Chemokines and antitumor immunity: Walking the tightrope

International Reviews of Immunology

Volumn 22, Issue 3-4, 2003, Pages 199-228

  Brault, Mark S ^a   Kurt, Robert A ^a  

^a LAFAYETTE COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Chemokine; Immunotherapy; Tumor immunity

Indexed keywords

CHEMOKINE;

ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RESEARCH; CELL ACTIVITY; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOCOMPETENT CELL; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; METASTASIS; REVIEW; TUMOR CELL; TUMOR IMMUNITY; TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY;

ANIMALS; CHEMOKINES; HUMANS; MICE; NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0038613652     PISSN: 08830185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/08830180305224     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. G.S. Kelner, J. Kennedy, K.B. Bacon, S. Kleyensteuber, D.A. Largaespada, N.A. Jenkins, N.G. Copeland, J.F. Bazan, K.W. Moore, T.J. Schall, and A. Zlotnik, Lymphotactin: A cytokine that represents a new class of chemokine. Science, 266: 1395-1399, 1994.
2. T. Yoshimura, N. Yuhki, S.K. Moore, E. Appella, M.I. Lerman, and E.J. Leonard, Human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Full-length cDNA cloning, expression in mitogen-stimulated blood mononuclear leukocytes, and sequence similarity to mouse competence gene JE. FEBS Lett., 244: 487-493, 1989.
3. B. Sherry, P. Tekamp-Olson, C. Gallegos, D. Bauer, G. Davatelis, S.D. Wolpe, F. Masiarz, D. Coit, and A. Cerami, Resolution of the two components of macrophage inflammatory protein 1, and cloning and characterization of one of those components, macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta. J. Exp. Med., 168: 2251-2259, 1988.
4. T.J. Schall, J. Jongstra, B.J. Dyer, J. Jorgensen, C. Clayberger, M.M. Davis, and A.M. Krensky, A human T cell-specific molecule is a member of a new gene family. J. Immunol., 141: 1018-1025, 1988.
5. P.J. Jose, D.A. Griffiths-Johnson, P.D. Collins, D.T. Walsh, R. Moqbel, N.F. Totty, O. Troung, J.J. Hsuan, and T.J. Williams, Eotaxin: A potent eosinophil chemoattractant cytokine detected in a guinea pig model of allergic airways inflammation. J. Exp. Med., 179: 881-887, 1994.
6. J. Van Damme, J. Van Beeumen, R. Conings, B. Decock, and A. Billiau, Purification of granulocyte chemotactic peptide/interleukin-8 reveals N-terminal sequence heterogeneity similar to that of beta-thromboglobulin. Eur. J. Biochem., 181: 337-344, 1989.
7. A. Richmond, E. Balentien, H.G. Thomas, G. Flaggs, D.E. Barton, J. Spiess, R. Bordoni, U. Francke, and R. Derynck, Molecular characterization and chromosomal mapping of melanoma growth stimulatory activity, a growth factor structurally related to beta-thromboglobulin. EMBO J., 7: 2025-2033, 1988.
8. A.D. Luster, J.C. Unkeless, and J.V. Ravetch, Gamma-interferon transcriptionally regulates an early response gene containing homology to platelet proteins. Nature, 315: 672-676, 1985.
9. J.M. Farber, A macrophage mRNA selectively induced by gamma-interferon encodes a member of the platelet factor 4 family of cytokines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 5238-5242, 1990.
10. K. Tashiro, H. Tada, R. Heilker, M. Shirozu, T. Nakano, and T. Honjo, Signal sequence trap: A cloning strategy for secreted proteins and type I membrane proteins. Science, 261: 600-603, 1993.
11. J.F. Bazan, K.B. Bacon, G. Hardiman, W. Wang, K. Soo, D. Rossi, D.R. Greaves, A. Zlotnik, and T.J. Schall, A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif. Nature, 385: 640-644, 1997.
12. A.J. Morris and C.C. Malbon, Physiological regulation of G protein-linked signaling. Phys. Rev., 79: 1373-1430, 1999.
13. J.J. Campbell, J. Pan, and E.C. Butcher, Developmental switches in chemokine response during T cell maturation. J. Immunol., 163: 2353-2357, 1999.
