What the democratization literature says - Or doesn't say - About postwar democratization

Global Governance

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 159-177

  Bermeo, Nancy ^a  

^a PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 0038277051     PISSN: 10752846     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/19426720-00902006     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. If we duplicate the classifications presented in Table 2 for the year 1991, the breakdown of postwar versus peacetime foundings is still 50-50. See Freedom House Survey of Freedom in the World, 1991-1992.
2. Philippe Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy Is and Is Not," in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1993).
3. Alfred Stepan, "Paths Toward Redemocratization," in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), p. 65.
4. Ibid., p. 71.
5. Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991), p. 54.
6. Mattei Dogan and John Higley, "Elites, Crises and Regimes in Comparative Analysis," in Dogan and Higley, eds., Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998), p. 8.
7. John Higley and Michael Burton, "The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns," American Sociological Review 54, no. 1 (February 1989): 20.
8. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 55.
9. Higley and Burton, "The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns," p. 24.
10. Michael Burton and John Higley, "Political Crises and Elite Settlements," in Dogan and Higley, Elites, Crises and the Origins of Regimes, p. 63.
11. Ibid., p. 62, emphasis added.
12. Dietrich Rueschemeyer, Evelyne Huber Stephens, and John D. Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), pp. 70-71.
13. Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
14. Guillermo O'Donnell, "Transitions, Continuities and Paradoxes," in Scott Mainwaring, Guillermo O'Donnell, and J. Samuel Valenzuela, eds., Issues in Democratic Consolidation (South Bend: University of Notre Dame, 1992), p. 21.
15. Huntington, The Third Wave, pp. 251-253.
16. Scott Mainwaring, "Transitions to Democracy and Democratic Consolidation: Theoretical and Comparative Issues," in Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, Issues in Democratic Consolidation, pp. 315-316.
17. Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 248.
18. Huntington, The Third Wave, p. 253.
19. Jennifer McCoy, Larry Garber, and Robert Pastor, "Pollwatching and Peacemaking," in Diamond and Plattner, The Global Resurgence of Democracy, pp. 184-190.
20. Michael Burton and John Higley, "Elite Settlements," American Sociological Review 52, no. 3 (June 1987).
21. Terry Karl and Philippe Schmitter, "Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern and Eastern Europe," in Geoffrey Pridham, ed., Transitions to Democracy (Aldershot, England: Dartmouth, 1995), p. 165.
22. Burton and Higley "Elite Settlements," p. 295.
23. Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," in Pridham, Transitions to Democracy, pp. 57-85; Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, Issues in Democratic Consolidation, p. 22.
24. Dankwart Rustow, "Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model," in Pridham, Transitions to Democracy, pp. 57-85; Mainwaring, O'Donnell, and Valenzuela, Issues in Democratic Consolidation, p. 22.
25. Philippe Schmitter and Javier Santiso, "Three Temporal Dimensions to the Consolidation of Democracy" (manuscript, February 1997), p. 27.
26. Larry Diamond, "Rethinking Civil Society Toward Democratic Consolidation," Journal of Democracy 5, no. 3 (July 1994): 15.
27. Dankwart Rustow, "Democracy: A Global Revolution?" Foreign Affairs 69, no. 4 (fall 1990): 83; Alfred Stepan, "Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 19; Nancy Bermeo, "The Import of Institutions," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 1-13.
28. Dankwart Rustow, "Democracy: A Global Revolution?" Foreign Affairs 69, no. 4 (fall 1990): 83; Alfred Stepan, "Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 19; Nancy Bermeo, "The Import of Institutions," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 1-13.
29. Dankwart Rustow, "Democracy: A Global Revolution?" Foreign Affairs 69, no. 4 (fall 1990): 83; Alfred Stepan, "Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 19; Nancy Bermeo, "The Import of Institutions," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (April 2002): 1-13.
30. William Zartman, "Negotiation and Pre-negotiation in Ethnic Conflict," in Joseph Montville, ed., Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 527-528.
31. Bermeo, "The Import of Institutions," p. 13.
32. Reuschemeyer, Stephens, and Stephens, Capitalist Development and Democracy, p. 197.
33. Scott Mainwaring and Timothy Scully, Building Democratic Institutions: Party Systems in Latin America (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 2.
34. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), pp. 34, 367, 370-386.
35. Donald Horowitz, "Making Moderation Pay: The Comparative Politics of Ethnic Conflict Management," in Montville, Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies.
36. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 96.
37. Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skatch, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism Versus Presidentialism," World Politics 46, no. 1 (October 1993); Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 2 (July 1993).
