New evidence for a reduced water balance in East Africa during the Last Glacial Maximum: Implication for model-data comparison

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 8-9, 2003, Pages 823-837

  Barker, Philip ^a   Gasse, Françoise ^b  

^a LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b CEREGE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS; CATCHMENTS; CLIMATOLOGY; DATA REDUCTION; WATER;

WATER BALANCE;

GLACIERS;

DIATOM; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; LAKE LEVEL; LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM; PALEOBOTANY; PALEOCLIMATE; WATER BUDGET;

(EAST); AFRICA;

BACILLARIOPHYTA;

EID: 0038069023     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0277-3791(03)00010-6     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Baker, P.A., Seltzer, G.O., Fritz, S.C., Dunbar, R.B., Grove, M.J., Tapia, P.M., Cross, S.L., Rowe, H.D., Broda, J.P., 2001. The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years. Science 291, 640-643.
2. Bard, E., Rostek, F., Sonzogni, C., 1997. Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry. Nature 385, 707-710.
3. Barker, P.A., 1992. Differential diatom dissolution in Late Quaternary sediments from Lake Manyara, Tanzania: an experimental approach. Journal of Paleolimnology 7, 235-251.
4. Barker, P., Gasse, F., Roberts, N., Taieb, M., 1990. Taphonomy and diagenesis in diatom assemblages; a Late Pleistocene palaeoecological study from Lake Magadi, Kenya. Hydrobiologia 214, 267-272.
5. Barker, P., Telford, R., Merdaci, O., Williamson, D., Taieb, M., Vincens, A., Gibert, E., 2000. The sensitivity of a Tanzanian crater lake to catastrophic tephra input and four millennia of climate change. The Holocene 10, 303-310.
6. Barker, P., Telford, R., Gasse, F., Thevenon, R., 2002. Late Pleistocene and Holocene palaeohydrology of Lake Rukwa, Tanzania, inferred from diatom analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187, 295-306.
7. Barker, P., Williamson, D., Gasse, F. submitted. Local and regional forcing factors revealed in a 50,000 year diatom record from Lake Massoko, Tanzania. Submitted to Quaternary Research.
8. Barry, S.L., 2001. Stratigraphic correlation and geochronology of varved sediments from Lake Malawi, East Africa. Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, University of Minnesota.
9. Barry, S.L., Filippi, M.L., Talbot, M.R., Johnson, T.C., 2002. Sedimentology and geochronology of Late Pleistocene and Holocene sediments from northern Lake Malawi. In: Odada, E.O., Olago, D.O. (Eds.), East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Paleolimnology and Biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 369-391.
10. Beltrando, G., 1990. Space-time variability of rainfall in April and October and November over East-Africa during the period 1932-1983. International Journal of Climatology 10, 691-702.
11. Berger, A., 1978. Long-term variations of daily insolation and Quaternary climatic changes. Journal of Atmospheric Science 35, 2362-2367.
12. Berger, A., Loutre, M.F., 1991. Insolation values for the climate of the last 10 million years. Quaternary Science Reviews 10, 297-317.
13. Bergonzini, L., 1998. Bilans hydriques de lacs (Kivu, Tanganyika, Rukwa and Nyassa) du Rift Est Africain. Musee Royal de L'Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgique.
14. Bergonzini, L., Chalie, F., Gasse, F., 1997. Paleoevaporation and paleoprecipitation in the Tanganyika basin at 18,000 years BP inferred from hydrologic and vegetation proxies. Quaternary Research 47, 295-305.
15. Bergonzini, L., Gibert, E., Winckel, A., Merdaci, O., 2001. Water and isotopic (O-18 and H-2) budget of Lake Massoko, Tanzania. Quantification of exchange between Lake and groundwater. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences Serie II Fascicule a-Sciences de la Terre et des Planetes 333, 617-623.
16. Beuning, K.R.M., Kelts, K., Ito, E., Johnson, T.C., 1997a. Paleohydrology of Lake Victoria, East Africa, inferred from oxygen isotope ratios in sediment cellulose. Geology 25, 1083-1086.
17. Beuning, K.R.M., Talbot, M.R., Kelts, K., 1997b. A revised 30,000-year paleoclimatic and paleohydrologic history of Lake Albert, East Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 136, 259-279.
