Relaxin: New peptides, receptors and novel actions

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Volumn 14, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 207-213

  Bathgate, Ross A D ^a   Samuel, Chrishan S ^a   Burazin, Tanya C D ^a   Gundlach, Andrew L ^a   Tregear, Geoffrey W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COLLAGEN; PEPTIDE DERIVATIVE; RECEPTOR; RELAXIN; RELAXIN 1; RELAXIN 3; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BRAIN; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; FIBROSIS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MAPPING; GENETIC CODE; HEART MUSCLE FIBROSIS; HORMONAL REGULATION; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; KNOCKOUT MOUSE; LUNG FIBROSIS; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FAMILY; REVIEW; TURNOVER TIME;

EID: 0038607425     PISSN: 10432760     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1043-2760(03)00081-X     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. Sherwood, O.D. (1994) Relaxin. In The Physiology of Reproduction (Knobil, E. and Neill, J.D., eds) pp. 861-1009, Raven Press
2. Unemori, E.N. and Amento, E.P. (1990) Relaxin modulates synthesis and secretion of procollagenase and collagen by human dermal fibroblasts. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10681-10685
3. Unemori, E.N. et al. (1993) Human relaxin decreases collagen accumulation in vivo in two rodent models of fibrosis. J. Invest. Dermatol. 101, 280-285
4. Unemori, E.N. et al. (1996) Relaxin induces an extracellular matrix-degrading phenotype in human lung fibroblasts in vitro and inhibits lung fibrosis in a murine model in vivo. J. Clin. Invest. 98, 2739-2745
5. Garber, S.L. et al. (2001) Relaxin decreases renal interstitial fibrosis and slows progression of renal disease. Kidney Int. 59, 876-882
6. Williams, E.J. et al. (2001) Relaxin inhibits effective collagen deposition by cultured hepatic stellate cells and decreases rat liver fibrosis in vivo. Gut 49, 577-583
7. Bell, R.J. et al. (1993) A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the safety of vaginal recombinant human relaxin for cervical ripening. Obstet. Gynecol. 82, 328-333
8. Erikson, M.S. and Unemori, E.N. (2001) Relaxin clinical trials in systemic sclerosis. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 373-382, Kluwer
9. Hudson, P. et al. (1983) Structure of a genomic clone encoding biologically active human relaxin. Nature 301, 628-631
10. Hudson, P. et al. (1984) Relaxin gene expression in human ovaries and the predicted structure of a human prepiorelaxin by analysis of cDNA clones. EMBO 3, 2333-2339
11. Winslow, J.W. et al. (1992) Human seminal relaxin is a product of the same gene as human luteal relaxin. Endocrinology 130, 2660-2668
12. Bathgate, R.A.D. et al. (2002) Searching the human genome database for novel relaxin-like peptides. Lett. Pept. Sci. 8, 129-132
13. Bathgate, R.A.D. et al. (2002) Human relaxin gene 3 (H3) and the equivalent mouse relaxin (M3) gene: novel members of the relaxin peptide family. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 1148-1157
14. Burazin, T.C.D. et al. (2002) Restricted, but abundant, expression of the novel rat gene-3 (R3) relaxin in the dorsal tegmental region of brain. J. Neurochem. 82, 1553-1557
15. Büllesbach, E.E. and Schwabe, C. (2000) The relaxin receptor-binding site geometry suggests a novel gripping mode of interaction. J. Biol. Chem. 275, 35276-35280
16. Claasz, A.A. et al. (2002) Synthetic analogues of ovine INSL3 containing specific B-chain residue replacements: insertion of a full relaxin binding motif only confers minimal relaxin activity. Eur. J. Biochem. 269, 6287-6293
17. Sudo, S. et al. (2003) H3 Relaxin is a specific ligand for LGR7 and activates the receptor by interacting with both the ectodomain and the exoloop 2. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 7855-7862
18. Reytomas, I.G.T. et al. (2002) Differential expression of relaxin-1 and relaxin-3 messenger RNA and localization of relaxin receptors in the pregnant mouse. Biol. Reprod. 66 (Suppl. 1), 505
19. Evans, B.A. et al. (1993) The mouse relaxin gene: nucleotide sequence and expression. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 10, 15-23
20. Samuel, C.S. et al. (2003) Relaxin deficiency in mice is associated with an age-related progression of pulmonary fibrosis. FASEB J. 17, 121-123
21. Summerlee, A.J.S. and Silvertown, J.D. (2001) Relaxin action on and in the brain. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 191-199, Kluwer
22. McKinley, M.J. et al. (2001) Neurons and neural pathways mediating the actions of circulating relaxin on the brain. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 201-208, Kluwer
23. Osheroff, P.L. and Ho, W.H. (1993) Expression of relaxin mRNA and relaxin receptors in postnatal and adult rat brains and hearts. Localization and developmental patterns. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 15193-15199
