Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic coronary heart disease. Issued by the executive committee of the german society of cardiology - Heart and circulation research in cooperation with the german society for prevention and rehabilitation of cardiac diseases and the german society for thoracic and cardiovascular surgery;Leitlinie zur diagnose und behandlung der chronischen koronaren herzerkrankung der deutschen gesellschaft für kardiologie - herz- und kreislaufforschung (DGK): In kooperation mit der deutschen gesellschaft für prävention und rehabilitation von herz-kreislauferkrankungen (DGPR) und der deutschen gesellschaft für thorax-, herz- und gefäßchirurgie (DGTHG)

Zeitschrift fur Kardiologie

Volumn 92, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 501-521

  Dietz, R ^a   Rauch, B ^b  

^a HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b KLINIKUM LUDWIGSHAFEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; AMLODIPINE; ATENOLOL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CARVEDILOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DILTIAZEM; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENT; METOPROLOL; NICARDIPINE; NIFEDIPINE; NISOLDIPINE; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; VERAPAMIL;

ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; HEART REHABILITATION; HUMAN; INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY;

EID: 0038110836     PISSN: 03005860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00392-003-0960-1     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (2002) Step six: assign classification of recommendations and strength of evidence. In: American College of Cardiology: Manual for ACC/AHA Guideline Writing Committees. Methodologies and Policies from the ACC/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines. http://www.acc.org/clinical/manual/manual_index.htm
2. Ades PA (2001) Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 345:892-902
3. Ajani UA, Gaziano JM, Lotufo PA, Liu S, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE (2000) Alcohol consumption and risk of coronary heart disease by diabetes status. Circulation 102:500-505
4. Al Khatib SM, Stebbins AL, Califf RM, Lee KL, Granger CB, White HD, Armstrong PW, Topol EJ, Ohman EM (2003) Sustained ventricular arrhythmias and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the GUSTO-III trial. Am Heart J 145:515-521
5. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration (1994) Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy - I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 308:81-106
6. Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften (AWMF) (2002) Leitlinien der Deutschen Diabetes-Gesellschaft: Diabetes mellitus Typ 2. AWMF-Leitlinien-Register Nr. 057/012K. http://www.uni-duesseldorf.de/WWW/AWMF/11/diab012k.htm
7. Arntz HR, Tebbe U, Schuster HP, Sauer G, Meyer J (2000) Leitlinien zur Diagnostik und Therapie des akuten Herzinfarktes in der Prähospitalphase. Z Kardiol 89:364-372
8. Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H (2002) Simple scoring scheme for calculating the risk of acute coronary events based on the 10-year follow-up of the prospective cardiovascular Munster (PROCAM) study. Circulation 105:310-315
9. Baessler A, Hengstenberg C, Holmer S, Fischer M, Mayer B, Hubauer U, Klein G, Riegger G, Schunkert H (2001) Long-term effects of in-hospital cardiac rehabilitation on the cardiac risk profile. A case-control study in pairs of siblings with myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J 22:1111-1118
10. Balady GJ, Ades PA, Comoss P, Limacher M, Pina IL, Southard D, Williams MA, Bazzarre T (2000) Core components of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association and the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Group. Circulation 102:1069-1073
11. Berlin LJ, Puddey IB (1993) Alcohol, hypertension and cardiovascular disease-implications for management. Clin Exp Hypertens 15:1157-1170
12. Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, for the CLASSICS Investigators (2000) Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation 102:624-629
13. Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KA, Wallentin LC, Hamm CW, McFadden E, De Feyter PJ, Specchia G, Ruzyllo W (2002) Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 23:1809-1840
14. Bhatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB, L'Allier PL, Moussa I, Moses JW, Dangas G, Taniuchi M, Lasala JM, Holmes DR, Ellis SG, Topol EJ (2002) Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:9-14