18. Birkett, C., Murtugudde, R., Allan, T., 1999. Indian Ocean climate event brings floods to East Africa's lakes and the Sudd marsh. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 1031-1034.
19. Bonnefille, R., Chalié, F., 2000. Pollen-inferred precipitation time-series from equatorial mountains, Africa, the last 40 kyr BP. Global and Planetary Change 26, 25-50.
20. Bonnefille, R., Roeland, J.C., Guiot, J., 1990. Temperature and rainfall estimates for the past ca 40,000 years in equatorial Africa. Nature 346, 347-349.
21. Braconnot, P., Joussaume, S., Marti, O., de Noblet, N., 1999. Synergistic feedbacks from ocean and vegetation on the African monsoon response to mid-Holocene insolation. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 2481-2484.
22. Broecker, W.S., 1997a. Future directions of paleoclimate research. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 821-825.
23. Broecker, W.S., 1997b. Mountain glaciers: recorders of atmospheric water vapor content? Global Biogeochemical Cycles 11, 589-597.
24. Broecker, W.S., Peteet, D., Hajdas, I., Lin, J., Clark, E., 1998. Antiphasing between rainfall in Africa's rift valley and North America's great basin. Quaternary Research 50, 12-20.
25. Buckle, C., 1996. Weather and Climate in Africa. Addison Wesley Longman, Harlow, Essex, 312 pp.
26. Bush, A.G.B., Philander, S.G.H., 1998. The role of ocean-atmosphere interactions in tropical cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum. Science 279, 1341-1344.
27. Butzer, K.W., 1980. The Holocene lake plain of North Rudolf, East Africa. Physical Geography 1, 42-58.
28. Butzer, K.W., Isaac, G.L., Richardson, J.L., Washbourn-Kamou, C., 1972. Radiocarbon dating of East African lake levels. Science 175, 1069-1076.
29. Camberlin, P., 1995. June-September rainfall in north-eastern Africa and atmospheric signals over the tropics - a zonal perspective. International Journal of Climatology 15, 773-783.
30. Cane, M.A., 1998. Climate change: a role for the Tropical Pacific. Science 282, 59-61.
31. 14C, Th/U) on fossil stromatolites. Quaternary Research 38, 205-226.
32. Chalié, F., 1995. Paléoclimats du bassin Tanganyika sud au cours des 25 derniers mille ans. Reconstruction quantitative par le traitement statistique des données polliniques. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris Série 2320, 205-208.
33. Chalié, F., Gasse, F., 2002. A 13,500 year diatom record from the tropical East African Rift Lake Abiyata (Ethiopia). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 187, 259-284.
34. Chapman, M.R., Shackleton, N.J., Zhao, M., Eglinton, G., 1996. Faunal and alkenone reconstructions of subtropical North Atlantic surface hydrography and paleotemperature over the last 26 kyr. Paleoceanography 11, 343-357.
35. Claussen, M., Kubatzki, C., Brovkin, V., Ganopolski, A., Hoelzmann, P., Pachur, H.J., 1999. Simulation of an abrupt change in Saharan vegetation in the mid-Holocene. Geophysical Research Letters 26, 2037-2040.
36. CLIMAP Project Members, 1981. Seasonal reconstruction of the earth's surface at the Last Glacial Maximum. Geological Society of America, Map and Chart Series 36.
37. Coe, M.T., Bonan, G.B., 1997. Feedbacks between climate and surface water in northern Africa during the middle Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 102, 11087-11101.
38. Cohen, A.S., Scholz, C.A., Johnson, T.C., 2000. The International Decade of East African Lakes (IDEAL) drilling initiative for the African great lakes. Journal of Paleolimnology 24, 231-235.
39. de Busk, G.H., 1998. A 37,500-year pollen record from Lake Malawi and implications for the biogeography of afromontane forests. Journal of Biogeography 25, 479-500.
40. de Noblet, N., Prentice, I., Joussaume, S., Texier, D., Botta, A., Haxeltine, A., 1996. Possible role of atmosphere-biosphere interactions in triggering the last glaciation. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 3191-3194.
41. Eugster, H.P., 1980. Lake Magadi, Kenya and its precursors. In: Nissenbaum, A. (Ed.), Hypersaline brines and evaporitic environments. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 195-231.