14. R. Yoshida, M. Nagira, M. Kitaura, N. Imagawa, T. Imai, and O. Yoshie, Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine is a functional ligand for the CC chemokine receptor CCR7. J. Biol. Chem., 273: 7118-7122, 1998.
15. H. Saeki, A.M. Moore, M.J. Brown, and S.T. Hwang, Secondary lymphoid-tissue chemokine (SLC) and CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) participate in the emigration pathway of mature dendritic cells from the skin to regional lymph nodes. J. Immunol., 162: 2472-2475, 1999.
16. S. Jung and D.R. Littman, Chemokine receptors in lymphoid organ homeostasis. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 11: 319-325, 1999.
17. M. Casamayor-Palleja, P. Mondiere, C. Verschelde, C. Bella, and T. Defrance, BCR ligation reprograms B cells for migration to the T zone and B-cell follicle sequentially. Blood, 15: 1913-1921, 2002.
18. B.J. Rutledge, H. Rayburn, R. Rosenberg, R.J. North, R.P. Gladue, C.L. Corless, and B.J. Rollins, High level monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in transgenic mice increases their susceptibility to intracellular pathogens. J. Immunol., 155: 4838-4843, 1995.
19. N.W. Lukacs, S.L. Kunkel, R.M. Streiter, and S.W. Chensue, The role of chemokines in Schistosoma mansoni granuloma formation. Parasitol. Today, 10: 322-324, 1994.
20. N. Godessart and S.L. Kunkel, Chemokines and autoimmune disease. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 13: 670-675, 2001.
21. J.J. Oppenheim, D. Yang, A. Biragyn, O. Howard, and P. Plotz, Chemokine receptors on dendritic cells promote autoimmune reactions. Arthritis Res., 4: S183-S188, 2002.
22. D. Dilloo, K. Bacon, W. Holden, W. Zhong, S. Burdach, A. Zlotnik, and M. Brenner, Combined chemokine and cytokine gene transfer enhances antitumor immunity. Nature Med., 2: 1090-1095, 1996.
23. W. Zhang, L. He, Z. Yuan, Z. Xie, J. Wang, H. Hamada, and X. Cao, Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of tumor RNA-pulsed dendritic cells after genetic modification with lymphotactin. Human Gene Ther., 10: 1151-1161, 1999.
24. D.M. Ashley, B. Faiola, S. Nair, L.P. Hale, D.D. Bigner, and E. Gilboa, Bone marrow-generated dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extracts or tumor RNA induce antitumor immunity against central nervous system tumors. J. Exp. Med., 186: 1177-1182, 1997.
25. D.W. Ju, Q. Tao, D.S. Cheng, M. Zhang, H. Hamada, and X. Cao, Adenovirus-mediated lymphotactin gene transfer improves therapeutic efficacy of cytosine deaminase suicide gene therapy in established murine colon carcinoma. Gene Ther., 7: 329-338, 2000.
26. C.M. Cairns, J.R. Gordon, F. Li, M.E. Baca-Estrada, T. Moyana, and J. Xiang, Lymphotactin expression by engineered myeloma cells drives tumor regression: Mediation by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and neutrophils expressing XCR1 receptor. J. Immunol., 167: 57-65, 2001.
27. H. Huang, F. Li, J.R. Gordon, and J. Xiang, Synergistic enhancement of antitumor immunity with adoptively transferred tumor-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and intratumoral lymphotactin transgene expression. Cancer Res., 62: 2043-2051, 2002.
28. B.J. Rollins and M.E. Sunday, Suppression of tumor formation in vivo by expression of JE gene in malignant cells. Mol. Cell Biol., 11: 3125-3131, 1991.
29. B. Bottazzi, W. Sabine, D. Govoni, F. Colotta, and A. Mantovani, Monocyte chemotactic cytokine gene transfer modulates macrophage infiltration, growth, and susceptibility to IL-2 therapy of a murine melanoma. J. Immunol., 148: 1280-1285, 1992.
30. S. Huang, R.K. Singh, K. Xie, M. Gutman, K.K. Berry, C.D. Bucana, I.J. Fidler, and M. Bar-Eli, Expression of the JE/MCP-1 gene suppresses metastatic potential in murine colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 39: 231-238, 1994.
