메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 360, Issue 1801, 2002, Pages 2963-2985

Earth's biggest 'whodunnit': Unravelling the clues in the case of the end-Permian mass extinction

Author keywords

Global warming; Large igneous provinces; Mass extinction; Methane hydrate; Oceanic anoxia

Indexed keywords

METHANE; OXYGEN;

EID: 0038237582     PISSN: 1364503X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2002.1097     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (41)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 34548600841 scopus 로고
    • Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction
    • Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, W., Asaro, F. & Michel, H. V. 1980 Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous Tertiary extinction. Science 208, 1095-1108.
    • (1980) Science , vol.208 , pp. 1095-1108
    • Alvarez, L.W.1    Alvarez, W.2    Asaro, F.3    Michel, H.V.4
  • 2
    • 0024903292 scopus 로고
    • Permian-Triassic of the Tethys: Carbon isotope studies
    • Baud, A., Magaritz, M. & Holser, W. T. 1989 Permian-Triassic of the Tethys: carbon isotope studies. Geol. Rundsch. 78, 649-677.
    • (1989) Geol. Rundsch. , vol.78 , pp. 649-677
    • Baud, A.1    Magaritz, M.2    Holser, W.T.3
  • 3
    • 0035936835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary: Evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes
    • Becker, L., Poreda, R. J., Hunt, A. G., Bunch, T. E. & Rampino, M. 2001 Impact event at the Permian-Triassic boundary: evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes. Science 291, 1530-1533.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1530-1533
    • Becker, L.1    Poreda, R.J.2    Hunt, A.G.3    Bunch, T.E.4    Rampino, M.5
  • 4
    • 0037007071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Examination of hypotheses for the Permo-Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling
    • Berner, R. A. 2002 Examination of hypotheses for the Permo-Triassic boundary extinction by carbon cycle modeling. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 4172-4177.
    • (2002) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 4172-4177
    • Berner, R.A.1
  • 5
    • 0028792743 scopus 로고
    • Impact did not trigger Deccan volcanism; evidence from Anjar K/T boundary Intertrappean sediments
    • Bhandari, N., Shukla, P. N., Ghevariya, Z. G. & Sundarara, S. M. 1995 Impact did not trigger Deccan volcanism; evidence from Anjar K/T boundary Intertrappean sediments. Geophys. Res. Lett. 22, 433-436.
    • (1995) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.22 , pp. 433-436
    • Bhandari, N.1    Shukla, P.N.2    Ghevariya, Z.G.3    Sundarara, S.M.4
  • 6
    • 0032524098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction
    • Bowring, S. A., Erwin, D. H., Jin, Y. G., Martin, M. W., Davidek, K. & Wang, W. 1998 U/Pb zircon geochronology and tempo of the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 280, 1039-1045.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 1039-1045
    • Bowring, S.A.1    Erwin, D.H.2    Jin, Y.G.3    Martin, M.W.4    Davidek, K.5    Wang, W.6
  • 7
    • 0000167909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On some analytical aspects of the determination of fullerenes in samples from the Permian/Triassic boundary layers
    • Braun, T., Osawa, E., Detre, C. & Tóth, I. 2001 On some analytical aspects of the determination of fullerenes in samples from the Permian/Triassic boundary layers. Chem. Phys. Lett. 348, 361-362.
    • (2001) Chem. Phys. Lett. , vol.348 , pp. 361-362
    • Braun, T.1    Osawa, E.2    Detre, C.3    Tóth, I.4
  • 8
    • 0027071934 scopus 로고
    • Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary
    • Campbell, I. A., Czamanske, G. K., Fedorenko, V. A., Hill, R. I. & Stepanov, V. 1992 Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary. Science 258, 1760-1763.
