiversity on oceanic islands: Its origin and extinction. American Zoologist 34: 134-144.
166. Peterson, K., Mehringer, P., and Gustafson, C. (1983). Late-glacial vegetation and climate at the Manis mastodon site, Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Quaternary Research 20: 215-231.
167. Pimm, S. (2001). Cenozoic dramas. Science 292: 1841-1842.
168. Saunders, J. J. (1977). Lehner Ranch revisited. In Johnson, E. (ed.), Paleo-Indian Lifeways. The Museum Journal 17: 65-77.
169. Saunders, J. J., and Daeschler, E. B. (1994). Descriptive analyses and taphonomical observations of culturally-modified mammoths excavated at "The Gravel Pit," near Clovis, New Mexico in 1936. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 145: 1-28.
170. Sellards, E. (1952). Early Man in America, University of Texas Press, Austin.
171. Shahack-Gross, R., Bar-Yosef. O., and Weiner, S. (1997). Black-coloured bones in Hayonim Cave, Israel: Differentiating between burning and oxide staining. Journal of Archaeological Science 24: 439-446.
172. Shanks, O. C., Kornfeld, M., and Hawk, D. D. (1999). Protein analysis of Bugas-Holding tools: New trends in immunological studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 26: 1183-1192.
173. Shipman, P., Fisher, D., and Rose, J. (1984). Mastodon butchery: Microscopic evidence of carcass processing and bone tool use. Paleobiology 10: 358-365.
174. Spiess, A.. Curran, M. L., and Grimes, J. (1985). Caribou (Rangifer tarandus L.) bones from New England Paleoindian sites. North American Archaeologist 6: 145-159.
175. Stanford, D. J. (1999). Paleoindian archaeology and late Pleistocene environments in the Plains and southwestern United States. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. (eds.), Ice-Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, pp. 281-339.
176. Steadman, D. W. (1997). Extinctions of Polynesian birds: Reciprocal
177. Steadman, D. W, Stafford. T. W., Jr., Donahue, D. J., and Jull, A. J. T. (1991). Chronology of Holocene vertebrate extinction in the Galápagos Islands, Quaternary Research 36: 126-133.
178. Steele, D. G., and Carlson, D. L. (1989). Excavation and taphonomy of mammoth remains from the Duewall-Newberry site, Brazos County. Texas. In Bonnichsen, R., and Sorg, M. H. (eds.), Bone Modification, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Orono, pp. 413-430.
179. Stoltman, J. B. (1978). Temporal models in prehistory: An example from eastern North America. Current Anthropology 19: 703-746.
180. Storck, P. L., and Spiess, A. E. (1994). The significance of new faunal identifications attributed to an early Paleoindian (Gainey Complex) occupation at the Udora site, Ontario, Canada. American Antiquity 59: 121-142.
181. Straus, L. G. (ed.) (1995). Les Derniers Chasseurs de Rennes du Monde Pyrénéen: L'Abri Dufaure, un Gisement Tardiglaciare en Gascogne. Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française 22.
182. Surovell, T. (2000). Early Paleoindian women, children, mobility, and fertility. American Antiquity 65: 493-508.
183. Vigne, J.-D. (1999). The large "true" Mediterranean islands as a model for the Holocene human impact on the European vertebrate fauna? Recent data and new reflections. In Benecke, N. (ed.), The Holocene History of the European Vertebrate Fauna, Marie Leidorf, Rahden, pp. 295-322.
184. Walker, D. N. (1982). Early Holocene vertebrate fauna. In Frison, G. C., and Stanford, D. J. (eds.), The Agate Basin Site: A Record of the Paleoindian Occupation of the Northwestern High Plains, Academic Press, New York, pp. 274-308.
185. Walker, D. N. (1987). Late Pleistocene / Holocene environmental changes in Wyoming: the mammalian record. In Graham, R. W., Semken, H., and Graham, M. (eds.), Late Quaternary Mammalian Biogeography and Environments of the Great Plains and Prairies. Illinois State Museum, Scientific Papers 22: 334-393.
186. Warnica, J. (1966). New discoveries at the Clovis site. American Antiquity 31: 345-357.
187. Waters, M. R. (1986). The Geoarchaeology of Whitewater Draw, Arizona. University of Arizona, Anthropological Papers No. 45.
188. Webb, S. D. (1992). A brief history of New World proboscidea with emphasis on their adaptations and interactions with man. In Fox, J., Smith, C., and Wilkins, K. (eds.), Proboscidean and Paleoindian Interactions, Baylor University Press, Waco, pp. 15-34.
189. Wendorf, F, Krieger, A., Albritton, C., and Stewart. T D. (1955). The Midland Discovery, University of Texas Press, Austin.
190. West, F. H. (1983). The antiquity of man in America. In Porter, S. (ed.), Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 1: The Late Pleistocene, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 364-382.
191. Wheat, J. B. (1972). The Olsen-Chubbock site: A Paleo-Indian bison kill. Society for American Archaeology Memoir, No. 26.
192. Woodman, P., McCarthy, M., and Monaghan, N. (1997). The Irish Quaternary fauna project, Quaternary Science Reviews 16: 129-159.
193. Worthy, T. H., and Holdaway, R. N. (2002). The Lost World of the Moa, Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
194. Wyckoff, D. G. (1999). The Burnham site and Pleistocene human occupation of the southern Plains of the United States. In Bonnichsen, R., and Turnmire, K. (eds.), Ice-Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations, Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, pp. 340-361.
195. Yates, B. C., and Lundelius, E. L., Jr. (2001). Vertebrate faunas from the Aubrey Clovis Site. In Ferring, C. R. (ed.), The Archaeology and Paleoecology of the Aubrey Clovis Site (41DN479) Denton County, Texas, Center for Environmental Archaeology, Department of Geography, University of North Texas, Denton. pp. 103-120.
196. Yesner, D. (2001). Human colonization of eastern Beringia and the question of mammoth hunting. In West, D. (ed.), Proceedings of the International Conference on Mammoth Site Studies. University of Kansas Publications in Anthropology 22: 69-94.
197. Zier, C., Jepson, D., McFaul, M., and Doering, W. (1993). Archaeology and geomorphology of the Clovis-age Klein site near Kersey, Colorado. Plains Anthropologist 38: 203-210.