31. S. Huang, K. Xie, R.K. Singh, M. Gutman, and M. Bar-Eli, Suppression of tumor growth and metastasis of murine renal adenocarcinoma by sygeneic fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete the JE/MCP-1 cytokine. J. Interferon Cytokine Res., 15: 655-665, 1995.
32. E. Nakashima, Y. Kubota, R. Matsushita, E. Ozaki, F. Ichimura, S. Kawahara, I. Nakanishi, K. Kuno, and K. Matsushima, Synergistic antitumor interaction of human monocyte chemotactant protein-1 gene transfer and modulator for tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Pharm. Res., 15: 685-689, 1998.
33. E. Nakashima, N. Mukaida, Y. Kubota, K. Kuno, K. Yasumoto, F. Ichimura, M. Miyasaka, and K. Matsushima, Human MCAF gene transfer enhances the metastatic capacity of a mouse cachectic adenocarcinoma cell line in vivo. Pharm. Res., 12: 1598-1604, 1995.
34. T. Asano, T. An, S. Jia, and E.S. Kleinerman, Altered monocyte chemotactic and activating factor gene expression in human glioblastoma cell lines increased their susceptibility to cytotoxicity. J. Leuk. Biology, 59: 916-924, 1996.
35. H. Nokihara, H. Yanagawa, Y. Nishioka, S. Yano, N. Mukaida, K. Matsushima, and S. Sone, Natural killer cell-dependent suppression of systemic spread of human lung adenocarcinoma cells by monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene transfection in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Cancer Res., 60: 7002-7007, 2000.
36. M. Nagai and T. Masuzawa, Vaccination with MCP-1 cDNA transfectant on human malignant glioma in nude mice induces migration of monocytes and NK cells to the tumor. Int. Immunopharm., 1: 657-664, 2000.
37. Y. Sakai, S. Kaneko, Y. Nakamoto, T. Kagaya, N. Mukaida, and K. Kobayashi, Enhanced anti-tumor effects of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir system by codelivering monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther., 8: 695-704, 2001.
38. D. Taub, A. Conlon, J. Lloyd, J.J. Oppenheim, and D.J. Kelvin, Preferential migration of activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in response to MIP-1α and MIP-1β. Science, 260: 355-358, 1993.
39. M. Foti, D. Granucci, E. Aggujaro, E. Liboi, W. Luini, S. Minardi, A. Mantovani, S. Sozzani, and P. Ricciardi-Castagnoli, Upon dendritic cell activation chemokines and chemokine receptor expression are rapidly regulated for recruitment and maintenance of DC at the inflammatory site. Int. Immunol., 115: 979-986, 1999.
40. S. Schrum, B. Probst, B. Fleischer, and P.F. Zipfel, Synthesis of the CC chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β and RANTES is associated with a type 1 immune response. J. Immunol., 157: 3598-3604, 1996.
41. E. Nakashima, A. Oya, Y. Kubota, N. Kanada, R. Matsushita, K. Takeda, F. Ichimura, K. Kuno, N. Mukaida, K. Hirose, I. Nakanishi, T. Ujiie, and K. Matsushima, A candidate for cancer gene therapy: MIP-1α gene transfer to an adenocarcinoma cell line reduced tumorigenicity and induced protective immunity in immunocompetent mice. Pharm. Res., 13: 1896-1901, 1996.
42. M. Maric and Y. Liu, Strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to a macrophage inflammatory protein-1α expressing tumor: Linkage between inflammation and specific immunity. Cancer Res., 59: 5549-5553, 1999.
43. H. van Deventer, J. Serody, K. McKinnon, C. Clements, W.J. Brickey, and J.P. Ting, Transfection of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α into B16/F10 melanoma cells inhibits growth of pulmonary metastases but not subcutaneous tumors. J. Immunol., 169: 1634-1639, 2002.
44. J.J. Mulé, M. Custer, B. Averbook, J.C. Yang, J.S. Weber, D.V. Goeddel, S.A. Rosenberg, and T.J. Schall, RANTES secretion by gene-modified tumor cells results in loss of tumoigenicity in vivo: Role of immune cell subpopulations. Hum. Gene Ther., 7: 1545-1553, 1996.
45. M. Kutubuddin, H.J. Federoff, P.M. Challita-Eid, M. Halterman, B. Day, M. Atkinson, V. Planelles, and J.D. Rosenblatt, Eradication of pre-established lymphoma using herpes simplex viurs amplicon vectors. Blood, 93: 643-654, 1999.
