Immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein and P2 receptor expression on astrocytes in vivo

Drug Development Research

Volumn 59, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 175-189

  Franke, Heike ^a   Krügel, Ute ^a   Grosche, Jens ^a   Illes, Peter ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEIPZIG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Astrocytes; Astrogliosis; GFAP immunoreactivity; Injury; P2 receptor

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; ADENOSINE 5' O (2 THIODIPHOSPHATE); ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE DERIVATIVE; ALPHA,BETA METHYLENEADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE; GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN; PURINE P2 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X1 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X2 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X3 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X4 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X5 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X6 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2X7 RECEPTOR; PURINE P2Y RECEPTOR; PURINE P2Y1 RECEPTOR; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; PURINERGIC RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE 6 AZOPHENYL 2',4' DISULFONIC ACID; RECEPTOR SUBTYPE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URIDINE 5' O (3 THIOTRIPHOSPHATE); URIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ASTROCYTE; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID; CONFERENCE PAPER; CONTROLLED STUDY; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; IMMUNOREACTIVITY; IN VIVO STUDY; MALE; MORPHOGENESIS; NERVE CELL LESION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEUS ACCUMBENS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; RAT; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 0037974599     PISSN: 02724391     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10216     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (131)

1. Abbracchio MP, Burnstock G. 1994. Purinoceptors: are there families of P2X and P2Y purinoceptors? Pharmacol Ther 64:445-475.
2. Abbracchio MP, Saffrey MJ, Höpker V, Burnstock G. 1994. Modulation of astroglial cell proliferation by analogues of adenosine and ATP in primary cultures of rat striatum. Neuroscience 59:67-76.
3. Abbracchio MP, Ceruti S, Langfelder R, Cattabeni F, Saffrey MJ, Burnstock G. 1995. Effects of ATP analogues and basic fibroblast growth factor on astroglial cell differentiation in primary cultures of rat striatum. Int J Dev Neurosci 13:685-693.
4. Abbracchio MP, Brambilla R, Ceruti S, Cattabeni F. 1999. Signalling mechanisms involved in P2Y receptor-mediated reactive astrogliosis. Prog Brain Res 120:333-342.
5. 14 receptor] adds diversity to the P2Y receptor family. Trends Pharmacol Sci 24:52-55.
6. 7 like channels in cultured mouse astrocytes. Drug Dev Res 50:92.
7. Andersson H, Luthman J, Olson L. 1994. Trimethyltin-induced expression of GABA and Vimentin immunoreactivities in astrocytes of rat brain. Glia 11:378-382.
8. Aquino DA, Chiu FC, Brosnan CF, Norton WT. 1988. Glial fibrillary acidic protein increases in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with acute experimental autoimmune encephalitis. J Neurochem 51:1085-1096.
9. Araque A, Parpura V, Sanzgiri RP, Haydon PG. 1999. Tripartite synapses: glia, the unacknowledged partner. Trends Neurosci 22:208-215.
10. Aschner M, LoPachin RM. 1993. Astrocytes: Targets and mediators of chemical-induced CNS injury. J Toxicol Environ Health 38:329-342.
11. 7) receptors regulate intracellular calcium and purine release. Neuroreport 7:2533-2537.
12. 7 ATP receptor-mediated modulation of astrocyte proliferation and coupling. Drug Dev Res 50:108.
13. Barone S, Stanton ME, Mundy WR. 1995. Neurotoxic effects of neonatal triethyltin (TET) exposure are exacerbated with aging. Neurobiol Aging 16:723-735.
14. Beal MF, Brouillet E, Jenkins BG, Ferrante RJ, Kowall NW, Miller JM, Storey E, Srivastava R, Rosen BR, Hyman BT. 1993. Neurochemical and histologic characterization of striatal excitotoxic lesions produced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid. J Neurosci 13:4181-4192.
15. Beitner-Johnson D, Guitart X, Nestler EJ. 1993. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and the mesolimbic dopamine system: regulation by chronic morphine and Lewis-Fischer strain differences in the rat ventral tegmental area. J Neurochem 61:766-1773.
16. Ben-Ze'ev A. 1986. The relationship between cytoplasmic organization, gene expression and morphogenesis. Trends Biochem Sci 11:478-481.
