Relationship between anthropogenic CO2 and the 13C Suess effect in the North Atlantic Ocean

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2003, Pages

  Körtzinger, Arne ^a   Quay, Paul D ^a   Sonnerup, Rolf E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

13C Suess effect; Advection diffusion model; Anthropogenic carbon dioxide; Carbon cycle; North Atlantic Ocean

Indexed keywords

ADVECTION-DIFFUSION EQUATION; ANTHROPOGENIC SOURCE; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON DIOXIDE; CARBON ISOTOPE; INORGANIC CARBON; MARINE ATMOSPHERE;

(NORTH); ATLANTIC OCEAN;

EID: 0037998617     PISSN: 08866236     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2001gb001427     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Anderson, L. A., On the hydrogen and oxygen content of marine phytoplankton, Deep Sea Res., 42, 1675-1680, 1995.
2. Anderson, L. A., and J. L. Sarmiento, Redfield ratios of remineralization determined by nutrient data analysis, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 65-80, 1994.
3. Andres, R. J., G. Marland, T. Boden, and S. Bischof, Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption and cement manufacture, 1751 to 1991, and an estimate of their isotopic composition and latitudinal distribution, in The Carbon Cycle, edited by T. M. L. Wigley and D. S. Schimel, pp. 53-62, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2000.
4. Armi, L., and H. Stommel, Four views of a portion of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 828-857, 1983.
5. 2: Analysis of observations at Bermuda, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 335-346, 1996.
6. 2 and biogeochemical properties in the Western North Atlantic subtropical gyre, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 48, 1507-1528, 2001.
7. Bates, N. R., A. F. Michaels, and A. H. Knap, Seasonal and interannual variability of oceanic carbon dioxide species at the U.S. JGOFS Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 43, 347-383, 1996.
8. Böhm, F., M. M. Joachimski, H. Lehnert, G. Morgenroth, W. Kretschmer, J. Vacelet, and W.-Chr. Dullo, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 291-303, 1996.
9. Bonneau, M.-C., C. Bergnaud-Grazzini, and W. H. Berger, Stable isotope fractionation and differential dissolution in recent planktonic foraminifera from Pacific box cores, Oceanol. Acta, 3, 377-382, 1980.
10. 2 increase, Geophys. Res. Lett., 5, 997-1000, 1978.
11. Broecker, W. S., and E. Maier-Reimer, The influence of air and sea exchange on the carbon isotope distribution in the sea, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 6, 315-320, 1992.
12. 2 in seawater and air, Deep Sea Res., 35, 839-853, 1988.
13. Dickson, A. G., and F. J. Millero, A comparison of the equilibrium constants for the dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater media. Deep Sea Res., 34, 1733-1743, 1987.
14. Doney, S. C., and J. L. Bullister, A chlorofluorocarbon section in the eastern North Atlantic, Deep Sea Res., 39, 1857-1883, 1992.
15. 2 to the surface ocean based on based on C-13/C-12 ratios in a banded Jamaican sclerosponge, Nature, 321, 58-61, 1986.
16. Fletcher, C. A. J., Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, p. 409, Springer, New York, 1988.
17. 2, Tellus Ser. B, 51, 170-193, 1999.
18. 2 in the world ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 85-90, 1994.
19. 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 555-558, 2001.
20. 2 in the oceans, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 809-837, 1996.
21. Gruber, N., C. D. Keeling, and T. F. Stocker, Carbon-13 constraints on the seasonal inorganic carbon budget at the BATS site in the northwestern Sargasso Sea, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 45, 673-717, 1998.
22. Gruber, N., C. D. Keeling, R. B. Bacastow, P. R. Guenther, T. J. Lueker, M. Wahlen, H. A. J. Meijer, W. G. Mook, and T. F. Stocker, Spatiotemporal patterns of carbon-13 in the global surface ocean and the oceanic Suess effect, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 307-335, 1999.
23. 2 and its carbon isotopes, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 89-110, 1996.
24. Jenkins, W. J., Determination of isopycnal diffusivity in the Sargasso Sea, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 21, 1058-1061, 1991.
25. Johnson, K. M., K. D. Wills, D. B. Butler, W. K. Johnson, and C. S. Wong, Coulometric total carbon dioxide analysis for marine studies: maximizing the performance of an automated gas extraction system and coulometric detector, Mar. Chem., 44, 167-187, 1993.
26. 2, Science, 284, 464-467, 1999.
27. 2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network, in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 2000.
28. 13C anomaly in the northeastern Atlantic, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 12, 467-477, 1998.
29. Klein, B., and M. Tomczak, Identification of diapycnal mixing through optimum multiparameter analysis, 2, Evidence for unidirectional diapycnal mixing in the front between North and South Atlantic Central Water, J. Geophys. Res., C 99, 25,175-25,280, 1994.
30. 2 into the North Atlantic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., C 103, 18,681-18,689, 1998.
31. 2 and CFCs in the North Atlantic Ocean-A comparison of man-made tracers, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 2065-2068, 1999.
32. 2, Limnol. Oceanogr., 46, 964-970, 2001a.
33. Körtzinger, A., W. Koeve, P. Kähler, and L. Mintrop, C:N ratios in the mixed layer during the productive season in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 48, 661-688, 2001b.
34. 2 in the world oceans, Deep Sea Res., 32, 57-84, 1985.
35. Levitus, S., and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 4, Temperature, Atlas NESDIS 4, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1994.