15. Bigger JT Jr, Fleiss JL, Kleiger R, Miller JP, Rolnitzky LM (1984) The relationships among ventricular arrhythmias, left ventricular dysfunction, and mortality in the 2 years after myocardial infarction. Circulation 69:250-258
16. Boudrez H, De Backer G (2000) Recent findings on return to work after an acute myocardial infarction or coronary artery bypass grafting. Acta Cardiol 55:341-349
17. Braunwald E (1998) Unstable angina: an etiologic approach to management. Circulation 98:2219-2222
18. Brown G, Albers JJ, Fisher LD, Schaefer SM, Lin JT, Kaplan C, Zhao XQ, Bisson BD, Fitzpatrick VF, Dodge HT (1990) Regression of coronary artery disease as a result of intensive lipid-lowering therapy in men with high levels of apolipoprotein B. N Engl J Med 323:1289-1298
19. Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Meier G (2002) N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 112:298-304
20. Buchwalsky G, Buchwalsky R, Held K (2002) Langzeitwirkung der Nachsorge in emer ambulanten Herzgruppe. Eine Fall-/Kontrollstudie. Z Kardiol 91:139-146
21. Bunker SJ, Colquhoun DM, Esler MD, Hickie IB, Hunt D, Jelinek VM, Oldenburg BF, Peach HG, Ruth D, Tennant CC, Tonkin AM (2003) "Stress" and coronary heart disease: psychosocial risk factors. Med J Aust 178:272-276
22. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM, Elwood PC, Deadman NM (1989) Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART). Lancet 2:757-761
23. Campeau L (2002) The Canadian Cardiovascular Society grading of angina pectoris revisited 30 years later. Can J Cardiol 18:371-379
24. Campeau L (1976) Letter: Grading of angina pectoris. Circulation 54:522-523
25. Canto JG, Shlipak MG, Rogers WJ, Malmgren JA, Frederick PD, Lambrew CT, Ornato JP, Barron HV, Kiefe CI (2000) Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and mortality among patients with myocardial infarction presenting without chest pain. JAMA 283:3223-3229
26. CAPRIE Steering Committee (1996) A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 348:1329-1339
27. Carlsson R (1998) Serum cholesterol, lifestyle, working capacity and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease. Experiences from a hospital-based secondary prevention programme. Scand Cardiovasc J Suppl 50:1-20
28. Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Beevers G, Faire U, Fyhrquist F, Ibsen H, Kristiansson K, Lederballe-Pedersen O, Lindholm LH, Nieminen MS, Omvik P, Oparil S, Wedel H (2002) Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003
29. Davies MJ (2000) The pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Heart 83:361-366
30. Davies SW (2001) Clinical presentation and diagnosis of coronary artery disease: stable angina. Br Med Bull 59:17-27
31. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Defaye P, Mabo P, Paillard F (2002) Dietary prevention of sudden cardiac death. Eur Heart J 23:277-285
32. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N (1999) Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet Heart Study. Circulation 99:779-785
33. De Wardener HE, MacGregor GA (2002) Sodium and blood pressure. Curr Opin Cardiol 17:360-367
34. Detry JR, Vierendeel IA, Vanbutsele RJ, Robert AR (2001) Early short-term intensive cardiac rehabilitation induces positive results as long as one year after the acute coronary event: a prospective one-year controlled study. J Cardiovasc Risk 8:355-361
35. Deutsche Hochdruckliga, Deutsche Hypertonie Gesellschaft (2001) Leithnien für die Prävention, Erkennung, Diagnostik und Therapie der arteriellen Hypertonie. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 126(Suppl 4):S201-S238
36. Diegeler A, Thiele H, Falk V, Hambrecht R, Spyrantis N, Sick P, Diederich KW, Mohr FW, Schuler G (2002) Comparison of stenting with minimally invasive bypass surgery for stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery. N Engl J Med 347:561-566
37. Dubach P, Myers J, Dziekan G, Goerre S, Buser P, Laske A (1995) Effect of residential cardiac rehabilitation following bypass surgery. Observations in Switzerland. Chest 108:1434-1439
38. Dubach P, Myers J, Wagner D (1998) Optimal timing of phase II rehabilitation after cardiac surgery. The cardiologist's view. Eur Heart J 19(Suppl 0):035-037
39. Dugmore LD, Tipson RJ, Phillips MH, Flint EJ, Stentiford NH, Bone MF, Littler WA (1999) Changes in cardiorespiratory fitness, psychological wellbeing, quality of life, and vocational status following a 12 month cardiac exercise rehabilitation programme. Heart 81:359-366
40. Dusseldorp E, van Elderen T, Maes S, Meulman J, Kraaij V (1999) A meta-analysis of psychoeducational programs for coronary heart disease patients. Health Psychol 18:506-519