17. Björklund H, Olson L, Dahl D, Schwarz R. 1986. Short- and long-term consequences of intracranial injections of the excitotoxin, quinolinic acid, as evidenced by GFA immunocytochemistry of astrocytes. Brain Res 371:267-277.
18. Block F, Schwarz M. 1994. Expression of GFAP in the striatum and its projection areas in response to striatal quinolinic acid lesion in rats. Neuroreport 5:2237-2240.
19. Boarder MR, Hourani SMO. 1998. The regulation of vascular function by P2 receptors: multiple sites and multiple receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 19:99-107.
20. Bolego C, Ceruti S, Brambilla R, Puglisi L, Cattabeni F, Burnstock G, Abbracchio MR 1997. Characterization of signalling pathways involved in ATP and basic fibroblast growth factor-induced astrogliosis. Br J Pharmacol 121:1692-1699.
21. Bovolenta P, Wandosell F, Nieto-Sampedro M. 1992. CNS glial sear tissue: a source of molecules which inhibit central neurite outgrowth. Prog Brain Res 94:367-379.
22. Brambilla R, Burnstock G, Bonazzi A, Ceruti S, Cattabeni F, Abbracchio MP. 1999. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 mediates P2Y receptor-induced reactive astrogliosis. Br J Pharmacol 126:563-567.
23. Brambilla R, Ceruti S, Malorni W, Cattabeni F, Abbracchio MP. 2000. A novel gliotic P2 receptor mediating cyclooxygenase-2 induction in rat and human astrocytes. J Auton Nerv Syst 81:3-9.
24. Braun N, Zhu Y, Krieglstein J, Culmsee C, Zimmermann H. 1998. Upregulation of the enzyme chain hydrolyzing extracellular ATP after transient forebrain ischemia in the rat. J Neurosci 18:4891-4900.
25. 7 receptor currents in Müller glial cells during proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 42:860-867.
26. Brock TO, O'Callaghan JP. 1987. Quantitative changes in the synaptic vesicle proteins synapsin I and p38 and the astrocyte-specific protein glial fibrillary acidic protein are associated with chemical-induced injury to the rat central nervous system. J Neurosci 7:931-942.
27. Bruccoleri A, Pennypacker KR, Harry GJ. 1999. Effect of dexamethasone on elevated cytokine mRNA levels in chemical-induced hippocampal injury. J Neurosci Res 57:916-2996.
28. Burnstock G. 2001. Purine-mediated signalling in pain and visceral perception. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22:182-188.
29. Chadi G, Cao Y, Pettersson RF, Fuxe K. 1994. Temporal and spatial increase of astroglial basic fibroblast growth factor synthesis after 6-hydroxydopamine-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Neuroscience 61:891-910.
30. 2 receptors. Glia 22:360-370.
31. Ciccarelli R, Di Iorio P, Ballerini P, Ambrosini G, Giuliani P, Tiboni GM. 1994. Effects of exogenous ATP und related analogues on the proliferation rate of dissociated primary cultures of rat astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 39:556-566.
32. 11 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 128:1199-1206.
33. Communi D, Gonzalez NS, Detheux M, Brezillon S, Lannoy V, Parmentier M, Boeynaems JM. 2001. Identification of a novel human ADP receptor coupled to G(i). J Biol Chem 276:41479-414785.
34. Ding M, Eliasson C, Betsholtz C, Hamberger A, Pekny M. 1998. Altered taurine release following hypotonic stress in astrocytes from mice deficient for GFAP and vimentin. Mol Brain Res 62:77-81.
35. Dusart I, Marty S, Peschanski M. 1991. Glial changes following an excitotoxic lesion in the CNS-II. Astrocytes. Neuroscience 45:41-549.
36. Eddleston M, Mucke L. 1993. Molecular profile of reactive astrocytes-implications for their role in neurologic disease. Neuroscience 54:15-36.
37. Eng LF. 1988. Regulation of glial intermediate filaments in astrogliosis. In: Norenberg MD, Hertz L, Schousboe A, editors. The biochemical pathology of astrocytes. Neurology and Neurobiology, vol. 39. New York: Wiley-Liss. p 79-90.
38. Eng FE, Ghirnikar RS. 1994. GFAP and astrogliosis. Brain Pathol 4:229-237.
39. Eng FE, Albert CH, Ling Lee Y, Ling Lee Y. 1992. Astrocytic response to injury. Prog Brain Res 94:353-365.
40. Eng FE, Ghirnikar RS, Lee YL. 2000. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-Thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem Res 25:1439-1451.