    • (1992) Science , vol.258 , pp. 1760-1763
    • Campbell, I.A.1    Czamanske, G.K.2    Fedorenko, V.A.3    Hill, R.I.4    Stepanov, V.5
  • 9
    • 84879886183 scopus 로고
    • Plume-lithosphere interaction in generation of the Emeishan flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary
    • Chung, S.-L. & Jahn, B.-M. 1995 Plume-lithosphere interaction in generation of the Emeishan flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary. Geology 23, 889-892.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , pp. 889-892
    • Chung, S.-L.1    Jahn, B.-M.2
  • 11
    • 49149142127 scopus 로고
    • The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation
    • Claypool, G. E., Holser, W. T., Kaplan, I. R., Sakai, H. & Zak, I. 1980 The age curves of sulfur and oxygen isotopes in marine sulfate and their mutual interpretation. Chem. Geol. 28, 199-260.
    • (1980) Chem. Geol. , vol.28 , pp. 199-260
    • Claypool, G.E.1    Holser, W.T.2    Kaplan, I.R.3    Sakai, H.4    Zak, I.5
  • 12
    • 0028554121 scopus 로고
    • Mass extinctions in the last 300 million years; one impact and seven flood basalts?
    • Courtillot, V. 1994 Mass extinctions in the last 300 million years; one impact and seven flood basalts? Isr. J. Earth. Sci. 43, 255-266.
    • (1994) Isr. J. Earth. Sci. , vol.43 , pp. 255-266
    • Courtillot, V.1
  • 13
    • 0026443903 scopus 로고
    • Conodont sequences in the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of South China and the nature of conodont faunal changes at the systemic boundary
    • ed. W. C. Sweet, Z. Yang, J. M. Dickins & H. Yin. Cambridge University Press
    • Ding, M. 1992 Conodont sequences in the Upper Permian and Lower Triassic of South China and the nature of conodont faunal changes at the systemic boundary. In Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys (ed. W. C. Sweet, Z. Yang, J. M. Dickins & H. Yin), pp. 109-119. Cambridge University Press.
    • (1992) Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys , pp. 109-119
    • Ding, M.1
  • 15
    • 0028181962 scopus 로고
    • The Permo-Triassic extinction
    • Erwin, D. H. 1994 The Permo-Triassic extinction. Nature 367, 231-236.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.367 , pp. 231-236
    • Erwin, D.H.1
  • 16
    • 84879879285 scopus 로고
    • Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crisis and recovery across the Permian-Triassic boundary
    • Eshet, Y., Rampino, M. R. & Visscher, H. 1995 Fungal event and palynological record of ecological crisis and recovery across the Permian-Triassic boundary. Geology 23, 967-970.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , pp. 967-970
    • Eshet, Y.1    Rampino, M.R.2    Visscher, H.3
  • 17
    • 0035965233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An extraterrestrial impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary?
    • Farley, K. A. & Mukhopadhyay, S. 2001 An extraterrestrial impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary? Science 293, 2343.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 2343
    • Farley, K.A.1    Mukhopadhyay, S.2
  • 18
    • 84879878989 scopus 로고
    • 2 flux into the atmosphere during the final consolidation of Pangea
    • 2 flux into the atmosphere during the final consolidation of Pangea. Geology 23, 507-510.
    • (1995) Geology , vol.23 , pp. 507-510
    • Faure, K.1    De Wit, M.J.2    Willis, J.P.3
  • 19
    • 85020771987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Description, illustration, comparison and biological affinities of species of the genus Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962
    • In the press
    • Foster, C. B., Stephenson, M. H., Marshall, C., Logan, G. A. & Greenwood, P. 2002 Description, illustration, comparison and biological affinities of species of the genus Reduviasporonites Wilson 1962. Palynology 26 (In the press.)
    • (2002) Palynology , vol.26
    • Foster, C.B.1    Stephenson, M.H.2    Marshall, C.3    Logan, G.A.4    Greenwood, P.5
  • 20
    • 0001170880 scopus 로고
    • The case for sea-level change as a dominant causal factor in mass extinction of marine invertebrates
    • Hallam, A. 1989 The case for sea-level change as a dominant causal factor in mass extinction of marine invertebrates. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 325, 437-455.