41. Eagle KA, Guyton RA, Davidoff R, Ewy GA, Fonger J, Gardner TJ, Gott JP, Herrmann HC, Marlow RA, Nugent W, O'Connor GT, Orszulak TA, Rieselbach RE, Winters WL, Yusuf S, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Garson A Jr, Gregoratos G, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr (1999) ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery: executive summary and recommendations: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1991 guidelines for coronary artery bypass graft surgery). Circulation 100:1464-1480
42. Engblom E, Korpilahti K, Hamalainen H, Ronnemaa T, Puukka P (1997) Quality of life and return to work 5 years after coronary artery bypass surgery. Long-term results of cardiac rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 17:29-36
43. ENRICHD Investigators (2001) Enhancing Recovery in Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study intervention: rationale and design. Psychosom Med 63:747-755
44. EUROASPIRE Study Group (1997) EUROASPIRE. A European Society of Cardiology survey of secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: principal results. European Action on Secondary Prevention through Intervention to Reduce Events. Eur Heart J 18:1569-1582
45. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) (2001) Executive summary of the third report of the national cholesterol education program (NCEP). JAMA 285:2486-2497
46. Fattori R, Piva T (2003) Drug-eluting stents in vascular intervention. Lancet 361:247-249
47. Frasure-Smith N, Lesperance F, Talajic M (1995) Depression and 18-month prognosis after myocardial infarction. Circulation 91:999-1005
48. Froom P, Cohen C, Rashcupkin J, Kristal-Boneh E, Melamed S, Benbassat J, Ribak J (1999) Referral to occupational medicine clinics and resumption of employment after myocardial infarction. J Occup Environ Med 41:943-947
49. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O (2003) Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348:383-393
50. Gauri AJ, Raxwal VK, Roux L, Fearon WF, Froelicher VF (2001) Effects of chronotropic incompetence and beta-blocker use on the exercise treadmill test in men. Am Heart J 142:136-141
51. Gibbons RJ, Abrams J, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Deedwania PC, Douglas JS, Ferguson TB Jr, Fihn SD, Fraker TD Jr, Gardin JM, O'Rourke RA, Pasternak RC, Williams SV, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Antman EM, Hiratzka LF, Fuster V, Faxon DP, Gregoratos G, Jacobs AK, Smith SC Jr (2003) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for the management of patients with chronic stable angina-summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina). Circulation 107:149-158
52. Gibbons RJ, Balady GJ, Bricker JT, Chaitman BR, Fletcher GF, Froelicher VF, Mark DB, McCallister BD, Mooss AN, O'Reilly MG, Winters WL Jr, Gibbons RJ, Antman EM, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Russell RO, Smith SC Jr (2002) ACC/AHA 2002 guideline update for exercise testing: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Update the 1997 Exercise Testing Guidelines). Circulation 106:1883-1892
53. Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM, Grunwald MA, Levy D, Lytle BW, O'Rourke RA, Schafer WP, Williams SV, Ritchie JL, Cheitlin MD, Eagle KA, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr (1999) ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines (committee on management of patients with chronic stable angina). J Am Coll Cardiol 33:2092-2197
54. Goble AJ, Worcester MUC (1999) Best practice guidelines for cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention. Heart research centre. Melbourne, on behalf of Department of Human Services Victoria
55. Gohlke H, Kubler W, Mathes P, Meinertz T, Schuler G, Gysan DB, Sauer G (2002) Empfehlungen zur umfassenden Risikoverringerung für Patienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung, Gefäßerkrankungen und Diabetes. Herausgegeben vom Vorstand der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Kardiologie - Herz- und Kreislaufforschung. Bearbeitet im Auftrag der Kommission Klinische Kardiologie durch die Projektgruppe Prävention. Z Kardiol 91(Suppl 2):61-62
56. Guidelines Subcommittee (1999) World Health Organization-International society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-183
57. Guyton JR (2002) Clinical assessment of atherosclerotic lesions: emerging from angiographic shadows. Circulation 106:1308-1309
58. Hamalainen H, Luurila OJ, Kallio V, Knuts LR (1995) Reduction in sudden deaths and coronary mortality in myocardial infarction patients after rehabilitation. 15 year follow-up study. Eur Heart J 16:1839-1844
59. Hamm CW, Bertrand M, Braunwald E (2001) Acute coronary syndrome without ST elevation: implementation of new guidelines. Lancet 358:1533-1538