46. F. Fioretti, D. Fradelizi, A. Stoppacciaro, S. Ramponi, L. Ruco, A. Minty, S. Sozzani, C. Garlanda, A. Vecchi, and A. Mantovani, Reduced tumorigenicity and augmented leukocyte infiltration after monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) gene transfer: Perivascular accumulation of dendritic cells in peritumoral tissue and neutrophil recruitment within the tumor. J. Immunol., 161: 342-346, 1998.
47. K. Wetzel, P. Menten, G. Opdenakker, J. van Damme, H.J. Grone, N. Giese, A. Vecchi, S. Sozzani, J.J. Cornelis, J. Rommelaere, and C. Dinsart, Transduction of human MCP-3 by a parvoviral vector induces leukocyte infiltration and reduces growth of huan cervical carcinoma cell xenografts. J. Gene Med., 3: 326-337, 2001.
48. S. Sharma, M. Stolina, J. Luo, R.M. Streiter, M. Burdick, L.X. Zhu, R.K. Batra, and S.M. Dubinett, Secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine mediates T cell-dependent antitumor responses in vivo. J. Immunol., 164: 4558-4563, 2000.
49. A.P. Vicari, S. Ait-Yahia, K. Chemin, A. Mueller, A. Zlotnik, and C. Caux, Antitumor effects of the mouse chemokine 6Ckine/SCL through angiostatic and immunological mechanisms. J. Immunol., 165: 1992-2000, 2000.
50. D.A. Arenberg, A. Zlotnik, S.R. Strom, M.D. Burdick, and R.M. Streiter, The murine CC chemokine, 6c-kine, inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in human lung cancer SCID mouse model. Cancer Immunol. Immunonother., 49: 587-592, 2001.
51. C.J. Kirk, D. Hartigan-O'Connor, B.J. Nickoloff, J.S. Chamberlain, M. Giedlin, L. Aukerman, and J.J. Mulé, T cell dependent antitumor immunity mediated by secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine: Augmentation of dendritic cell-based immunotherapy. Cancer Res., 61: 2062-2070, 2001.
52. C.H. Kirk, D. Hartigan-O'Connor, and J.J. Mulé, The dynamics of the T cells can prime tumor-reactive T-cells extranodally. Cancer Res., 61: 8794-8802, 2001.
53. Y. Luo, J. Laning, J. Devi, J. Mak, T.J. Schall, and M.E. Dorf, Biologic activities of the murine β chemokine, TCA3. J. Immunol., 153: 4616-4624, 1994.
54. J. Laning, H. Kawasaki, E. Tanaka, Y. Luo, and M.E. Dorf, Inhibition of in vivo tumor growth by the β chemokine, TCA3. J. Immunol., 153: 4625-4635, 1994.
55. T.H. Schall, K. Bacon, R.D. Camp, J.W. Kaspari, and D.V. Goeddel, Human macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α) and MIP-1β, members of the chemokine superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. J. Exp. Med., 177: 1821-1826, 1993.
56. T. Miyata, S. Yamamoto, K. Sakamoto, R. Morishita, and Y. Kaneda, Novel immunotherapy for peritoneal dissemination of murine colon cancer with macrophage inflammatory protein-β mediated by a tumor specific vector, HVJ cationic liposomes. Cancer Gene Ther., 8: 852-860, 2001.
57. J. Hedrick, A. Helms, A. Vicari, and A. Zlotnik, Characterization of a novel CC chemokine, HCC-4, whose expression is increased by IL-10. Blood, 91: 4242-4247, 1998.
58. B. Youn, S. Zhang, H. Broxmeyer, K. Antol, M.J. Fraser, G. Hangoc, and B.S. Kwon, Isolation and characterization of LMC, a novel lymphocyte and monocyte chemoattractant human CC chemokine, with myelosuppressive activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 247: 217-222, 1998.
59. M. Giovarelli, P. Cappello, G. Forni, T. Salcedo, P.A. Moore, D.W. LeFleur, B. Nardelli, E. Di Carlo, P. Lollini, S. Ruben, S. Ullrich, G. Garotta, and P. Musiani, Tumor rejection and immune memory elicited by locally released LEC chemokine are associated with an impressive recruitment of APCS, lymphocytes, and granulocytes. J. Immunol., 164: 3200-3206, 2000.