    • (1989) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B , vol.325 , pp. 437-455
    • Hallam, A.1
  • 22
    • 0027088968 scopus 로고
    • Cretaceous/Tertiary and Permian/Triassic boundary events compared
    • Holser, W. T. & Magaritz, M. 1992 Cretaceous/Tertiary and Permian/Triassic boundary events compared. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 3297-3309.
    • (1992) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.56 , pp. 3297-3309
    • Holser, W.T.1    Magaritz, M.2
  • 23
    • 0001840437 scopus 로고
    • The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Garnie Alps, Austria): Synthesis and conclusions
    • Holser, W. T., Schönlaub, H.-P., Boeckelmann, K., Magaritz, M. & Orth, C. J. 1991 The Permian-Triassic of the Gartnerkofel-1 core (Garnie Alps, Austria): synthesis and conclusions. Abh. Geolog. Bundesanst. 45, 213-232.
    • (1991) Abh. Geolog. Bundesanst. , vol.45 , pp. 213-232
    • Holser, W.T.1    Schönlaub, H.-P.2    Boeckelmann, K.3    Magaritz, M.4    Orth, C.J.5
  • 25
    • 0032323833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mass distribution of crater producing bodies
    • Hughes, D. W. 1998 The mass distribution of crater producing bodies. Geol. Soc. Land. Spec. Publ. 140, 31-42.
    • (1998) Geol. Soc. Land. Spec. Publ. , vol.140 , pp. 31-42
    • Hughes, D.W.1
  • 26
    • 0000085225 scopus 로고
    • Superanoxia across the Permo-Triassic boundary: Record in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan
    • Isozaki, Y. 1994 Superanoxia across the Permo-Triassic boundary: record in accreted deep-sea pelagic chert in Japan. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. 17, 805-812.
    • (1994) Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem. , vol.17 , pp. 805-812
    • Isozaki, Y.1
  • 27
    • 84874957856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: Evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle
    • Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T., Miura, Y., Kawahata, H., Tazaki, K., Ueshima, M., Chen, Z. & Shi, G. R. 2001 End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle. Geology 29, 815-818.
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 815-818
    • Kaiho, K.1    Kajiwara, Y.2    Nakano, T.3    Miura, Y.4    Kawahata, H.5    Tazaki, K.6    Ueshima, M.7    Chen, Z.8    Shi, G.R.9
  • 28
    • 0001227014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: Evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle - Comment and reply
    • Koeberl, C., Gilmour, I., Reimold, W. U., Claeys, P. & Ivanov, B. 2002 End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulfur from the mantle: comment and reply. Geology 30, 855-856.
    • (2002) Geology , vol.30 , pp. 855-856
    • Koeberl, C.1    Gilmour, I.2    Reimold, W.U.3    Claeys, P.4    Ivanov, B.5
  • 29
    • 0032211168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some aspects of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) and the possible causes for the biotic crisis around this boundary
    • Kozur, H. W. 1998 Some aspects of the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB) and the possible causes for the biotic crisis around this boundary. Palaeogeogr. Palaeodimatol. Palaeoecol. 143, 227-272.
    • (1998) Palaeogeogr. Palaeodimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.143 , pp. 227-272
    • Kozur, H.W.1
  • 30
    • 0025947825 scopus 로고
    • The isotopic composition of strontium and sulfur in seawater of Late Permian (Zechstein) age
    • Kramm, U. & Wedepohl, K. H. 1991 The isotopic composition of strontium and sulfur in seawater of Late Permian (Zechstein) age. Chem. Geol. 90, 253-262.
    • (1991) Chem. Geol. , vol.90 , pp. 253-262
    • Kramm, U.1    Wedepohl, K.H.2
  • 31
    • 0032322809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate
    • Kvenvolden, K. A. 1998 A primer on the geological occurrence of gas hydrate. Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. 137, 9-30.
    • (1998) Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Publ. , vol.137 , pp. 9-30
    • Kvenvolden, K.A.1
  • 32
    • 0027340915 scopus 로고
    • Insect diversity in the fossil record
    • Labandeira, C. C. & Sepkoski Jr, J. J. 1993 Insect diversity in the fossil record. Science 261, 310-315.