60. Hamm CW, Braunwald E (2000) A classification of unstable angina revisited. Circulation 102:118-122
61. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR, Williams PT, Johnstone IM, Champagne MA, Krauss RM (1994) Effects of intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 89:975-990
62. Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 360:7-22
63. Hedback B, Perk J, Hornblad M, Ohlsson U (2001) Cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass surgery: 10-year results on mortality, morbidity and readmissions to hospital. J Cardiovasc Risk 8:153-158
64. Hedback B, Perk J, Wodlin P (1993) Long-term reduction of cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction: 10-year results of a comprehensive rehabilitation programme. Eur Heart J 14:831-835
65. Hellermann JP, Jacobsen SJ, Gersh BJ, Rodeheffer RJ, Reeder GS, Roger VL (2002) Heart failure after myocardial infarction: a review. Am J Med 113:324-330
66. Hemingway H, Malik M, Marmot M (2001) Social and psychosocial influences on sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac autonomic function. Eur Heart J 22:1082-1101
67. Hermanson B, Omenn GS, Kronmal RA, Gersh BJ (1988) Beneficial six-year outcome of smoking cessation in older men and women with coronary artery disease. Results from the CASS registry. N Engl J Med 319:1365-1369
68. Higgins HC, Hayes RL, McKenna KT (2001) Rehabilitation outcomes following percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Patient Educ Couns 43:219-230
69. Hofman-Bang C, Lisspers J, Nordlander R, Nygren A, Sundin O, Ohman A, Ryden L (1999) Two-year results of a controlled study of residential rehabilitation for patients treated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. A randomized study of a multifactorial programme. Eur Heart J 20:1465-1474
70. Hokanson JE, Austin MA (1996) Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies. J Cardiovasc Risk 3:213-219
71. Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, MacLellan WR, Woo MA, Tillisch JH (2001) The relationship between obesity and mortality in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:789-795
72. Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F (1998) Triglyceride concentration and ischemic heart disease: an eight-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Circulation 97:1029-1036
73. Jereczek M, Andresen D, Schroder J, Voller H, Bruggemann T, Deutschmann C, Schroder R (1993) Prognostic value of ischemia during Holter monitoring and exercise testing after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 72:8-13
74. Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, Thompson D, Oldridge N, Ebrahim S (2003) Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003. Oxford: Update Software
75. Karoff M, Roseler S, Lorenz C, Kittel J (2000) Intensivierte Nachsorge (INA) - ein Verfahren zur Verbesserung der beruflichen Reintegration nach Herzinfarkt und/oder Bypass-operation. Z Kardiol 89:423-433
76. Kastrati A, Dirschinger J, Boekstegers P, Elezi S, Schuhlen H, Pache J, Steinbeck G, Schmitt C, Ulm K, Neumann FJ, Schomig A (2000) Influence of stent design on 1-year outcome after coronary stent placement: a randomized comparison of five stent types in 1,147 unselected patients. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 50:290-297
77. Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Dirschinger J, Dotzer F, Schuhlen H, Neumann FJ, Fleckenstein M, Pfafferott C, Seyfarth M, Schomig A (2001) Intracoronary stenting and angiographic results: strut thickness effect on restenosis outcome (ISAR-STEREO) trial. Circulation 103:2816-2821
78. Kavanagh T, Mertens DJ, Hamm LF, Beyene J, Kennedy J, Corey P, Shephard RJ (2002) Prediction of long-term prognosis in 12 169 men referred for cardiac rehabilitation. Circulation 106:666-671
79. Köllner V (2001) Welche somatischen und psychologischen Faktoren bestimmen den postoperativen Verlauf nach Herzoperationen? In: Rauch B, Held K (Hrsg) Der schwerkranke und multimorbide Herzpatient - eine Herausforderung für die kardiologische Rehabilitation. Steinkopff, Darmstadt, S 93-97
80. Krohn BG, Kay JH, Mendez MA, Zubiate P, Kay GL (1990) Rapid sustained recovery after cardiac operations. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 100:194-197
81. Kubler W (2002) Secondary and primary prevention of coronary heart disease: platelet aggregation inhibitors and anticoagulants. Z Kardiol 91(Suppl 2):40-48
82. Ladwig KH, Kieser M, Konig J, Breithardt G, Borggrefe M (1991) Affective disorders and survival after acute myocardial infarction. Results from the post-infarction late potential study. Eur Heart J 12:959-964