60. S.E. Braun, K. Chen, R.H. Foster, C.H. Kim, R. Hromas, M.H. Kaplan, H.E. Broxmeyer, and K. Cornetta, The CC chemokine CKβ-11/MIP-3β/ELC/Exodus3 mediates tumor rejection of murine breast cancer cells through NK cells. J. Immunol., 64: 4025-4031, 2000.
61. T. Fushimi, A. Kojima, M.A.S. Moore, and R.G. Crystal, Macrophage inflammatory protein-3α transgene attracts dendritic cells to established murine tumors and suppresses tumor growth. J. Clin. Invest., 105: 1383-1393, 2000.
62. J.M. Farber, Mig and IP-10: CXC chemokines that target lymphocytes. J. Leuk. Biol., 61: 246-257, 1997.
63. J.M. Ruehlmann, R. Xiang, A.G. Niethammer, Y. Ba, U. Pertl, C.S. Dolman, S.D. Gillies, and R.A. Reisfeld, MIG (CXCL9) chemokine gene therapy combines with antibody-cytokine fusion protein to suppress growth and dissemination of murine colon carcinoma. Cancer Res., 61: 8498-8503, 2001.
64. K. Palmer, M. Hitt, P.C. Emtage, S. Gyorffy, and J. Gauldie, Combined CXC chemokine and interleukin-12 gene transfer enhances antitumor immunity. Gene Ther., 8: 282-290, 2001.
65. I. Narvaiza, G. Mazzolini, M. Barajas, M. Duarte, M. Zaratiegui, C. Qian, I. Melero, and J. Prieto, Intratumoral coinjection of two adenoviruses, one encoding the chemokine IFN-γ inducible protein-10 and another encoding IL-12, results in marked antitumoral synergy. J. Immunol., 164: 3112-3122, 2000.
66. Y. Liu, H. Huang, A. Saxena, and J. Xiang, Intratumoral coinjection of two adenoviral vectors expressing functional interleukin-18 and inducible protein-10, respectively, synergizes to facilitate regression of established tumors. Cancer Gene Ther., 9: 533-542, 2002.
67. A.D. Luster and P. Leder, IP-10, a CXC chemokine, elicits a potent thymus-dependent antitumor response in vivo. J. Exp. Med., 178: 1057-1065, 1993.
68. T. Nomura, H. Hasegawa, M. Kohno, M. Sasaki, and S. Fujita, Enhancement of anti-tumor immunity by tumor cells transfected with the secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine EBI-1-Ligand Chemokine and stromal cell-derived factor-1a chemokine genes. Int. J. Cancer, 91: 597-606, 2001.
69. B. Bottazi, N. Polentarutti, R. Acero, A. Balsari, D. Boraschi, P. Ghezzi, M. Salmona, and A. Mantovani, Regulation of the macrophage content of neoplasms by chemoattractants. Science, 220: 210-212, 1983.
70. R.P.M. Negus, G.W.H. Stamp, M.G. Relf, F. Burke, S.T.A. Malik, S. Bernasconi, P. Allavena, S. Sozzani, A. Mantovanni, and F.R. Balkwill, The detection and localization of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in human ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Invest., 95: 2391-2396, 1995.
71. B. Bottazzi, F. Colotta, A. Sica, N. Nobili, and A.A. Mantovani, Chemoattractant expressed in human sarcoma cells (tumor-derived chemotactic factor, TDCF) is idenitical to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCP-1/MCAF). Int. J. Cancer, 45: 795-797, 1990.
72. T. Ruckes, D. Saul, J. Van Snick, O. Hermine, and R. Grassman, Autocrine antiapoptotic stimulation of cultured adult T-cell leukemia cells by overexpression of the chemokine I-309. Blood, 98: 1150-1159, 2001.
73. A. Zingoni, H. Soto, J.A. Hedrick, A. Stoppacciaro, C.T. Storlazzi, F. Sinigaglia, D. D'Ambrosio, A. O'Garra, D. Robinson, M. Rocchi, A. Santoni, A. Zlotnik, and M. Napolitano, The chemokine receptor CCR8 is preferentially expressed in Th2 but not Th1 cells. J. Immunol., 161: 547-551, 1998.