41. Eriksdotter-Nilsson M, Bjorklund H, Dahl D, Olson L, Ingvar M. 1987. Sustained seizures cause circumscribed cerebral changes in glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament and laminin immunofluorescence. Exp Brain Res 69:155-166.
42. Erlinge D, You J, Wahlestedt C, Edvinsson L. 1995. Characterization of an ATP receptor mediating mitogenesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol Mol Pharmacol 289:135-149.
43. 2+ wave propagation in dorsal spinal cord astrocytes. J Neurosci 20:2800-2808.
44. Fattore L, Puddu MC, Picciau S, Cappai A, Fratta W, Serra GP, Spiga S. 2002. Astroglial in vivo response to cocaine in mouse dentate gyrus: a quantitative and qualitative analysis by confocal microscopy. Neuroscience 110:1-6.
45. Ferri GL, Zareh S, Sbraccia M, Abelli L, Frontali N, Dahl D. 1991. Heterogeneous visceral nerve changes in acrylamide intoxication. Exp Brain Res 87:363-370.
46. Forno LS, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Di Monte D, Langston JW. 1992. Astrocytes and Parkinson's disease. Prog Brain Res 94:429-436.
47. Franke H. 1995. Influence of chronic alcohol treatment on the GFAP-immunoreactivity in astrocytes of the hippocampus in rats. Acta Histochem 97:263-271.
48. Franke H, Kittner H. 2001. Morphological alterations of neurons and astrocytes and changes in emotional behavior in pentylenetetrazol kindled rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 70:291-303.
49. Franke H, Krügel U, Illes P. 1999. P2 receptor-mediated proliferative effects on astrocytes in vivo. Glia 28:190-200.
50. Franke H, Bringmann A, Pannicke T, Krügel U, Grosche J, Reichenbach A, Illes P. 2001a. P2 receptors on macroglial cells: functional implications for gliosis. Drug Dev Res 53:140-147.
51. Franke H, Grosche J, Schädlich H, Krügel U, Allgaier C, Illes P. 2001b. P2X receptor expression on astrocytes in the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neuroscience 108:421-429.
52. Franke H, Krügel U, Schmidt R, Grosche J, Reichenbach A, Illes P. 2001c. P2 receptor-types involved in astrogliosis in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 134:1180-1189.
53. Franke H, Krügel U, Hilbig H, Grosche J, Illes P. 2002. Possible mechanisms of P2Y receptor mediated astrogliosis in vivo. 7th International Symposium on Adenosine & Adenine Nucleotides, Abstract 160:P84.
54. Franke H, Kittner H, Grosche J, Illes P. 2003. Enhanced P2Y(1) receptor expression in the brain after sensitisation with d-amphetamine. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 167:187-194.
55. Garcia G, Tagliaferro P, Bortolozzi A, Madariaga MJ, Brusco A, Evangelista de Duffard AM, Duffard R, Saavedra JP. 2001. Morphological study of 5-HT neurons and astroglial cells on brain of adult rats perinatal or chronically exposed to 2,4-dichlorophe-noxvacetic acid. Neurotoxicology 22:733-741.
56. Goodlett CR, Leo JT, O'Callaghan JP, Mahoney JC, West JR. 1993. Transient cortical astrogliosis induced by alcohol exposure during the neonatal brain growth spurt in rats. Dev Brain Res 72:85-97.
57. Gordon L. 1986. Extracellular ATP: effects, sources and fate. Biochem J 233:309-319.
58. Hatten E, Liem RKH, Shelansky ML, Mason CA. 1991. Astroglia in CNS injury. Glia 4:233-243.
59. Hatton JD, Finkelstein JP, Sang UH. 1993. Native astrocytes do not migrate de novo or after local trauma. Glia 9:18-24.
60. Hess A, Desidero C, McAuliffe WG. 1990. Acute neuropathological changes in the caudate nucleus caused by MPTP and methamphetamine: immunohistochemical studies. J Neurocytol 19:338-342.
61. Hindley S, Herman MAR, Rathbone MP. 1994. Stimulation of reactive astrogliosis in vivo by extracellular adenosine diphosphate or an adenosine A2 receptor agonist. J Neurosci Res 38:399-406.