83. LaRosa JC (2000) Poor compliance: the hidden risk factor. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2:1-4
84. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S (1999) Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 282:2340-2346
85. Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, Gordon PC, Cutlip DE, Ho KK, Giambartolomei A, Diver DJ, Lasorda DM, Williams DO, Pocock SJ, Kuntz RE (1998) A clinical trial comparing three antithrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 339:1665-1671
86. Libby P, Aikawa M (2003) Mechanisms of plaque stabilization with statins. Am J Cardiol 91(Suppl 4A):4B-8B
87. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A (2002) Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 105:1135-1143
88. Linden W, Stossel C, Maurice J (1996) Psychosocial interventions for patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 156:745-752
89. Mark DB, Lam LC, Lee KL, Clapp-Channing NE, Williams RB, Pryor DB, Califf RM, Hlatky MA (1992) Identification of patients with coronary disease at high risk for loss of employment. A prospective validation study. Circulation 86:1485-1494
90. Mayou RA, Gill D, Thompson DR, Day A, Hicks N, Volmink J, Neil A (2000) Depression and anxiety as predictors of outcome after myocardial infarction. Psychosom Med 62:212-219
91. McDermott MM, Schmitt B, Wallner E (1997) Impact of medication non-adherence on coronary heart disease outcomes. A critical review. Arch Intern Med 157:1921-1929
92. Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, Malmberg K, Rupprecht H, Zhao F, Chrolavicius S, Copland I, Fox KA (2001) Effects of pretreatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet 358:527-533
93. Mittag O, Kolenda KD, Nordman KJ, Bernien J, Maurischat C (2001) Return to work after myocardial infarction/coronary artery bypass grafting: patients' and physicians' initial viewpoints and outcome 12 months later. Soc Sci Med 52:1441-1450
94. Mohr VD, Brechtel T, Döbler K, Fischer B (Hrsg) (2002) Qualität sichtbar machen. BQS-Qualitätsreport 2001. Düsseldorf: BQS Bundesgeschäftsstelle Qualitätssicherung gGmbH, www.bqs-online.de
95. Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, Ecollan P, Elhadad S, Villain P, Boulenc JM, Morice MC, Maillard L, Pansieri M, Choussat R, Pinton P (2001) Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 344:1895-1903
96. Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P, Guagliumi G, Molnar F, Falotico R (2002) A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med 346:1773-1780
97. Moser M (2002) Current recommendations for the treatment of hypertension: are they still valid? J Hypertens 20(Suppl 1):S3-10
98. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, Levine JHH, Saksena S, Waldo AL, Wilber D, Brown MW, Heo M (1996) Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 335:1933-1940
99. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JR Higgins SL, Brown MW, Andrews ML (2002) Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 346:877-883
100. Mullen PD, Mains DA, Velez R (1992) A meta-analysis of controlled trials of cardiac patient education. Patient Educ Couns 19:143-162
101. Myrtek M, Kaiser A, Rauch B, Jansen G (1997) Factors associated with work resumption: a 5 year follow-up with cardiac patients. Int J Cardiol 59:291-297
102. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (1997) The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. NIH Publications No. 98-4080
103. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, North American Association for the Study of Obesity (2000) The practical guide: identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. NIH Publication No. 00-4084
104. New Zealand Guidelines Group (NZGG) New Zealand Heart Foundation (2002) Best practice evidence-based guideline - cardiac rehabilitation. http://www.nzgg.org.nz/
105. Newby KH, Thompson T, Stebbins A, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Natale A (1998) Sustained ventricular arrhythmias in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy: incidence and outcomes. The GUSTO Investigators. Circulation 98:2567-2573
106. Nguyen-Ho P, Kaluza GL, Zymek PT, Raizner AE (2002) Intracoronary brachytherapy. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 56:281-288
107. Niebauer J, Hambrecht R, Velich T, Hauer K, Marburger C, Kalberer B, Weiss C, von Hodenberg E, Schlierf G, Schuler G, Zimmermann R, Kubler W (1997) Attenuated progression of coronary artery disease after 6 years of multifactorial risk intervention: role of physical exercise. Circulation 96:2534-2541
