Brazil's new direction

Journal of Democracy

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 151-162

  Hunter, Wendu ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0038297329     PISSN: 10455736     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (24)

1. Reported in Anthony W. Pereira and Timothy J. Power, "Lula Lá: Implications of the 2002 Elections in Brazil," Latin American Studies Association Forum 33 (Winter 2003): 8-10.
2. Reported in "Latin America Opinion Alert," Office of Research, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., 8 November 2002.
3. The PSDB suffered a net loss of 23 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 3 seats in the Senate.
4. The PMDB holds 19 seats in the Senate and 74 in the Chamber of Deputies. The PFL has 19 seats in the Senate and 84 in the Chamber.
5. As of this writing in late February 2003, there appears to be a chance that the PMDB might join the government. This would bring the coalition's numbers to 319 in the Chamber and 49 in the Senate.
6. See Wendy Hunter, Eroding Military Influence in Brazil: Politicians against Soldiers (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997).
7. For a lengthy substantiation of these claims, see Kurt Weyland, "The Growing Sustainability of Brazil's Low-Quality Democracy," in Frances Hagopian and Scott Mainwaring, eds., Advances and Setbacks in the Third Wave of Democratization in Latin America (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming).
8. These features are emphasized in the chapter on Brazil in Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
9. See the article by Marta Lagos on pp. 163-73 in this issue.
10. Marta Lagos, "Between Stability and Crisis in Latin America," Journal of Democracy 12 (January 2001): 138.
11. See Timothy J. Power, The Political Right in Postauthoritarian Brazil: Elites, Institutions, and Democratization (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000).
12. Kurt Weyland, "The Growing Sustainability of Brazil's Low-Quality Democracy."
13. Philippe Schmitter, "The Consolidation of Democracy and the Representation of Social Groups," American Behavioral Scientist 35 (March-June 1992): 422-49. See also Peter R. Kingstone and Timothy J. Power, "Still Standing or Standing Still: The Brazilian Democratic Regime Since 1985," in Kingstone and Power, eds., Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
14. Philippe Schmitter, "The Consolidation of Democracy and the Representation of Social Groups," American Behavioral Scientist 35 (March-June 1992): 422-49. See also Peter R. Kingstone and Timothy J. Power, "Still Standing or Standing Still: The Brazilian Democratic Regime Since 1985," in Kingstone and Power, eds., Democratic Brazil: Actors, Institutions, and Processes (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000).
15. Kurt Weyland, Democracy without Equity: Failures of Reform in Brazil (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996).
16. The GINI coefficient hovered between .605 and .572 under Cardoso, with slight improvement over time. These numbers mean that Brazil has one of the most severely unequal patterns of income distribution on the planet.
17. World Bank, Brazil: Critical Issues in Social Security (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001), 3.
18. See www.transparency.org/cpi/2001/cpi2001.html.
19. See James Holston and Teresa P.R. Caldeira, "Democracy, Law, and Violence: Disjunctions of Brazilian Citizenship," in Felipe Agüero and Jeffrey Stark, eds., Fault Lines of Democracy in Post-Authoritarian Latin America (Miami: North-South Center Press, 1998).
20. See the table on malapportionment in Latin America, Richard Snyder and David Samuels, "Devaluing the Vote in Latin America," Journal of Democracy 12 (January 2001): 148.
21. Scott Mainwaring, Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization: The Case of Brazil (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999).
22. Richard Snyder and David Samuels, "Devaluing the Vote in Latin America," 147.
23. See in particular Barry Ames, The Deadlock of Democracy in Brazil and Scott Mainwaring, Rethinking Party Systems in the Third Wave of Democratization.
24. Reported in "Latin America Opinion Alert," Office of Research, U.S. Department of State, Washington, D.C., 8 November 2002.