42. Farrera, I., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Ramstein, G., Guiot, J., Bartlein, P.J., Bonnefille, R., Bush, M., Cramer, W., von Grafenstein, U., Holmgren, K., Hooghiemstra, H., Hope, G., Jolly, D., Lauritzen, S.E., Ono, Y., Pinot, S., Stute, M., Yu, G., 1999. Tropical climates at the Last Glacial Maximum: a new synthesis of terrestrial palaeoclimate data. 1. Vegetation, lake levels and geochemistry. Climate Dynamics 15, 823-856.
43. Filippi, M., Talbot, M.R., in prep. A geochemical record of limnological change for the last 20,000 years from northern Lake Malawi.
44. Finney, B.P., Johnson, T.C., 1991. Sedimentation in Lake Malawi (East-Africa) during the past 10,000 Years - a continuous paleoclimatic record from the Southern Tropics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85, 351-366.
45. Finney, B.P., Sholz, C.A., Johnson, T.C., Trumbore, S., 1996. Late Quaternary lake-level changes of Lake Malawi. In: Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (Eds.), The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 495-508.
46. Fritz, S.C., Juggins, S., Battarbee, R.W., Engstrom, D.R., 1991. Reconstruction of past changes in salinity and climate using a diatom based transfer function. Nature 352, 706-708.
47. Ganopolski, A., Kubatzki, C., Claussen, M., Brovkin, V., Petoukhov, V., 1998a. The influence of vegetation-atmosphere-ocean interaction on climate during the mid-Holocene. Science 280, 1916-1919.
48. Ganopolski, A., Rahmstorf, S., Petoukhov, V., Claussen, M., 1998b. Simulation of modern and glacial climates with a coupled global model of intermediate complexity. Nature 391, 351-356.
49. Gasse, F., 1977. Evolution of Lake Abhé (Ethiopia and TFAI) from 70,000 BP. Nature 265, 42-45.
50. Gasse, F., 1980. Late Quaternary changes in lake levels and diatom assemblages on the south east margin of the Sahara. Palaeoecology of Africa 12, 333-350.
51. Gasse, F., 2000. Hydrological changes in the African tropics since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 189-211.
52. Gasse, F., Van Campo, E., 1998. A 40,000-yr pollen and diatom record from Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar, in the southern tropics. Quaternary Research 49, 299-311.
53. Gasse, F., Van Campo, E., 2001. Late Quaternary environmental changes from a pollen and diatom record in the southern tropics (Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 287-308.
54. Gasse, F., Ledée, V., Massault, M., Fontes, J.C., 1989. Water-level fluctuations of Lake Tanganyika in phase with oceanic changes during the last glaciation and deglaciation. Nature 342, 57-59.
55. Gasse, F., Juggins, S., Ben Khelifa, L., 1995. Diatom-based transfer functions for inferring past hydrochemical characteristics of African lakes. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 117, 31-54.
56. Gasse, F., Barker, P., Gell, P.A., Fritz, S.C., Chalié, F., 1997. Diatominferred salinity in palaeolakes: an indirect tracer of climatic change. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 547-563.
57. Gasse, F., Barker, P.A., Johnson, T.C., 2002. A 24,000 yr diatom record from the northern basin of Lake Malawi. In: Odada, E.O., Olago, D.O. (Eds.), East African Great Lakes: Limnology, Paleolimnology and Biodiversity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 393-414.
58. 14C chronology of continuous deposits from a crater lake (Lake Massoko, Tanzania): modern water balance and environmental implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187, 307-322.
59. Gillespie, R., Street-Perrott, F.A., Switsur, R., 1983. Post-glacial arid episodes in Ethiopia have implications for climate prediction. Nature 306, 680-683.
60. Goetz, C., 1990. Potentiel chronologique des déséquilibres Th/U dans les profils d'altérations et les sédiments carottés des lacs Magadi (Kenya) et Manyara (Tanzanie). Unpublished Thesis, Univ. Aix-Marseille II.
61. Goetz, C., Hillaire-Marcel, C., 1992. U-series disequilibria in early diagenetic minerals from Lake Magadi sediments, Kenya: dating potential. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 1331-1341.
62. Griffiths. J.F., 1972. East Africa. In: Griffiths, J.F. (Ed.), Climates of Africa - world survey of climatology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 313-347.
63. Haberyan, K.A., 1987. Fossil diatoms and the palaeolimnology of Lake Rukwa, S.W. Tanzania. Freshwater Biology 17, 429-436.