    • (1993) Science , vol.261 , pp. 310-315
    • Labandeira, C.C.1    Sepkoski Jr., J.J.2
  • 33
    • 0029500174 scopus 로고
    • Sr and Nd isotopes at the Permian/Triassic boundary: A record of climate change
    • Martin, E. E. & Macdougall, J. D. 1995 Sr and Nd isotopes at the Permian/Triassic boundary: a record of climate change. Chem. Geol. 125, 73-99.
    • (1995) Chem. Geol. , vol.125 , pp. 73-99
    • Martin, E.E.1    Macdougall, J.D.2
  • 34
    • 0027078929 scopus 로고
    • Permian and Early Triassic extinction of non-marine tetrapods
    • Maxwell, W. D. 1992 Permian and Early Triassic extinction of non-marine tetrapods. Palaeontology 35, 571-583.
    • (1992) Palaeontology , vol.35 , pp. 571-583
    • Maxwell, W.D.1
  • 36
    • 0001752927 scopus 로고
    • Determination of the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia from carbon isotope stratigraphy
    • Morante, R., Veevers, J. J., Andrew, A. S. & Hamilton, P. J. 1994 Determination of the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia from carbon isotope stratigraphy. Austral. Petr. Expl. Ass. J. 34, 330-336.
    • (1994) Austral. Petr. Expl. Ass. J. , vol.34 , pp. 330-336
    • Morante, R.1    Veevers, J.J.2    Andrew, A.S.3    Hamilton, P.J.4
  • 37
    • 0034655942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woodleigh, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: A new 120 km diameter impact structure
    • Mory, A. J., Iasky, R. P., Glikson, A. Y. & Pirajno, F. 2000 Woodleigh, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia: a new 120 km diameter impact structure. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 177, 119-128.
    • (2000) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.177 , pp. 119-128
    • Mory, A.J.1    Iasky, R.P.2    Glikson, A.Y.3    Pirajno, F.4
  • 38
    • 0034998757 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Timing of the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis; implications from new zircon U/Pb age data (and their limitations)
    • Mundil, R., Metcalfe, I., Ludwig, K. R., Renne, P. R., Oberli, F. & Nicoll, R. S. 2001 Timing of the Permian-Triassic biotic crisis; implications from new zircon U/Pb age data (and their limitations). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 187, 131-145.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.187 , pp. 131-145
    • Mundil, R.1    Metcalfe, I.2    Ludwig, K.R.3    Renne, P.R.4    Oberli, F.5    Nicoll, R.S.6
  • 39
    • 0031399058 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roadblocks on the kill curve: Testing the Raup hypothesis
    • Poag, C. W. 1997 Roadblocks on the kill curve: testing the Raup hypothesis. Palaios 12, 582-590.
    • (1997) Palaios , vol.12 , pp. 582-590
    • Poag, C.W.1
  • 40
    • 0005170444 scopus 로고
    • Impact cratering and flood basalt volcanism: Discussion
    • Rampino, M. R. 1987 Impact cratering and flood basalt volcanism: discussion. Nature 327, 468.
    • (1987) Nature , vol.327 , pp. 468
    • Rampino, M.R.1
  • 41
    • 84874981183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for abrupt latest Permian mass extinction of foraminifera: Results of tests for the Signor-Lipps effect
    • Rampino, M. R. & Adler, A. C. 1998 Evidence for abrupt latest Permian mass extinction of foraminifera: results of tests for the Signor-Lipps effect. Geology 26, 415-418.
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 415-418
    • Rampino, M.R.1    Adler, A.C.2
  • 42
    • 0024193967 scopus 로고
    • Flood basalt volcanism during the past 250 million years
    • Rampino, M. R. & Stothers, R. B. 1988 Flood basalt volcanism during the past 250 million years. Science 241, 663-668.
    • (1988) Science , vol.241 , pp. 663-668
    • Rampino, M.R.1    Stothers, R.B.2
  • 43
    • 84874963964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tempo of the end-Permian event: High-resolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian-Triassic boundary
    • Rampino, M. R., Prokoph, A. & Adler, A. 2000 Tempo of the end-Permian event: high-resolution cyclostratigraphy at the Permian-Triassic boundary. Geology 28, 643-646.