62. Hollopeter G, Jantzen HM, Vincent D, Li G, England L, Ramakrishnan V, Yang RB, Nurden A, Julius D, Conley PB. 2001. Identification of the platelet ADP receptor targeted by antithrombotic drugs. Nature 409:202-207.
63. Imamura K, Mataga N, Watanabe Y. 1993. Gliotoxin-induced suppression of ocular dominance plasticity in kitten visual cortex. Neurosci Res 16:117-124.
64. Isacson O, Fischer W, Wictorin K, Dawbarn D, Bjorklund A. 1987. Astroglial response in the excitotoxically lesioned neostriatum and its projection areas in the rat. Neuroscience 20:1043-1056.
65. Johansson CB, Momma S, Clarke DL, Risling M, Lendahl U, Frisén J. 1999. Identification of a neural stem cell in the adult mammalian central nervous system. Cell 96:25-34.
66. 2 receptor subunit of the ATP-gated ion channels in the rat central nervous system. J Comp Neurol 407:11-32.
67. 1 receptor-mediated nitric oxide production. Neurospychopharmacology 28:435-444.
68. Kretzschmar HA, DeArmond SJ, Forno LS. 1985. Measurement of GFAP in hepatic encephalopathy by ELISA and transblots. J Neuropath Exp Neurol 44:459-471.
69. Kukley M, Barden JA, Steinhäuser C, Jabs R. 2001. Distribution of P2X receptors on astrocytes in juvenile rat hippocampus. Glia 36:11-21.
70. Lazarides E. 1980. Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space. Nature 283:249-256.
71. Lee YB, Du S, Rhim H, Lee EB, Markelonis GJ, Oh TH. 2000. Rapid increase in immunoreactivity to GFAP in astrocytes in vitro induced by acidic pH is mediated by calcium influx and calpin I. Brain Res 864:220-229.
72. Lenz G, Gootfried C, Luo Z, Avruch J, Rodnight R, Nie WJ, Kang Y, Neary JT. 2000. P2Y purinoceptor subtypes recruit different Mek activators in astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 129:927-936.
73. Lepekhin EA, Eliasson C, Berthold CH, Berezin V, Bock E, Pekny M. 2001. Intermediate filaments regulate astrocyte motility. J Neurochem 79:617-625.
74. Liedtke W, Edelmann W, Bieri PL, Chiu FC, Cowan NJ, Kucherlapati R, Raine CS. 1996. GFAP is necessary for integrity of CNS white matter architecture and long-term maintenance of myelination. Neuron 17:607-615.
75. Little AR, O'Callaghan JP. 2001. Astrogliosis in the adult and developing CNS: Is there a role for proinflamatory cytokines? Neurotoxicology 22:607-618.
76. 1 receptors in the rat cerebellum. Cell Tissue Res 294:253-260.
77. 6 receptors in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system: an ultrastructural study with extravidin and colloidal gold-silver labeling. Neuroscience 106:621-631.
78. 2 receptor immunoreactivity in the rat hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. J Neurocytol 28:495-504.
79. Malhotra SK, Shnitka TK. 1994. Adaptive plasticity and diversity among reactive astrocytes in central nervous system lesions. Biomed Lett 49:273-302.
80. Malhotra SK, Shnitka TK, Elbrink J. 1990. Reactive astrocytes - a review. Cytobios 61:133-160.
81. Malhotra SK, Luong LT, Bhatnagar R, Shnitka TK. 1997. Up-regulation of reactive astrogliosis in the rat glioma 9L cell line by combined mechanical and chemical injuries. Cytobios 89:115-134.
82. 1 purinergic receptor in the human brain: striking neuronal localisation. J Comp Neurol 421:374-384.
83. 1 purinergic receptor in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport 11:3799-3803.
84. 1 purinergic receptor in neurons and glial cells of the central nervous system. Mol Brain Res 78:50-58.
85. Neary JT, Norenberg MD. 1992. Signalling by extracellular ATP: physiological and pathological considerations in neuronal-astrocytic interactions. Prog Brain Res 94:145-151.
86. Neary JT, Zhu Q. 1994. Signaling by ATP receptors in astrocytes. Neuroreport 5:1617-1620.
87. Neary JT, Laskey R, van Breemen C, Blicharska J, Norenberg LOB, Norenberg MD. 1991. ATP-evoked calcium signal stimulates protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation in astrocytes. Brain Res 566:89-94.