64. Haberyan, K.A., Hecky, R.E., 1987. The late Pleistocene and Holocene stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 61, 169-197.
65. Haberyan, K.A., Mhone, O.K., 1991. Algal communities near Cape Maclear, southern Lake Malawi, Africa. Hydrobiologia 215, 175-188.
66. Harvey, T.J., 1976. The palaeolimnology of Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, Uganda-Zaire: the last 28,000 years. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, Duke University.
67. Hillaire-Marcel, C., Casanova, J., 1987. Isotopic hydrology and palaeohydrology of the Magadi (Kenya)-Natron (Tanzania) basin during the late quaternary. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology 58, 155-181.
68. Hoerling, M.P., Hurrell, J.W., Xu, T., 2001. Tropical origins for recent North Atlantic climate change. Science 292, 90-92.
69. Holdship, S.A., 1976. The palaeolimnology of Lake Manyara, Tanzania: a diatom analysis of a 56 meter sediment core. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, Duke University.
70. Indeje, M., Semazzi, F.H.M., Ogallo, L.J., 2000. ENSO signals in East African rainfall seasons. International Journal of Climatology 20, 19-46.
71. Johnson, T.C., 1996. Sedimentary processes and signals of past climatic change in the large lakes of the East African Rift valley. In: Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (Eds.), The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African Lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 367-412.
72. Johnson, T.C., Halfman, J.D., Showers, W.J., 1991. Paleoclimate of the past 4000 years at Lake Turkana, Kenya, based on the isotopic composition of authigenic calcite. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85, 189-198.
73. Johnson, T.C., Scholz, C.A., Talbot, M.R., Kelts, K., Ricketts, R.D., Ngobi, G., Beuning, K., Ssemmanda, I., McGill, J.W., 1996. Late pleistocene desiccation of Lake Victoria and rapid evolution of cichlid fishes. Science 273, 1091-1093.
74. Johnson, T.C., Kelts, K., Odada, E., 2000. The Holocene history of Lake Victoria. Ambio 29, 2-11.
75. Johnson, T.C., Brown, E., McManus, J., Barry, S., Barker, P., Gasse, F., 2002. A high resolution paleoclimate record spanning the past 25,000 years in southern East Africa. Science 296, 113-132.
76. Jolly, D., Harrison, S.P., Damnati, B., Bonnefille, R., 1998a. Simulated climate and biomes of Africa during the Late Quaternary: comparison with pollen and lake status data. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 629-657.
77. Jolly, D., Prentice, I.C., Bonnefille, R., Ballouche, A., Bengo, B.G., Burney, D., Cazet, J.P., Cheddadi, R., Edorh, T., Elenga, H., Elmoutaki, S., Guiot, J., Laarif, F., Lamb, H., Lezine, A.M., Maley, P.O., Reille, M., ReynaudFarrera, I., Riollet, G., Ritchie, S.L., Ssemmanda, I., Straka, H., Umer, M., VanCampo, E., Vilimumbalo, V.A., Waller, M., 1998b. Biome reconstruction from pollen and plant macrofossil data for Africa and the Arabian peninsula at 0 and 6000 years. Journal of Biogeography 25, 1007-1027.
78. Joussaume, S., Taylor, K.E., 1995. Status of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP). In: First International AMIP Scientific Conference, pp. 425-430.
79. Jury, M.R., Mwafulirwa, N.D., 2002. Climate variability in Malawi, Part 1: dry summers, statistical associations and predictability. International Journal of Climatology 22, 1289-1302.
80. Kendall, R.L., 1969. An ecological history of the Lake Victoria basin. Ecological Monographs 39, 121-176.
81. Kerr, R.A., 2001. The tropics return to the climate system. Science 292, 660-661.
82. Kim, J.-H., Schneider, R.R., Müller, P.J., Wefer, G., 2002. Interhemispheric comparison of deglacial sea-surface temperature patterns in Atlantic eastern boundary currents. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 194, 383-393.
83. Kohfeld, K.E., Harrison, S.P., 2000. How well can we simulate past climates? Evaluating the models global palaeoenvironmental datasets. Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 321-346.
84. Kutzbach, J.E., Street-Perrott, F.A., 1985. Milankovitch forcing of fluctuations in the level of tropical lakes from 18 to 0 kyr BP. Nature 317, 130-134.