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 643-646
    • Rampino, M.R.1    Prokoph, A.2    Adler, A.3
  • 44
    • 37049184109 scopus 로고
    • Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications
    • Raup, D. M. 1979 Size of the Permo-Triassic bottleneck and its evolutionary implications. Science 206, 217-218.
    • (1979) Science , vol.206 , pp. 217-218
    • Raup, D.M.1
  • 45
    • 0001402433 scopus 로고
    • Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record
    • Raup, D. M. & Sepkoski Jr, J. J. 1982 Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 215, 1501-1503.
    • (1982) Science , vol.215 , pp. 1501-1503
    • Raup, D.M.1    Sepkoski Jr., J.J.2
  • 47
    • 0026281853 scopus 로고
    • Rapid eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary
    • Renne, P. R. & Basu, A. R. 1991 Rapid eruption of the Siberian Traps flood basalts at the Permo-Triassic boundary. Science 253, 176-179.
    • (1991) Science , vol.253 , pp. 176-179
    • Renne, P.R.1    Basu, A.R.2
  • 48
    • 0029531231 scopus 로고
    • Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism
    • Renne, P. R., Zhang, Z., Richards, M. A., Black, M. T. & Basu, A. R. 1995 Synchrony and causal relations between Permian-Triassic boundary crises and Siberian flood volcanism. Science 269, 1413-1416.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 1413-1416
    • Renne, P.R.1    Zhang, Z.2    Richards, M.A.3    Black, M.T.4    Basu, A.R.5
  • 49
    • 0028977627 scopus 로고
    • Permian-Triassic life crisis on land
    • Retallack, G. J. 1995 Permian-Triassic life crisis on land. Science 267, 77-80.
    • (1995) Science , vol.267 , pp. 77-80
    • Retallack, G.J.1
  • 50
    • 0242705043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Paleoenvironmental change across the Permian-Triassic boundary on land in southeastern Australia and Antarctica
    • abstract volume
    • Retallack, G. J. 1996 Paleoenvironmental change across the Permian-Triassic boundary on land in southeastern Australia and Antarctica. In Proc. Int. Geol. Congr. Beijing (abstract volume), p. 109.
    • (1996) Proc. Int. Geol. Congr. Beijing , pp. 109
    • Retallack, G.J.1
  • 51
    • 84879890562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Search for evidence of impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica and Australia
    • Retallack, G. J., Seyedolali, A., Krull, E. S., Holser, W. T., Ambers, C. P. & Kyte, F. T. 1998 Search for evidence of impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica and Australia. Geology 26, 979-982.
    • (1998) Geology , vol.26 , pp. 979-982
    • Retallack, G.J.1    Seyedolali, A.2    Krull, E.S.3    Holser, W.T.4    Ambers, C.P.5    Kyte, F.T.6
  • 52
    • 0034892881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • U-Pb zircon and titanite systematics of the Fish Canyon Tuff: An assessment of high-precision U-Pb geochronology and its application to young volcanic rocks
    • Schmitz, M. D. & Bowring, S. A. 2001 U-Pb zircon and titanite systematics of the Fish Canyon Tuff: an assessment of high-precision U-Pb geochronology and its application to young volcanic rocks. Geochim, Cosmochim. Acta 65, 2571-2587.
    • (2001) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.65 , pp. 2571-2587
    • Schmitz, M.D.1    Bowring, S.A.2
  • 53
    • 33745536359 scopus 로고
    • Revised world maps and introduction
    • ed. W. S. McKerrow & C. R. Scotese. Geological Society of London
    • Scotese, C. R. & McKerrow, W. S. 1990 Revised world maps and introduction. In Palaeozoic palaeogeography and biogeography (ed. W. S. McKerrow & C. R. Scotese), vol. 12, pp. 1-21. Geological Society of London.
