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Alkalinity export was calculated by multiplying annual average alkalinity concentrations by annual average discharge. We also estimated annual export according to the conventions of Goolsby and Battaglin (41). Using their conventions, we calculated fluxes that were slightly higher than our method (∼10%). The slopes of the increase in alkalinity export over the 47-year study period, and the predicted increase in alkalinity export, were virtually indistinguishable, with the Goolsby and Battaglin method being 0.2% smaller than our method. Thus, our method compares well with previous methods.
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-, which is responsible for ∼69% of the anion increase. The anion increase is well balanced by a reciprocal increase in cation flux, with the cation flux being 8% higher than the anion flux and well within the error for the combined estimates. The increase in cation flux is dominated by calcium and magnesium, which are responsible for 45 and 36% of the cation flux increase, respectively.
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We thank D. Flowers of the USGS, who was extremely helpful in helping us compile all discharge data presented in this paper; J. Milliman for his helpful review and advice; and K. Turekian for numerous conversations on the subject. Financial support was provided in part by NSF. This paper is a contribution to the Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and the Institute of Ecosystem Studies.
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