85. Kutzbach, J.E., Guetter, P.J., Behling, P.J., Delin, R., 1993. Simulated climatic changes: results of the COHMAP climate-model experiments. In: Wright, H.E., Kutzbach, J.E., Webb III, T., Ruddiman, W.F., Street-Perrott, F.A., Bartlein, P.J. (Eds.), Global Climates Since the Late Glacial Maximum. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 5-11.
86. Markgraf, V., Baumgartner, T.R., Bradbury, J.P., Diaz, H.F., Dunbar, R.B., Luckman, B.H., Seltzer, G.O., Swetnam, T.W., Villalba, R., 2000. Paleoclimate reconstruction along the Pole-Equator-Pole transect of the Americas (PEP 1). Quaternary Science Reviews 19, 125-140.
87. Merdaci, O., 1998. Changements climatiques au cours des dernières 30,000 ans an Afrique Sud Equatoriale (Tanzanie) par l'etude des pigments et phénols lacustres. Unpublished Thèse Docteur de l'Universitè, Aix-Marseille III.
88. Metcalfe, S.E., 1999. Diatoms from the Pretoria Saltpan - a record of lake evolution and environmental change. In: Partridge, T.C. (Ed.), Investigations into the origin, age and palaeoenvironments of the Pretoria Saltpan. Geological Survey of South Africa, Memoir, pp. 172-192.
89. Mix, A.C., Bard, E., Schneider, R., 2001. Environmental Processes of the Ice age: Land, Oceans, Glaciers (EPILOG). Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 627-657.
90. Nicholson, S.E., 1996. A review of Climate dynamics and Climate variability in Eastern Africa. In: Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (Eds.), The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 25-56.
91. Nicholson, S.E., 1999. Historical and modern fluctuations of Lakes Tanganyika and Rukwa and their relationship to rainfall variability. Climate Change 41, 53-71.
92. Nicholson, S.E., Flohn, H., 1980. African environmental and climatic changes and the general atmospheric circulation in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Climatic Change 2, 313-348.
93. Nicholson, S.E., Kim, J., Ba, M.B., Lare, A.R., 1997. The mean surface water balance over Africa and its interannual variability. Journal of Climate 10, 2981-3002.
94. Partridge, T.C., deMenocal, P.B., Lorentz, S.A., Paiker, M.J., Vogel, J.C., 1997. Orbital forcing of climate over South Africa: a 200,000-year rainfall record from the Pretoria Saltpan. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 1125-1133.
95. Peterson, L.C., Haug, G.H., Hughen, K.A., Röhl, U., 2000. Rapid changes in the hydrological cycle of the Tropical Atlantic during the Last Glacial. Science 290, 1947-1951.
96. Philippon, N., Camberlin, P., Fauchereau, N., 2002. Empirical predictability study of October-December East African rainfall. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 128, 2239-2256.
97. Pinot, S., Ramstein, G., Harrison, S.P., Prentice, I.C., Guiot, J., Stute, M., Joussaume, S., 1999. Tropical paleoclimates at the Last Glacial Maximum: comparison of paleoclimate modeling intercomparison project (PMIP) simulations and paleodata. Climate Dynamics 15, 857-874.
98. Richardson, J.L., Dussinger, R.A., 1986. Paleolimnology of mid-elevation lakes in the Kenya rift valley. Hydrobiologia 143, 167-174.
99. Richardson, J.L., Richardson, A.E., 1972. History of an African rift lake and its climatic implications. Ecological Monographs 42, 499-534.
100. Ricketts, R.D., Johnson, T.C., 1996. Early Holocene changes in lake level and productivity in Lake Malawi as interpreted from oxygen and carbon isotope measurements of authigenic carbonates. In: Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (Eds.), The limnology, climatology and paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 475-493.
101. Roberts, N., Taieb, M., Barker, P., Damnati, B., Icole, M., Williamson, D., 1993. Timing of the younger Dryas event in East Africa from take-level changes. Nature 366, 146-148.
102. Rostek, F., Ruhland, G., Bassinot, F.C., Muller, P.J., Labeyrie, L.D., Lancelot, Y., Bard, E., 1993. Reconstructing sea-surface temperature and salinity using Delta-O-18 and alkenone records. Nature 364, 319-321.
103. Rostek, F., Bard, E., Beaufort, L., Sonzogni, C., Ganssen, G., 1997. Sea surface temperature and productivity records for the past 240 kyr in the Arabian sea. Deep-Sea Research Part II 44, 1461-1480.