88. Neary JT, Baker L, Jorgensen SL, Norenberg MD. 1994a. Extracellular ATP induces stellation and increases glial fibrillary acidic protein content and DNA synthesis in primary astrocyte cultures. Acta Neuropathol 87:8-13.
89. Neary JT, Whittemore SR, Zhu Q, Norenberg MD. 1994b. Synergistic activation of DNA synthesis in astrocytes by fibroblast growth factors and extracellular ATP. J Neurochem 63:490-494.
90. Neary JT, Zhu Q, Kang Y, Dash PK, 1996. Extracellular ATP induces formation of AP-1 complexes in astrocytes via P2 purinoceptors. Neuroreport 7:2893-2896.
91. Neary JT, McCarthy M, Cornell-Bel A, Kang Y. 1999a. Trophic signaling pathways activated by purinergic receptors in rat and human astroglia. Prog Brain Res 120:323-332.
92. Neary JT, Kang Y, Bu Y, Akong K, Peters CS. 1999b. Mitogenic signaling by ATP/P2Y purinergic receptors in astrocytes: involvement of a calcium-independent protein kinase C, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway distinct from the phosphatidyinositol-specific phospholipase C/calcium pathway. J Neurosci 19:4211-4220.
93. Newcombe J, Woodroofe MN, Cuzner ML. 1986. Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein in gliosed human white matter. J Neurochem 47:1713-1719.
94. 12 receptor: a novel member of the P2Y family of receptors activated by extracellular nucleotides. Mol Pharmacol 60:416-420.
95. Norenberg MD. 1994. Astrocyte responses to CNS injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 53:213-220.
96. Norton WT, Aquino DA, Hozumi I, Chiu FC, Brosnan CF. 1992. Quantitative aspects of reactive gliosis: a review. Neurochem Res 17:877-885.
97. Miller MW, Robertson S. 1993. Prenatal exposure to ethanol alters the postnatal development and transformation of radial glia to astrocytes in the cortex. J Comp Neurol 337:253-266.
98. O'Callaghan JP. 1993. Quantitative features of reactive gliosis following toxicant-induced damage of the CNS. Ann NY Acad Sci 679:195-210.
99. Ogawa M, Araki M, Nagatsu I, Yoshida M. 1989. Astroglial cell alteration caused by neurotoxins: immunohistochemical observations with antibodies to glial fibrillary acidic protein, laminin, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Exp Neurol 106:187-196.
100. Otto D, Unsicker K. 1994. FGF-2 in the MPTP model of Parkinson's disease: effects on astroglial cells. Glia 11:47-56.
101. 7 receptors on Müller glial cells from the human retina. J Neurosci 20:5965-5972.
102. Pekny M, Eliasson C, Siushansian R, Ding M, Dixon SJ, Pekna M, Wilson JX, Hamberger A. 1999a. The impact of genetic removal of GFAP and/or vimentin on glutamate levels and transport of glucose and ascorbate in astrocytes. Neurochem Res 24:1357-1362.
103. Pekny M, Johansson CB, Eliasson C, Stakeberg J, Wallen A, Perlmann T, Lendahl U, Betsholtz U, Berthold CH, Frisen J. 1999b. Abnormal reaction to central nervous system injury in mice lacking glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin. J Cell Biol 145:503-514.
104. Pu C, Vorhees VC. 1993. Developmental dissociation of methamphetamine-induced depletion of dopaminergic terminals and astrocyte reaction in rat striatum. Dev Brain Res 72:325-328.
105. Ralevic V, Burnstock G. 1998. Receptor for purines and pyrimidines. Pharmacol Rev 50:413-492.
106. Rataboul P, Vernier P, Biguet NF, Mallet J, Poulat P, Privat A. 1989. Modulation of GFAP mRNA levels following toxic lesions in the basal ganglia of the rat. Brain Res Bull 22:155-161.
107. Rathbone MP, Middlemiss PJ, Gysbers JW, DeForge S, Costello P, Del Maestro RF. 1992. Purine nucleosides and nucleotides stimulate proliferation of a wide range of cell types. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol 28A:529-536.
108. Reinhard JF Jr, Miller DB, O'Callaghan JP. 1988. The neurotoxicant MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) increases glial fibrillary acidic protein and decreases dopamine levels of the mouse striatum: evidence for glial response to injury. Neurosci Lett 95:246-251.
109. 2-purinergic/pyrimidinergic receptor. J Neurochem 64:61-68.