74. G. Opdenakker and J. Van Damme, Cytokines and proteases in invasive process: Molecular similarities between inflammation and cancer. Cytokine, 4: 251-258, 1992.
75. A. Mantovani, Tumor-associated macrophages in neoplastic progression: A paradigm for the in vivo function of chemokines. Lab. Invest., 71: 5-16, 1994.
76. T. Tada, S. Ohzeki, K. Utsumi, H. Takiuchi, M. Muramatsu, X. Li, J. Shimizu, H. Fujiwara, and T. Hamaoka, Transforming growth factor-β-induced inhibition of T cell function. J. Immunol., 146: 1077-1082, 1991.
77. S.J. Liebovich, P.J. Polverini, H.M. Shepard, D.M. Wiseman, V. Shively, and N. Nusier, Macrophage-induced angiogenesis is mediated by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Nature, 329: 630-632, 1987.
78. T. Ueno, M. Toi, H. Saji, M. Muta, H. Bando, K. Kuroi, M. Koike, H. Inadera, and K. Matsushima, Significance of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in macropahge recruitment, angiogenesis, and survival in human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 3282-3289, 2000.
79. E. Neumark, R. Anavi, I.P. Witz, and A. Ben-Baruch, MCP-1 expression as a potent contributer to the high malignancy phenotype of murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells. Immunol. Lett., 68: 141-146, 1999.
80. R. Muller, M. Zheng, and U. Mrowietz, Significant reduction of human monocyte chemotactic response to monocyte-chemotactic protein-1 in patients with primary and metastatic malignant melanoma. Exp. Dermatol., 6: 81-86, 1997.
81. A. Sica, A. Saccani, B. Bottazzi, S. Bernasconi, P. Allavena, B. Gaetano, F. Fei, G. LaRosa, C. Scotten, F. Balkwill, and A. Mantovani, Defective expression of the monocyte chemotactic protein-1 receptor CCR2 in macrophages associated with human ovarian carcinoma. J. Immunol., 164: 733-738, 2000.
82. L. Peng, S. Shu, and J.C. Krauss, Monocyte chemoattractant protein inhibits the generation of tumor-reactive T cells. Cancer Res., 57: 4849-4854, 1997.
83. R.A. Kurt, A. Baher, K.P. Wisner, S. Tackitt, and W.J. Urba, Chemokine receptor desensitization in tumor-bearing mice. Cell. Immunol., 207: 81-88, 2001.
84. M. Zheng, G. Sun, S. Cai, R. Mueller, and U. Mrowietz, Significant reduction of T-cell chemotaxis to MCP-1 in patients with primary and metastatic melanoma. Chin. Med. J., 112: 493-496, 1999.
85. S.J. Choi, Y. Oba, Y. Gazitt, M. Allsina, J. Cruz, J. Anderson, and G.D. Roodman, Antisense inhibition of macrophage inflammatory protein 1-a blocks bone destruction in a model of myeloma bone disease. J. Clin. Invest., 108: 1833-1841, 2001.
86. J.H. Han, S.J. Choi, N. 4Kurihara, M. Koide, Y. Oba, and G.D. Roodman, Macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha is an osteoclastogenic factor in myeloma that is independent of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand. Blood, 97: 3349-3353, 2001.
87. Y. Tanaka, S. Mine, C. G. Figdor, A. Wake, H. Hirano, J. Tsukada, M. Aso, K. Fujii, K. Saito, Y. Kooyk, and S. Eto, Constitutive chemokine production results in activation of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 on adult T-cell leukemia cells. Blood, 91: 3909-3919, 1998.
88. N. Ishii, M. Tada, S. Sakuma, Y. Sawamura, Y. Shinohe, and H. Abe, Human astrocytoma cells are capable of producing macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta. J. Neurooncol., 37: 17-23, 1998.
89. D.A. Arenberg, M.P. Keane, B. DiGiovine, S.L. Kunkel, S.R.B. Strom, M.D. Burdick, M.D. Iannettoni, and R.M. Streiter, Macrophage infiltration in human non-small-cell lung cancer: The role of CC chemokines. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 49: 63-70, 2000.
90. C.G. Lerner, M.R. Horton, R.H. Schwartz, and J.D. Powell, Distinct requirements for C-C chemokines and IL-2 production by naïve, previously activated, and anergic T cells. J. Immunol., 164: 3996-4002, 2000.