108. Noyez L, Onundu JW, Janssen DP, Stotnicki SH, Lacquet LK (1999) Myocardial revascularization in patients
109. O'Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, Goldhaber SZ, Olmstead EM, Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hennekens CH (1989) An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 80:234-244
110. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA (1988) Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 260:945-950
111. Ravid M, Lang R, Rachmani R, Lishner M (1996) Long-term renoprotective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A 7-year follow-up study. Arch Intern Med 156:286-289
112. Rozanski A, Blumenthal JA, Kaplan J (1999) Impact of psychological factors on the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and implications for therapy. Circulation 99:2192-2217
113. Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet AM, Carabello B, Dehmer GJ, Eagle KA, Legako RD, Leon DF, Murray JA, Nissen SE, Pepine CJ, Watson RM, Ritchie JL, Gibbons RJ, Cheitlin MD, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Russell RO Jr, Ryan TJ, Smith SC Jr (1999) ACC/AHA guidelines for coronary angiography: executive summary and recommendations. A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines (committee on coronary angiography) developed in collaboration with the society for cardiac angiography and interventions. Circulation 99:2345-2357
114. Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G, Niebauer J, Hauer K, Neumann J, Hoberg E, Drinkmann A, Bacher F, Grunze M (1992) Regular physical exercise and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease. Circulation 86:1-11
115. Scottish Guideline Intercollegiate Network (SIGN) (2002) Cardiac rehabilitation. A national clinical guldeline. SIGN Publication No. 57. www.sign.ac.uk
116. Sdringola S, Nakagawa K, Nakagawa Y, Yusuf SW, Boccalandro F, Mullani N, Haynie M, Hess MJ, Gould KL (2003) Combined intense lifestyle and pharmacologic lipid treatment further reduce coronary events and myocardial perfusion abnormalities compared with usual-care cholesterol-lowering drugs in coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 41:263-272
117. Second Joint Task Force of European and other Societies (1998) Prevention of coronary heart disease in clinical practice. Recommendations of the second joint task force of european and other societies on coronary prevention. Eur Heart J 19:1434-1503
118. Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G, Emanuelsson H, Marco J, Legrand V, Materne P, Belardi J, Sigwart U, Colombo A, Goy JJ, Van den Heuvel P, Delcan J, Morel MA (1994) A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med 331:489-495
119. Smith SC Jr, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, Dracup K, Fuster V, Gotto A, Grundy SM, Miller NH, Jacobs A, Jones D, Krauss RM, Mosca L, Ockene I, Pasternak RC, Pearson T, Pfeffer MA, Starke RD, Taubert KA (2001) AHA/ACC Scientific Statement: AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update: a statement for healthcare professionals from the american heart association and the american college of cardiology. Circulation 104:1577-1579
120. Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, Kennedy JW, Kereiakes D, Kern MJ, Kuntz RE, Popma JJ, Schaff HV, Williams DO, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JP, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO (2001) ACC/AHA guidelines for percutaneous coronary intervention (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines)-executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines (Committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty) endorsed by the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. Circulation 103:3019-3041
121. Stamler J, Wentworth D, Neaton JD (1986) Is relationship between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from coronary heart disease continuous and graded? Findings in 356,222 primary screenees of the multiple risk factor intervention trial (MRFIT). JAMA 256:2823-2828
122. Stary HC, Chandler AB, Dinsmore RE, Fuster V, Glagov S, Insull W Jr, Rosenfeld ME, Schwartz CJ, Wagner WD, Wissler RW (1995) A definition of advanced types of atherosclerotic lesions and a histological classification of atherosclerosis. A report from the committee on vascular kesions of the council on arteriosclerosis, american heart association. Circulation 92:1355-1374
123. The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group (2002) Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: The antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2997
124. The EUCLID Study Group (1997) Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and normoalbuminuria or microalbuminuria. Lancet 349:1787-1792