38. Alfred Stepan and Cindy Skatch, "Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarism Versus Presidentialism," World Politics 46, no. 1 (October 1993); Scott Mainwaring, "Presidentialism, Multipartism and Democracy: The Difficult Combination," Comparative Political Studies 26, no. 2 (July 1993).
39. Juan Linz, "Presidential or Parliamentary Democracy: Does It Make a Difference?" in Juan Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 14.
40. Adam Przeworski, Michael Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, "What Makes Democracies Endure?" Journal of Democracy 7, no. 1 (January 1996): 49.
41. Doh Chull Shin, "On the Third Wave of Democratization: A Synthesis and Evaluation of Recent Theory and Research," World Politics 47, no. 1 (October 1994): 159.
42. Bratton and van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, p. 246.
43. Nancy Bermeo, "Civil Society After Democracy," in Nancy Bermeo and Philip Nord, eds., Civil Society Before Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2000), pp. 242-254.
44. Dietlind Stolle, "Bowling Together, Bowling Alone: The Development of Generalized Trust in Voluntary Associations," Political Psychology 19, no. 3 (September 1998): 497.
45. Ashutosh Varshney, "Ethnic Conflict and Civil Society: India and Beyond," World Politics 53, no. 3 (April 2001).
46. Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi, Democracy and Development (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 273.
47. Barbara Geddes, "What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?" (APSA paper 1998), p. 2.
48. Przeworski et al., Democracy and Development, p. 273.
49. These numbers use the electoral democracies listed in Table 1 that made the transition to democracy in the 1970s or later. The data for GDP are from Alan Heston, Robert Summers, and Bettina Aten, Penn World Table Version 6.1, Center for International Comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania (CICUP), October 2002, which reports data using purchasing power parity and a base year of 1996. The data used by Przeworski et al. to arrive at the figure of $4,000 were from the Penn World Table Version 5.6, which used a base year of 1985. Using the GDP (chained) price index for the United States found in Historical Table 10.1 of the United States Budget for Fiscal Year 2002, available online at http://w3.access.gpo.gov/usbudget/fy2002/pdf/hist.pdf, $4,000 in 1985 dollars is equivalent to $5,443 in 1996 dollars.
50. Mainwaring, Issues in Democratic Consolidation.
51. This figure is based on the countries listed as electoral democracies in the 2001 Freedom House Survey. Adrian Karatnycky, "The 2001 Freedom House Survey: Muslim Countries and the Democracy Gap," Journal of Democracy 13, no. 1 (January 2002): 108-109.
52. Jeffrey Herbst, States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000), p. 105.
53. Michael Fleshman, "Counting the Cost of Gun Violence," Africa Recovery 15, no. 4 (December 2001): 2, available online at http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no4/154arms.htm.
54. Eboe Hutchful, "Militarism and Problems of Democratic Transition," in Marina Ottaway, ed., Democracy in Africa: The Hard Road Ahead (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1997), pp. 48-53.
55. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, as cited in Paul Collier and Anke Hoeffler, "On the Incidence of Civil War in Africa," paper for the World Bank conference "The Economics of Civil Wars, Crime and Violence," 16 August 2000, available online at http://www.worldbank.org/research/conflict/papers/incidence.htm.
56. For an especially interesting discussion of South Africa's transition, see Elisabeth Jean Wood, Forging Democracy from Below (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000).
57. E. Gyimah-Boadi, "Civil Society in Africa," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 2 (April 1996): 118.
58. Herbst, States and Power in Africa, p. 19.
59. Donald Rothchild and Letitia Lawson, "The Interactions Between State and Civil Society in Africa: From Deadlock to New Routines," in John W. Harbeson, Donald Rothchild, and Naomi Chazan, eds., Civil Society and the State in Africa (Boulder: Lynne Reinner, 1994), p. 255.
60. Gyimah-Boadi, "Civil Society in Africa," p. 128.
61. Ibid., p. 123.
62. Bratton and van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, p. 255.
63. Gyimah-Boadi, "Civil Society in Africa," p. 124.
64. Ibid., p. 129.
65. Ibid., p. 121.
66. I b i d.
67. Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment, 2000), p. 151.
68. Michael Chege, "Between Africa's Extremes," Journal of Democracy 6, no. 1 (January 1995), p. 48.
69. Ibid., p. 50.
70. Crawford Young, "Africa: An Interim Balance Sheet," Journal of Democracy 7, no. 3 (July 1996), p. 65.
71. Jennifer Widner, "Political Parties and Civil Societies in Sub-Saharan Africa" in Ottaway, Democracy in Africa, p. 69.
72. Bratton and van de Walle, Democratic Experiments in Africa, pp. 177-178.
73. Ibid., p. 179.
74. Jeffrey Herbst, "Prospects for Elite Driven Democracy in South Africa" Political Science Quarterly 112, no. 4 (winter 1997/98): 608-609.
75. Elizabeth Spiro Clark, "A Tune-up, Not an Overhaul," Journal of Democracy 10, no. 4 (October 1999): 114.
76. Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad, p. 137.