110. Ridet JL, Malhotra SK, Privat A, Gage FH. 1997. Reactive astrocytes: cellular and molecular cues to biological function. Trends Neurosci 20:570-577.
111. Rosengren LE, Kjellstrand P, Aurell A, Haglid KG. 1986. Irreversible effects of xylene on the brain after long term exposure: a quantitative study of DNA and the glial cell marker proteins S-100 and GFA. Neurotoxicology 7:121-135.
112. Rueger DC, Huston JS, Dahl D, Bignami A. 1979. Formation of 100 A filaments from purified glial fibrillary acidic protein in vivo. J Mol Bioi 135:53-68.
113. Queiroz G, Gebicke-Haerter PJ, Schobert A, Starke K, Von Kügelgen I. 1997. Release of ATP from cultured rat astrocytes elicited by glutamate receptor activation. Neuroscience 78:1203-1208.
114. Schmidt-Kastner R, Ingvar M. 1994. Loss of immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in astrocytes as a marker for profound tissue damage in substantia nigra and basal cortical areas after status epilepticus induced by pilocarpine. Glia 12:165-172.
115. Schmidt-Kastner R, Wietasch K, Weigel, Eysel UT. 1993. Immunohistochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) after deafferentation or ischemic infarction in rat visual system: features of reactive and damaged astrocytes. Int J Dev Neurosci 11:157-174.
116. 1 receptor stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinases and induce apoptosis. J Biol Chem 276:16379-16390.
117. Selvin-Testa A, Loidl CF, López-Costa JJ, López EM, Pecci-Saavedra J. 1994. Chronic lead exposure induces astrogliosis in hippocampus and cerebellum. Neurotoxicology 15:389-401.
118. Selvin-Testa A, Loidl CFJ, López EM, Capani F, López-Costa JJ, Pecci-Saavedra J. 1995. Prolonged lead exposure modifies astrocyte cytoskeletal proteins in the rat brain. Neurotoxicology 16:389-401.
119. Sobel RA, Dearmond SJ, Forno LS, Eng LF. 1981. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in hepatic encephalopathy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 40:625-632.
120. Stadlin A, Lau JW, Szeto YK. 1998. A selective regional response of cultured astrocytes to methamphetamine. Ann NY Acad Sci 844:108-121.
121. Streit WJ, Kreutzberg GW. 1988. Response of endogenous glial cells to motor neuron degeneration induced by toxic ricin. J Comp Neurol 268:248-263.
122. Stromberg I, Bjorklund H, Dahl D, Jonsson G, Sundstrom E, Olson L. 1986. Astrocyte responses to dopaminergic denervations by 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine as evidenced by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Brain Res Bull 17:225-236.
123. 7. J Neurochem 73:334-343.
124. Takemura M, Gomi H, Colucci-Guyon E, Itohara S. 2000a. Protective role of phosphorylation in turnover of glial fibrillary acidic protein in mice. J Neurosci 22:6972-6979.
125. Takemura M, Nishiyama H, Itohara S. 2000b. Distribution of phosphorylated glial fibrillary acidic protein in the mouse central nervous system. Genes Cells 7:295-307.
126. Tetzlaff W, Graeber MB, Bisby MA, Kreutzberg GW. 1988. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein synthesis in astrocytes during retrograde reaction of the rat fascial nucleus. Glia 1:90-95.
127. Ulas J, Satou T, Ivins KJ, Kesslak JP, Cotman CW, Balazs R. 2000. Expression of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 is increased in astrocytes after kainate-induced epileptic seizures. Glia 30:352-561.
128. Wang CM, Chang YY, Kuo JS, Sun SH. 2002. Activation of P2X(7) receptors induced [(3)H]GABA release from the RBA-2 type-2 astrocyte cell line through a Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-)-dependent mechanism, Glia 37:8-18.
129. Weinstein DE, Shelanski ML, Liem RKH. 1991. Suppression by antisense mRNA demonstrates a requirement for the glial fibrillary acidic protein in the formation of stable astrocytic processes in response to neurons. J Cell Biol 112:1205-1213.
130. Von Kügelgen I, Wetter A. 2000. Molecular pharmacology of P2Y-receptors. Naunyn Schmied Arch Pharmacol 362:310-323.
131. Zimmermann H. 1999. Two novel families of ectonucleotidases: molecular structures, catalytic properties and a search for function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:231-236.