36. Levitus, S., R. Burgett, and T. P. Boyer, World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3: Salinity, Atlas NESDIS 3, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1994.
37. 2 system calculations, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Report ORNL/CDIAC-105, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1998.
38. Lynch-Stieglitz, J., T. F. Stocker, W. S. Broecker, and R. G. Fairbanks, The influence of air-sea exchange on the isotopic composition of oceanic carbon: Observations and modeling, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 653-665, 1995.
39. 2 in the ocean-an inorganic ocean-circulation carbon cycle model. Clim. Dyn., 2, 63-90, 1987.
40. Martin, J. H., G. A. Knauer, D. M. Karl, and W. W. Broenkow, VERTEX: Carbon cycling in the northeast Pacific. Deep Sea Res., 34, 267-285, 1987.
41. 2, climate and land use effects with four process-based ecosystem models, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 183-206, 2001.
42. 2 in the Southern Ocean? Global Biogeochem, Cycles, 15, 597-614, 2001.
43. Mehrbach, C., C. H. Culberson, J. E. Hawley, and R. M. Pytkowicz, Measurement of the apparent dissociation constants of carbonic acid in seawater at atmospheric pressure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 18, 897-907, 1973.
44. Millero, F. J., J. Z. Zhang, K. Lee, and D. M. Campbell, Titration alkalinity of seawater, Mar. Chem., 44, 153-165, 1993.
45. Millero, F. J., K. Lee, and M. Roche, Distribution of alkalinity in the surface waters of the major oceans, Mar. Chem., 60, 111-130, 1998.
46. Minster, J. F., and M. Bouhladid, Redfield ratios along isopycnal surfaces - a complementary study, Deep Sea Res., 34, 1981-2003, 1987.
47. Monterey, G., and S. Levitus, Seasonal Variability of Mixed Layer Depth for the World Ocean, Atlas NESDIS 14, National Oceanographic Data Center, Silver Spring, Maryland, 1997.
48. 2 record from the Siple Station ice core, in Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Dept. of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., 1994.
49. Pilson, M. E. Q., An Introduction to the Chemistry of the Sea, p. 431, Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 1998.
50. 2: Carbon-13 evidence, Science, 256, 74-79, 1992.
51. Redfield, A. C., On the proportions of organic derivatives in sea water and their relation to the composition of plankton, in James Johnstone Memorial Volume, pp. 176-192, Liverpool, 1934.
52. Redfield, A. C., B. H. Ketchum, and F. A. Richards, The influence of organisms on the composition of sea water, in The Sea, vol. 2, edited by M. N. Hill, pp. 26-77, Interscience, New York, 1963.
53. 2 inventory of the Indian Ocean, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 179-198, 1999.
54. 2, Nature, 356, 589-593, 1992.
55. 2 uptake in an ocean general circulation model, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 3621-3645, 1992.
56. Siegenthaler, U., and J. L. Sarmiento, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean, Nature, 365, 119-125, 1993.
57. Sonnerup, R. E., On the relations among CFC derived water mass ages, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1739-1742, 2001.
58. Sonnerup, R. E., P. D. Quay, and J. L. Bullister, Thermocline ventilation and oxygen utilization rates in the subtropical North Pacific based on CFC distributions during WOCE, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 46, 777-805, 1999a.
59. 13C Suess effect, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 857-872, 1999b.
60. 13C Suess effect, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 14, 857-873, 2000.
61. Speer, K. G., A note on average cross-isopyenal mixing in the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep Sea Res., Part I, 44, 1981-1990, 1997.
62. Suess, H. E., Natural radiocarbon and the rate of exchange of carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the sea, in Nuclear Processes in Geologic Settings, edited by National Research Council Committee on Nuclear Science, pp. 52-56. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C., 1953.
63. Sundquist, E. T., L. N. Plummer, and T. M. L. Wigley, Carbon dioxide in the ocean surface: The homogeneous buffer factor, Science, 204, 1203-1205, 1979.
64. Takahashi, T., W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer, Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6907-6924, 1985.
65. 2 sink, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 348, 143-152, 1995.
66. 2 difference, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 94, 8292-8299, 1997.
67. 2, and seasonal biological and temperature effects. Deep Sea Res., Part I, in press, 2002.
68. 2 budget, Science, 247, 1431-1438, 1990.
69. 2 uptake, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 7, 353-368, 1993.
70. Walker, S. J., R. F. Weiss, and P. K. Salameh, Reconstructed histories of the annual mean atmospheric mole fractions for the halocarbons CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113, and carbon tetrachloride, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 14,285-14,296, 2000.
71. Wanninkhof, R., Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 7373-7382, 1992.
72. 2 invasion into the Atlantic Ocean, Tellus Ser. B, 51, 511-530, 1999.
73. Warner, M. J., and R. F. Weiss, Solubilities of chlorofluorocarbons 11 and 12 in water and seawater, Deep Sea Res., 32, 1485-1497, 1985.
74. Weiss, R. F., The solubility of nitrogen, oxygen and argon in water and seawater, Deep Sea Res., 17, 721-735, 1970.
75. Weiss, R. F., Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas, Mar. Chem., 2, 203-215, 1974.
76. Weiss, R. F., and B. A. Price, Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater, Mar. Chem., 8, 347-359, 1980.
77. Winn, C. D., Y.-H. Li, F. T. Mackenzie, and D. M. Karl, Rising surface ocean dissolved inorganic carbon at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series site, Mar. Chem., 60, 33-47, 1998.
78. 2, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 59, 107-114, 1995.