104. Schneider, R., Müller, P.J., Ruhland, G., 1995. Late Quaternary surface circulation in the eastern equatorial South Atlantic: evidence from alkenone sea surface temperature. Paleoceanography 10, 197-219.
105. Scholz, C.A., Finney, B.P., 1994. Late Quaternary sequence stratigraphy of Lake Malawi (Nyasa), Africa. Sedimentology 41, 163-179.
106. Shi, N., Dupont, L.M., Beug, H.J., Schneider, R., 1998. Vegetation and climate changes during the last 21,000 years in SW Africa based on a marine pollen record. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 7, 127-140.
107. Shi, N., Dupont, L.M., Beug, H.J., Schneider, R., 2000. Correlation between vegetation in southwestern Africa and oceanic upwelling in the past 21,000 years. Quaternary Research 54, 72-80.
108. Shi, N., Schneider, R., Beug, H.-J., Dupont, L., 2001. Southeast trade winds variations during the last 135 kyr: evidence from pollen spectra in Eastern South Atlantic sediments. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 187, 311-321.
109. Sifeddine, A., Laggoun-Defarge, F., Lallier-Verges, E., Disnar, J.R., Williamson, D., Gasse, F., Gibert, E., 1995. La sédimentation organique lacustre en zone tropicale sud au cours des dernières années: (Lac Tritrivakely, Madagascar). Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences Paris série 2a 321, 385-391.
110. Sonzogni, C., Bard, E., Rostek, F., 1998. Tropical sea-surface temperatures during the last glacial period: a view based on alkenones in Indian Ocean sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 1185-1201.
111. Spigel, R.H., Coulter, G.W., 1996. Comparison of hydrology and physical limnology of the East African Great Lakes: Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria, Kivu and Turkana (with reference to some North American Great Lakes). In: Johnson, T.C., Odada, E.O. (Eds.), The Limnology, Climatology and Paleoclimatology of the East African lakes. Gordon and Breach, Amsterdam, pp. 103-140.
112. Stager, J.C., Reinthal, P.N., Livingstone, D.A., 1986. A 25,000 year history for Lake Victoria, East Africa, and some comments on its significance for the evolution of cichlid fishes. Freshwater Biology 16, 15-19.
113. Stager, J.C., 1988. Environmental changes at Lake Cheshi, Zambia since 40,000 years BP. Quaternary Research 29, 54-65.
114. Stocker, T.F., 1998. Climate change - the seesaw effect. Science 282, 61-62.
115. Stoffers, P., Holdship, S.A., 1975. Diagenesis of sediment in an alkaline lake: Lake Manyara, Tanzania. In: IXth International Congress of Sedimentology, Nice.
116. Street, F.A., 1979a. Late Quaternary lakes in the Ziway-Shala Basin, Southern Ethiopia. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Cambridge.
117. Street, F.A., 1979b. Late Quaternary precipitation estimates for the Ziway-Shala basin, Ethiopia. Palaeoecology of Africa 11, 135-143.
118. Street-Perrott, F.A., Marchand, D.S., Roberts, N., Harrison, S., 1989. Global lake-level variations from 18,000 to 0 years ago: a palaeoclimatic analysis. U.S. Department of Energy, 213 pp
119. Sylvestre, F., 2002. A high-resolution diatom reconstruction between 21,000 and 17,4000 C-14 yr BP from the southern Bolivian Altiplano (18-23 degrees S). Journal of Paleolimnology 27, 45-57.
120. Sylvestre, F., Servant, M., Servant-Vildary, S., Causse, C., Fournier, M., 1999. Lake-level chronology in the south Bolivian Altiplano (18-23°S) during Late-Glacial and early Holocene times based on radiocarbon, U/Th ages and diatom studies. Quaternary Research 51, 54-66.
121. Taieb, M., Barker, P., Bonnefille, R., Damnati, B., Gasse, F., Goetz, C., Marcel, C.H., Icole, M., Massault, M., Roberts, N., Vincens, A., Williamson, D., 1991. Late Pleistocene paleohydrological changes of Lake Magadi (Kenya). Comptes Rendus de l' Academie des Sciences Serie 2313, 339-346.
122. Talbot, M.R., Laerdal, T., 2000. The Late Pleistocene-Holocene palaeolimnology of Lake Victoria, East Africa, based upon elemental and isotopic analyses of sedimentary organic matter. Journal of Paleolimnology 23, 141-164.