24. Sutin, E.L. and Jacobowitz, D.M. (1988) Immunocytochemical localization of peptides and other neurochemicals in the rat laterodorsal tegmental nucleus and adjacent area. J. Comp. Neurol. 270, 243-270
25. Paxinos, G. and Watson, C. (1986) The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, Academic Press
26. Goto, M. et al. (2001) Connections of the nucleus incertus. J. Comp. Neurol. 438, 86-122
27. Burazin, T.C.D. et al. (2001) Identification of relaxin and relaxin responsive cells in the rat brain. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 209-214, Kluwer
28. Gunnersen, J.M. et al. (1995) Expression of the relaxin gene in rat tissues. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 110, 55-64
29. Hsu, S.Y. et al. (2002) Activation of orphan receptors by the hormone relaxin. Science 295, 671-674
30. Bittencourt, J.C. and Sawchenko, P.E. (2000) Do centrally administered neuropeptides access cognate receptors? An analysis in the central corticotropin-releasing factor system. J. Neurosci. 20, 1142-1156
31. Bartsch, O. et al. (2001) Relaxin signalling links tyrosine phosphorylation to phosphodiesterase and adenylyl cyclase activity. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 7, 799-809
32. Kumagai, J. et al. (2002) INSL3/Leydig insulin-like peptide activates the LGR8 receptor important in testis descent. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 31283-31286
33. Gorlov, I.P. et al. (2002) Mutations of the GREAT gene cause cryptorchidism. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11, 2309-2318
34. Nef, S. and Parada, L.F. (1999) Cryptorchidism in mice mutant for Insl3. Nat. Genet. 22, 295-299
35. Büllesbach, E.E. and Schwabe, C. (1999) Specific, high affinity relaxin-like factor receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 22354-22358
36. Kubota, Y. et al. (2002) The role of insulin 3, testosterone, Mullerian inhibiting substance and relaxin in rat gubernacular growth. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 8, 900-905
37. Kuwano, K. et al. (2001) Molecular mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis and current treatment. Curr. Mol. Med. 1, 551-573
38. Kissin, E. and Korn, J.H. (2002) Apoptosis and myofibroblasts in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 4, 129-135
39. Benjamin, I.J. (2001) Matrix metalloproteinases: from biology to therapeutic strategies in cardiovascular disease. J. Investig. Med. 49, 381-397
40. Zhao, L. et al. (1999) Mice without a functional relaxin gene are unable to deliver milk to their pups. Endocrinology 140, 445-453
41. Zhao, L. et al. (2000) Collagen studies in late pregnant relaxin null mice. Biol. Reprod. 63, 697-703
42. Samuel, C.S. and Amento, E.P. (2001) Relaxin knockout mice demonstrate delayed growth and have underdeveloped male reproductive tracts. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 221-223, Kluwer
43. Du, X-J. et al. (2003) Increased myocardial collagen and ventricular diastolic dysfunction in relaxin deficient mice: a gender-specific phenotype. Cardiovasc. Res. 57, 395-404
44. Amento, E.P. et al. (2001) Deletion of the relaxin gene causes agerelated progressive dermal fibrosis. Arthritis Rheum. 44, A847
45. Palejwala, S. et al. (2002) Relaxin gene and protein expression and its regulation of procollagenase and vascular endothelial growth factor in human endometrial cells. Biol. Reprod. 66, 1743-1748
46. Kapila, S. and Xie, Y. (1998) Targeted induction of collagenase and stromelysin by relaxin in unprimed and β-estradiol-primed diarthrodial joint fibrocartilaginous cells but not in synoviocytes. Lab. Invest. 78, 925-938
47. Song, L. et al. (2001) Effects of relaxin on matrix remodeling enzyme activity of cultured equine ovarian stromal cells. Anim. Reprod. Sci. 66, 239-255
48. Lenhart, J.A. et al. (2002) Relaxin increases secretion of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -2 during uterine and cervical growth and remodeling in the pig. Endocrinology 143, 91-98
49. Unemori, E.N. et al. (1992) Relaxin alone and in conjunction with interferon-γ decreases collagen synthesis by cultured human scleroderma fibroblasts. J. Invest. Dermatol. 99, 337-342
50. Piccinni, M.P. et al. (1999) Relaxin favors the development of activated human T cells into Th1-like effectors. Eur. J. Immunol. 29, 2241-2247
51. Lewis, M. et al. (1999) Transcriptional inhibition of stromelysin by interferon-γ in normal human fibroblasts is mediated by the AP-1 domain. J. Cell. Biochem. 72, 373-386
52. Sanborn, B.M. et al. (2001) Relaxin and scaffolding proteins in signalling crosstalk. In Relaxin: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Relaxin and Related Peptides (Tregear, G.W. et al., eds), pp. 279-283, Kluwer
53. Palejwala, S. et al. (1998) Demonstration of a relaxin receptor and relaxin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation in human lower uterine segment fibroblasts. Endocrinology 139, 1208-1212