Prospects for elite-driven democracy in South Africa

Political Science Quarterly

Volumn 112, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 595-615

  Herbst, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0009418237     PISSN: 00323195     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/2657693     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Adam Przeworski, "Some Problems in the Study of Transition to Democracy" in Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 60.
2. Terry Lynn Karl, "Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America," Comparative Politics 23 (October 1990): 9.
3. See ibid., 8-11; Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations" in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives: Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 37; and Giusseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California, 1990), 87.
4. See ibid., 8-11; Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations" in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives: Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 37; and Giusseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California, 1990), 87.
5. See ibid., 8-11; Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations" in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives: Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 37; and Giusseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California, 1990), 87.
6. See ibid., 8-11; Alfred Stepan, "Paths toward Redemocratization: Theoretical and Comparative Considerations" in O'Donnell, Schmitter, and Whitehead, eds., Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives: Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 37; and Giusseppe Di Palma, To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions (Berkeley: University of California, 1990), 87.
7. Stepan, Paths Toward Redemocratization, 79. (Emphasis in original.)
8. For instance, Guillermo O'Donnell, Modernization and Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism (Berkeley: Institute of International Affairs, 1979), 101.
9. For instance, Robert Dahl, Polyarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971).
10. African National Congress, Strategy and Tactics, reprinted in Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis, eds., Mandela, Tambo and the African National Congress (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 282.
11. African National Congress, Political Report and Communique of the Second National Conference of the African National Congress in Johns and Davis, eds., Mandela, Tambo and the African National Congress, 292.
12. Ibid., 292-3.
13. ANC, "Statement of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress, October 1987" in Johns and Davis, eds., Mandela, Tambo and the African National Congress, 294.
14. "Extracts from South African President P. W. Botha's Speech," Reuters North European Service, 16 August 1985.
15. "South African President Assesses His Achievements after 10 Years in Office," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 October 1988.
16. Nelson Mandela, "Statement to President P. W. Botha" in Johns and Davis, eds., Mandela, Tambo and the African National Congress, 218.
17. Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom (London: Heinemann, 1965), 164. Mandela's concern reflected a persistent thread in the official thinking of the ANC, Chief Albert Luthuli (a previous president-general of the ANC) had made much the same warning during his Nobel Peace Prize address in 1961. Excerpts of the speech are quoted in Mary Benson, Chief Albert Luthuli of South Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 55.
18. Nelson Mandela, No Easy Walk to Freedom (London: Heinemann, 1965), 164. Mandela's concern reflected a persistent thread in the official thinking of the ANC, Chief Albert Luthuli (a previous president-general of the ANC) had made much the same warning during his Nobel Peace Prize address in 1961. Excerpts of the speech are quoted in Mary Benson, Chief Albert Luthuli of South Africa (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), 55.
19. Botha speech, 16 August 1985.
20. "De Klerk Interviewed on Talks with ANC," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 9 May 1990, part 4.
21. Mandela, "Statement to President P. W. Botha," 225.
22. Scott Kraft, "ANC is Flexible, Mandela Says," Los Angeles Times, 1 July 1990.
23. Vivienne Walt, "Mandela: We Could Back De Klerk," Newsday, 21 February 1990.
24. Mandela, "Statement to President P. W. Botha," 217. Mandela had acted in much the same way in pushing the ANC toward violence in the early 1960s. See Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (New York: Little, Brown, 1994), 236.