123. Talbot, M.R., Livingstone, D.A., 1989. Hydrogen index and carbon isotopes of lacustrine organic matter as lake level indicators. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 70, 121-137.
124. Talbot, M.R., Williams, M.A.J., Adamson, D.A., 2000. Strontium isotope evidence for late Pleistocene reestablishment of an integrated Nile drainage network. Geology 28, 343-346.
125. Telford, R.J., Lamb, H.F., 1999. Groundwater-mediated response to Holocene climatic change recorded by the diatom stratigraphy of an Ethiopian crater lake. Quaternary Research 52, 63-75.
126. Texier, D., de Noblet, N., Harrison, S.P., Haxeltine, A., Jolly, D., Joussaume, S., Laarif, F., Prentice, I.C., Tarasov, P., 1997. Quantifying the role of biosphere-atmosphere feedbacks in climate change: coupled model simulations for 6000 years BP and comparison with palaeodata for northern Eurasia and northern Africa. Climate Dynamics 13, 865-882.
127. Thévenon, F., Williamson, D., Taieb, M., 2002. A 22 ka sedimentological record from Lake Rukwa, (8° S), S-W Tanzania: environmental, chonostratigraphic and climatic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 187, 285-294.
128. Tiercelin, J.J., Vincens, A., 1987. Le demi-graben de Baringo-Bogoria Rift Gregory, Kenya. Bulletin Centre de Recherche de Exploration et Production, Elf-Aquitaine 11, 249-540.
129. Tiercelin, J.J., Mondeguer, A., Gasse, F., Hillaire-Marcel, C., Hoffert, M., Larque, P., Lédée, V., Marestang, P., Ravenne, C., Raynaud, J.F., Vincens, A., Williamson, D., 1988. 25,000 ans d'histoire hydrologique et sedimentaire du Lac Tanganyika, Rift Est -africain. Comptes-Rendus Académie Science, Paris Série II 307, 1375-1382.
130. Tyson, P.D., 1999. Atmospheric circulation changes and palaeoclimates of southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 95, 194-201.
131. Tyson, P.D., Gasse, F., Bergonzini, L., d'Abreton, P., 1997. Aerosols, atmospheric transmissivity and hydrological modelling of climate change over Africa south of the equator. International Journal of Climatology 17, 1651-1665.
132. Vincens, A., 1991. Late Quaternary vegetation history of the south-Tanganyika basin. Climatic Implications in South Central Africa 86, 207-226.
133. Vincens, A., Chalie, F., Bonnefille, R., Guiot, J., Tiercelin, J.J., 1994. Pollen-derived rainfall and temperature estimates from Lake Tanganyika and their implication for late Pleistocene water levels. Quaternary Research 41, 253-254.
134. Washbourn-Kamou, C.K., 1975. Late Quaternary shorelines of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. Azania 10, 77-92.
135. Williamson, D., Jelinowska, A., Kissel, C., Tucholka, P., Gibert, E., Gasse, F., Massault, M., Taieb, M., Van Campo, E., Wieckowski, K., 1998. Mineral-magnetic proxies of erosion/oxidation cycles in tropical maar-lake sediments (Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar): paleoenvironmental implications. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 155, 205-219.
136. Williamson, D., Jackson, M.J., Banerjee, S.K., Marvin, J., Merdaci, O., Thouveny, N., Decobert, M., Gibert-Massault, E., Massault, M., Mazaudier, D., Taieb, M., 1999. Magnetic signatures of hydrological change in a tropical maar-lake (Lake Massoko, Tanzania): preliminary results. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Part a-Solid Earth and Geodesy 24, 799-803.
137. Wolin, J.A., Duthie, H.C., 1999. Diatoms as indicators of water level change in freshwater lakes. In: Stoermer, E.F., Smol, J.P. (Eds.), The Diatoms: Application for the Environmental and Earth Sciences. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 183-202.
138. Yokoyama, Y., Lambeck, K., De Deckker, P., Johnston, P., Fifield, L.K., 2000. Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima. Nature 406, 713-716.
139. Zhao, M., Beveridge, N.A.S., Shackleton, N.J., Sarnthein, M., Eglinton, G., 1995. Molecular stratigraphy of cores off Northwest Africa - sea-surface temperature history over the last 80 ka. Paleoceanography 10, 661-675.