    • (1990) Palaeozoic Palaeogeography and Biogeography , vol.12 , pp. 1-21
    • Scotese, C.R.1    McKerrow, W.S.2
  • 55
    • 0021563817 scopus 로고
    • A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions
    • Sepkoski Jr, J. J. 1984 A kinetic model of Phanerozoic taxonomic diversity. III. Post-Paleozoic families and mass extinctions. Paleobiology 10, 246-269.
    • (1984) Paleobiology , vol.10 , pp. 246-269
    • Sepkoski Jr., J.J.1
  • 56
    • 0001798237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: A perspective from global data bases
    • ed. O. H. Walliser. Springer
    • Sepkoski, J. J. 1996 Patterns of Phanerozoic extinction: a perspective from global data bases. In Global events and event stratigraphy (ed. O. H. Walliser), pp. 35-51. Springer.
    • (1996) Global Events and Event Stratigraphy , pp. 35-51
    • Sepkoski, J.J.1
  • 57
    • 0020342966 scopus 로고
    • Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns, and catastrophes in the fossil record
    • ed. L. T. Silver & P. H. Schultz. Geological Society of America Special Publication
    • Signor III, P. W. & Lipps, J. H. 1982 Sampling bias, gradual extinction patterns, and catastrophes in the fossil record. In Geological implications of impacts of large asteroids and comets on the Earth (ed. L. T. Silver & P. H. Schultz). Geological Society of America Special Publication, vol. 190, pp. 291-296.
    • (1982) Geological Implications of Impacts of Large Asteroids and Comets on the Earth , vol.190 , pp. 291-296
    • Signor III, P.W.1    Lipps, J.H.2
  • 58
    • 0028979162 scopus 로고
    • Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions
    • Smith, R. M. H. 1995 Changing fluvial environments across the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin, South Africa and possible causes of tetrapod extinctions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 117, 81-104.
    • (1995) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.117 , pp. 81-104
    • Smith, R.M.H.1
  • 60
    • 0030430306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sulfur, chlorine and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the Roza eruption, Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington, USA
    • Thordarson, T. & Self, S. 1996 Sulfur, chlorine and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the Roza eruption, Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington, USA. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 74, 49-73.
    • (1996) J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. , vol.74 , pp. 49-73
    • Thordarson, T.1    Self, S.2
  • 61
    • 84879882519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis
    • Twitchett, R. J., Looy, C. V., Morante, R., Visscher, H. & Wignall, P. B. 2001 Rapid and synchronous collapse of marine and terrestrial ecosystems during the end-Permian biotic crisis. Geology 29, 351-354.
    • (2001) Geology , vol.29 , pp. 351-354
    • Twitchett, R.J.1    Looy, C.V.2    Morante, R.3    Visscher, H.4    Wignall, P.B.5
  • 62
    • 0035164122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • K-Ar evidence from illitic clays of a Late Devonian age for the 120 km diameter Woodleigh impact structure, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia
    • Uysal, I. T., Golding, S. D., Glikson, A. Y., Mory, A. J. & Glikson, M. 2001 K-Ar evidence from illitic clays of a Late Devonian age for the 120 km diameter Woodleigh impact structure, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 192, 281-289.
    • (2001) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.192 , pp. 281-289
    • Uysal, I.T.1    Golding, S.D.2    Glikson, A.Y.3    Mory, A.J.4    Glikson, M.5
  • 63
    • 0035067113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions
    • Wignall, P. B. 2001 Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth Sci. Rev. 53, 1-33.
    • (2001) Earth Sci. Rev. , vol.53 , pp. 1-33
    • Wignall, P.B.1
  • 64
    • 0026443909 scopus 로고
    • Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: Fades evidence from northern Italy and the western United States
    • Wignall, P. B. & Hallam, A. 1992 Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: fades evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 93, 21-46.
    • (1992) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.93 , pp. 21-46
    • Wignall, P.B.1    Hallam, A.2
  • 65
    • 0027496173 scopus 로고
    • Griesbachian (earliest Triassic) palaeoenvironmental changes in the Salt Range, Pakistan and southeast China and their bearing on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction
    • Wignall, P. B. & Hallam, A. 1993 Griesbachian (earliest Triassic) palaeoenvironmental changes in the Salt Range, Pakistan and southeast China and their bearing on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 102, 215-237.