91. Y. Niwa, H. Akamatsu, H. Niwa, H. Sumi, Y. Ozamki, and A. Abe, Correlation of tissue and plasma RANTES levels with disease course in patients with breast or cervical cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., 7: 285-289, 2001.
92. G. Luboshits, S. Shina, O. Kaplan, S. Engelberg, D. Nass, B. Lifshitz-Mercer, S. Chaitchik, I. Keydar, and A. Ben-Baruch, Elevated expression of the CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) in advanced breast carcinoma. Cancer Res., 59: 4681-4687, 1999.
93. E. Azenshtein, G. Luboshits, S. Shina, E. Neumark, D. Shahbazian, M. Weil, N. Wigler, I. Keydar, and A. Ben-Baruch, The CC chemokine RANTES in breast carcinoma progression: Regulation of expression and potential mechanisms of promalignant activity. Cancer Res., 62: 1093-1102, 2002.
94. A. Zlotnik, J. Morales, and J.A. Hedrick, Recent advances in chemokines and chemokine receptors. Crit. Rev. Immunol., 19: 1-47, 1999.
95. S. Fukushige, K. Matsubara, M. Yoshida, M. Sasaki, T. Suzuki, K. Semba, K. Toyoshima, and T. Yamamoto, Localization of a novel v-erbB-related gene, c-erbB-2, on human chromosome 17 and its amplification in a gastric cancer cell line. Mol. Cell. Biol., 6: 955-958, 1986.
96. U. Mrowietz, U. Schwenk, S. Maune, J. Bartels, M. Kupper, I. Fichtner, J.M. Schroder, and D. Schadendorf, The chemokine RANTES is secreted by human melanoma cells and is associated with enhanced tumor formation in nude mice. Br. J. Cancer, 79: 1025-1031, 1999.
97. H. Hasebe, H. Nagayama, K. Sato, M. Enomoto, Y. Takeda, T.A. Takahashi, K. Hasumi, and M. Eriguchi, Dysfunctional regulation of the development of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in cancer patients. Biomed. Phamacother., 54: 291-298, 2000.
98. M. Bauck, S. Harma, P. Vitiello, E. Adler, A. Baher, K. Wisner, S. Tackitt, W.J. Urba, and R.A. Kurt, Altered chemokine receptor sensitivity in FVBN202 rat neu transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 77: 225-232, 2003.
99. A. Richmond, D.H. Lawson, D.W. Nixon, and R.K. Chawla, Characterization of autostimulatory and transforming growth factors from human melanoma cells. Cancer Res., 45: 6390-6394, 1985.
100. E. Balentien, B.E. Mufson, R.L. Shattuck, R. Derynck, and A. Richmond, Effects of MGSA/GRO alpha on melanocyte transformation. Oncogene, 6: 1115-1124, 1991.
101. J.D. Owen, R. Strieter, M. Burdick, H. Haghnegahdar, L. Nanney, R. Shattuck-Brandt, and A. Richmond, Enhanced tumor-forming capacity for immortalized melanocytes expressing melanoma growth stimulatory activity/growth-regulated cytokine beta and gamma proteins. Int. J. Cancer, 73: 94-103, 1997.
102. N. Fujisawa, S. Hayashi, and E.J. Miller, A synthetic peptide inhibitor for alpha-chemokines inhibits the tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis of human melanoma cells in nude mice. Melanoma Res., 9: 105-114, 1999.
103. S. Hayashi, A. Kurdowska, A. Cohen, M.D. Stevens, N. Fujisawa, and E.J. Miller, A synthetic peptide inhibitor for a-chemokines inhibits the growth of melanoma cell lines. J. Clin. Invest., 99: 2581-2587, 1997.
104. B.B. Moore, D.A. Arenberg, K. Stoy, T. Morgan, C.L. Addison, S.B. Morris, M. Glass, C. Wilke, Y.Y. Xue, S. Sitterding, S.L. Kunkel, M.D. Burdick, and R.M. Strieter, Distinct CXC chemokines mediate tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. Am. J. Pathol., 154: 1503-1512, 1999.
105. H. Haghnegahdar, J. Du, D. Wang, R. Strieter, M.D. Burdick, L.B. Nanney, N. Cardwell, J. Luan, R. Shattuck-Brandt, and A. Richmond, The tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of MGSA/GRO proteins in melanoma. J. Leukoc. Biol., 67: 53-62, 2000.