125. Tousoulis D, Davies GJ, Crake T, Toutouzas PC (2002) Vasomotion and nitric oxide bioactivity in diseased coronary arteries. Heart 87:320-321
126. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, Holman RR (1998) Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ 316:823-828
127. US Department for Health and Human Services. Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) (1995) Cardiac rehabilitation, clinical guideline number 17. AHCPR Publication 96-0672
128. Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A, Cokkinos DV, Falk E, Fox KA, Julian D, Lengyel M, Neumann FJ, Ruzyllo W, Thygesen C, Underwood SR, Vahanian A, Verheugt FW, Wijns W (2003) Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The task force on the management of acute myocardial infarction of the european society of cardiology. Eur Heart J 24:28-66
129. Van den Hoogen PC, Feskens EJ, Nagelkerke NJ, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Kromhout D (2000) The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven countries study research group. N Engl J Med 342:1-8
130. Verschuren WM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BP, Kromhout D, Menotti A, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R, Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Karvonen MJ, Nedeljkovic S, Nissinen A, Toshima H (1995) Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 274:131-136
131. Vogt A, Engel HJ, Glunz HG, Sattelberger U, Reil GH, Sechtem U, Sabin G, Senges J, Hanrath P, Neuhaus KL (2002) Early results of coronary angioplasty despite more complex interventions (Registry of The German Community Hospitals 1993-2000). Am J Cardiol 90:1005-1009
132. Volpi A, Cavalli A, Franzosi MG, Maggioni A, Mauri F, Santoro E, Tognoni G (1989) One-year prognosis of primary ventricular fibrillation complicating acute myocardial infarction. The GISSI (Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Streptochinasi nell'Infarto miocardico) investigators. Am J Cardiol 63:1174-1178
133. Volpi A, Cavalli A, Santoro E, Tognoni G (1990) Incidence and prognosis of secondary ventricular fibrillation in acute myocardial infarction. Evidence for a protective effect of thrombolytic therapy. GISSI Investigators. Circulation 82:1279-1288
134. Volpi A, Cavalli A, Turato R, Barlera S, Santoro E, Negri E (2001) Incidence and short-term prognosis of late sustained ventricular tachycardia after myocardial infarction: results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Soprawivenza nell'Infarto Miocardico (GISSI-3) Data Base. Am Heart J 142:87-92
135. Wallner S, Watzinger N, Lindschinger M, Smolle KH, Toplak H, Eber B, Dittrich P, Elmadfa I, Klein W, Krejs GJ, Wascher TC (1999) Effects of intensified lifestyle modification on the need for further revascularization after coronary angioplasty. Eur J Clin Invest 29:372-379
136. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Walker M (2000) Physical activity and mortality in older men with diagnosed coronary heart disease. Circulation 102:1358-1363
137. Whelton SP, Chin A, Xin X, He J (2002) Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 136:493-503
138. Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Branny M, St'asek J, Formanek P (2003) Long distance transport for primary
139. Willett WC, Dietz WH, Colditz GA (1999) Guidelines for healthy weight. N Engl J Med 341:427-434
140. Willich SN, Muller-Nordhorn J, Kulig M, Binting S, Gohlke H, Hahmann H, Bestehorn K, Krobot K, Voller H (2001) Cardiac risk factors, medication, and recurrent clinical events after acute coronary disease; a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J 22:307-313
141. Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P, Beilin LJ, Brown MA, Jennings GL, Johnston CI, McNeil JJ, Macdonald GJ, Marley JE, Morgan TO, West MJ (2003) A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-conver ting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 348:583-592
142. World Health Organization Expert Committee (1993) Rehabilitation after cardiovascular diseases, with special emphasis on developing countries. Technical report series, No. 831. Geneva: World Health Organization
143. Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA (2002) Obesity. N Engl J Med 346:591-602
144. Yusuf S (2002) From the HOPE to the ONTARGET and the TRANSCEND studies: challenges in improving prognosis. Am J Cardiol 89:18A-25A
145. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G (2000) Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The heart outcomes prevention evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153