    • (1993) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.102 , pp. 215-237
    • Wignall, P.B.1    Hallam, A.2
  • 66
    • 0029767583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction
    • Wignall, P. B. & Twitchett, R. J. 1996 Oceanic anoxia and the end Permian mass extinction. Science 272, 1155-1158.
    • (1996) Science , vol.272 , pp. 1155-1158
    • Wignall, P.B.1    Twitchett, R.J.2
  • 67
    • 0242536094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The timing of palaeoenvironmental changes at the Permo-Triassic (P/Tr) boundary using conodont biostratigraphy
    • Wignall, P. B., Kozur, H. & Hallam, A. 1996 The timing of palaeoenvironmental changes at the Permo-Triassic (P/Tr) boundary using conodont biostratigraphy. Hist. Biol. 10, 175-189.
    • (1996) Hist. Biol. , vol.10 , pp. 175-189
    • Wignall, P.B.1    Kozur, H.2    Hallam, A.3
  • 68
    • 0031891087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • org chemostratigraphy, Fe and S geochemistry, facies, fauna and trace fossils
    • org chemostratigraphy, Fe and S geochemistry, facies, fauna and trace fossils. Geol. Mag. 135, 47-62.
    • (1998) Geol. Mag. , vol.135 , pp. 47-62
    • Wignall, P.B.1    Morante, R.2    Newton, R.3
  • 69
    • 0242705047 scopus 로고
    • The beginning climax and amplitude of transgression
    • ed. Z. Yang, S. Wu, H. Yin, G. Xu, K. Zhang & X. Bi. Beijing: Geological Publishing House
    • Wu, S., Liu, J. & Zhu, Q. 1993 The beginning climax and amplitude of transgression. In Permo-Triassic events of South China (ed. Z. Yang, S. Wu, H. Yin, G. Xu, K. Zhang & X. Bi), pp. 9-15. Beijing: Geological Publishing House.
    • (1993) Permo-Triassic Events of South China , pp. 9-15
    • Wu, S.1    Liu, J.2    Zhu, Q.3
  • 70
    • 0022249276 scopus 로고
    • Abundance variation of iridium and trace elements at the Permian/ Triassic boundary at Shangsi in China
    • Xu, D.-Y., Ma, S., Chia, Z.-F., Mao, X.-Y., Sun, Y.-Y., Zhang, Q. & Yang, Z.-Z. 1985 Abundance variation of iridium and trace elements at the Permian/Triassic boundary at Shangsi in China. Nature 314, 154-156.
    • (1985) Nature , vol.314 , pp. 154-156
    • Xu, D.-Y.1    Ma, S.2    Chia, Z.-F.3    Mao, X.-Y.4    Sun, Y.-Y.5    Zhang, Q.6    Yang, Z.-Z.7
  • 71
    • 0026470150 scopus 로고
    • The effects of volcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in South China
    • ed. W. C. Sweet, Z. Yang, J. M. Dickins & H. Yin. Cambridge University Press
    • Yin, H., Huang, S., Zhang, K., Hansen, H. J., Yang, F., Ding, M. & Bie, X. 1992 The effects of volcanism on the Permo-Triassic mass extinction in South China. In Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys (ed. W. C. Sweet, Z. Yang, J. M. Dickins & H. Yin), pp. 146-157. Cambridge University Press.
    • (1992) Permo-Triassic Events in the Eastern Tethys , pp. 146-157
    • Yin, H.1    Huang, S.2    Zhang, K.3    Hansen, H.J.4    Yang, F.5    Ding, M.6    Bie, X.7
  • 73
    • 0024250236 scopus 로고
    • The Permian-Triassic boundary event; a geochemical study of three Chinese sections
    • Zhou, L. & Kyte, F. T. 1988 The Permian-Triassic boundary event; a geochemical study of three Chinese sections. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 90, 411-421.
    • (1988) Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. , vol.90 , pp. 411-421
    • Zhou, L.1    Kyte, F.T.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.