106. D. Wang, W. Yang, J. Du, M.N. Devalaraja, P. Liang, K. Matsumoto, K. Tsubakimoto, T. Endo, and A. Richmond, MGSA? GRO-mediated melanocyte transformation involves induction of ras expression. Oncogene, 19: 4647-4659, 2000.
107. J. Luan, R. Shattuck-Brandt, H. Haghnegahdar, J. Owen, R. Strieter, M. Brudick, C. Nirodi, D. Beauchamp, K.N. Johnson, and A. Richmond, Mechanism and biological significance of constitutive expression of MGSA/GRO chemokines in malignant melanoma tumor progression. J. Leukoc. Biol., 62: 588-597, 1997.
108. G. Dong, Z. Chen, T. Kato, and C. Van Waes, The host environment promotes the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kB and proinflammatory cytokine expression during metastatic tumor progression of murine squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res., 59: 3495-3504, 1999.
109. E.S. White, D.L. Livant, S. Markwart, and D.A. Arenberg, Monocyte-fibronectin interactions, via α5β1 integrin, induce expression of CXC chemokine-dependent angiogenic activity. J. Immunol., 167: 5362-5366, 2001.
110. N.A. Begum, A. Coker, K. Shibuta, R.S. Swanson, L.B. Chen, M. Mori, and G.F. Bernard, Loss of hIRH mRNA expression from premalignant adenomas and malignant cell lines. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 229: 864-868, 1996.
111. K. Shibuta, N.A. Begum, M. Mori, K. Shimoda, T. Akiyoshi, and G.F. Bernard, Reduced expression of the CXC chemokine hIRH/SDF-1alpha mRNA in hepatoma and digestive tract cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 73: 656-662, 1997.
112. S.A. Rempell, S. Dudas, S. Ge, and J.A. Gutierrez, Identification and localization of the cytokine SDF1 and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4, to regions of necrosis and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res., 6: 102-111, 2000.
113. W. Zou, V. Machelon, A. Coulomb-L'Herman, J. Borvak, F. Nome, T. Isaeva, S. Wei, R. Krzysiek, I. Durand-Gasselin, A. Gordon, T. Pustilnik, D.T. Curiel, P. Galanaud, F. Capron, D. Emilie, and T.J. Curiel, Stromal-derived factor-1 in human tumors recruits and alters the function of plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. Nat. Med., 7: 1339-1346, 2001.
114. M. Mellado, A.M. de Ana, M.C. Moreno, C. Martinez, and J.M. Rodriguez-Frade, A potential immune escape mechanism by melanoma cells through the activation of chemokine-induced T cell death. Curr. Biol., 11: 691-696, 2001.
115. J.W. Peacock and F.R. Jirik, TCR activation inhibits chemotaxis toward stromal cell-derived factor-α: Evidence for reciprocal regulation between CXCR4 and the TCR. J. Immunol., 162: 215-223, 1999.
116. J. Durig, C. Rosenthal, A. Elmaagacli, C. Heyworth, K. Halfmeyer, C. Kasper, J. Novotny, and U. Duhrsesn, Biological effects of stroma-derived factor-1 alpha on normal and CML CD34+ haemopoietic cells. Leukemia, 14: 1652-1660, 2000.
117. J. Van Damme, P. Proost, J.P. Lenaerts, and G. Opdenakker, Structural and unctional identification of two human, tumor-derived monocyte chemotactic proteins (MCP-2 and MCP-3) belonging to the chemokine family. J. Exp. Med., 176: 59-65, 1992.
118. J. Kleeff, T. Kusama, D.L. Rossi, T. Ishiwata, H. Maruyama, H. Friess, M.W. Buchler, A. Zlotnik, and M. Korc, Detection and localization of MiP3-alpha/LARC/Exodus, a macrophage proinflammatory chemokine, and its CCR6 receptor in human pancreatic cancer. Int. J. Cancer, 81: 650-657, 1999.
119. D. Schadendorf, A. Moller, B. Algermissen, M. Worm, M. Sticherling, and B.M. Czarnetski, IL-8 produced by human malignant melanoma cells in vitro is an essential autocrine growth factor. J. Immunol., 151: 2667-2675, 1993.