25. Mandela, "Statement to President P. W. Botha," 217. Mandela had acted in much the same way in pushing the ANC toward violence in the early 1960s. See Nelson Mandela, Long Walk to Freedom (New York: Little, Brown, 1994), 236.
26. See David Ottaway, Chained Together: Mandela, De Klerk and the Struggle to Remake South Africa (New York: Times Books, 1993), 111.
27. F. W. de Klerk, "Address by the State President," reprinted in Robert Schrire, Adapt or Die: The End of White Politics in South Africa (New York: Ford Foundation, 1991), 160.
28. Ibid., 162.
29. Arnaud de Borchgrave, "De Klerk Sees Open Society in Six Months," Washington Times, 14 June 1990.
30. "Interview with F. W. de Klerk," Foreign Broadcast Information Service - Africa, 7 September 1993, 17.
31. "De Klerk Lays Out Bottom-line Stand," Calgary Herald, 13 October 1992.
32. Transcript of the American Broadcasting Company Nightline, "An Interview with F. W. de Klerk," 13 February 1990.
33. Calgary Herald, 13 October 1992.
34. Brendon Boyle, "De Klerk Says Disaster is Alternative to Reform," Reuters North American Wire, 23 February 1992. Some of de Klerk's senior advisers have told me that the decision to call the referendum was in part influenced by the fate of Mikhail Gorbachev. It was the opinion of some around de Klerk that Gorbachev had lost control of the reform process he initiated because he never received firm electoral support from any constituency.
35. African National Congress, Negotiations: A Strategic Perspective, (Johannesburg: ANC, November 1992).
36. For a clear narrative of the process, see Steven Friedman, ed., The Long Journey: South Africa's Quest for a Negotiated Settlement (Johannesburg: Raven Press, 1993).
37. See, for instance, African National Congress, Constitutional Principles for a Democratic South Africa, April 1991, part II, section 4.
38. See comments by Zola Skyweyiya, at that time head of the ANC's Constitutional and Law Department, in Chris Louw, "ANC Slices up South Africa-and PW Smiles," Weekly Mail (Johannesburg), 4 August 1993.
39. William Claiborne, "ANC Assails De Klerk on Interim Rule," Washington Post, 28 November 1989.
40. Organization for African Unity, Harare Declaration (OAU: Harare, 1989), section 21.5; and ANC, Advance to National Democracy: Guidelines on Strategy and Tactics (Johannesburg: ANC, 1991), section 22.1.
41. ANC, Advance to National Democracy: Guidelines on Strategy and Tactics (Johannesburg: ANC, 1991), section 22.1.
42. "South Africa Major TV Interview with F. W. De Klerk," BBS Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 August 1989, part 4.
43. Nelson Mandela, "Memorandum to Mr. F. W. De Klerk, July 9, 1992," 4 reprinted in Constitutional Development Service, Negotiation Process: Basic Documents, Part I (Pretoria: Constitutional Development Service, 1992).
44. ANC, Negotiations: A Strategic Perspective, 4.
45. Rory Channing, "Mandela 'Frightened' by Dangers to Economy," Reuters North American Wire, 15 September 1992.
46. The Argus (Cape Town), 15 September 1992, 13.
47. "Mandela Calls for Groups to Join National Unity Government," Foreign Broadcast Information Service - Africa, 12 September 1994, 7.
48. ANC, Negotiations: A Strategic Perspective.
49. "De Klerk Discusses 100 Days," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 23 August 1994, part 4.
50. Named for Jonas Savimbi, who relaunched the Angolan civil war after he lost the first round of the national elections.
51. See Arturo Valenzuela, "Party Politics and the Crisis of Presidentialism in Chile: A Proposal for a Parliamentary Form of Government" in Juan J. Linz and Arturo Valenzuela, eds., The Failure of Presidential Democracy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), 167.
52. "No Coup against De Klerk Likely, says ANC Negotiator," Reuters Limited, 29 November 1992.
53. ANC, Advance to National Democracy: Guidelines on Strategy and Tactics, section 46.
54. ANC, Strategy and Tactics (ANC: Bloemfontein, 1994), section 8.7.
55. South Africa, Government Gazette, 28 January 1994, 26.
56. Quoted in Mark Gevisser, "Parliament: There's a Bottleneck in the Revolution," Weekly Mail, 18 November 1994.
57. Laurence Whitehead, "Democratization and Disinflation: A Comparative Approach" in Joan Nelson, ed., Fragile Coalitions: The Politics of Economic Adjustment (Washington, DC: The Overseas Development Council, 1989), 88-9.
58. Karen Remner, "Democracy and Economic Crisis: The Latin American Experience," World Politics 42 (April 1990): 335.
59. See especially William Riker, The Theory of Political Coalitions (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962).
60. Di Palma, To Craft Democracies, 110-111.