Acute poisoning by chemical warfare agent: Sulfur mustard;Intoxication aiguë par arme chimique vésicante: L'ypérite

Annales Francaises d'Anesthesie et de Reanimation

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 108-118

  Merat S ^a   Perez, J P ^a   Ruttimann M ^b   Bordier, E ^a   Lienhard, A ^a   Lenoir, B ^a   Pats, B ^a  

^a H1A Percy ^*  (France)

^b Brigade de Sapeurs pompiers de Paris   (France)

Author keywords

Chemical poisoning; Chemical warfare agent; Sulfur mustard; Vesicant agent

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCYSTEINE; ANESTHETIC AGENT; CALMODULIN INHIBITOR; CHELATING AGENT; DNA; MUSTARD GAS; NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE; ORGANOCHLORINE DERIVATIVE;

ALKYLATION; BLOOD TOXICITY; BURN; CHEMICAL WARFARE; DETOXIFICATION; EYE TOXICITY; GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY; GASTROINTESTINAL TOXICITY; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; INTOXICATION; LUNG; LUNG INJURY; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MEDICAL LITERATURE; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; SKIN; TERRORISM; WAR;

ALKYLATING AGENTS; CHEMICAL WARFARE; CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MUSTARD GAS; POISONING; TERRORISM;

EID: 0037968294     PISSN: 07507658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0750-7658(02)00860-2     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Bismuth C. Armes chimiques, description et risques toxiques. Réan Urg 1993;2:625-33.
2. Lachaux G, Delhomme P. La guerre des gaz. Paris: Hégide; 1985 1-7.
3. Anglade M, Imbert GG. Ypérite, le plus redoutable des « gaz de combat ». Paris: Librairie E, le François; 1939.
4. Somani SM, Babu SR. Toxicodynamics of sulfur mustard. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1989;27:419-35.
5. Ricordel I. La menace chimique. Manuel de cours de défense contre l'arme chimique de l'École du Service de Santé des Armées, Paris, 1992-1993.
6. Lepick O. L'arme chimique: histoire, enjeux, perspectives. Le Médecin de Réserve 1998;94:4-6.
7. Lienhard A. Évaluation d'un respirateur de soins primaires utilisable en ambiance chimique. Mémoire du DES d'anesthésie-réanimation chirurgicale, Académie de Paris, Paris VII. 1995. p. 42.
8. Colardyn F, de Keyser H, Ringoir S, de Bersaques J. Clinical observation and therapy of injuries with vesicants. J Toxicol Clin Exp 1986;6:237-46.
9. Kadivar H, Adams SC. Treatment of chemical and biological warfare injuries: insights derived from the iraqi attack on Manjoon Island. Medicine 1991;4:171-7.
10. Willems JL. Clinical management of mustard gas casualties. Ann Med Milit Belg 1989;3:S1-S61.
11. Benschop HP, Van der Schans GP, Noort D, Fidder A, Mars-Groenendijk RH, de Jong LP. Verification of exposure to sulfur mustard in two casualties of the Iran-Irak conflict. J Anal Toxicol 1997; 21:249-51.
12. Sohrabpour H. Clinical manifestations of chemical agents on Iranian combattants during Iran-Irak conflit. Archives Belges Med Soc Hyg Med, Med Tr & Med Leg 1984:291-7.
13. Clerc Y, Pailler FM, Renaudeau C, Ricordel I. Convention de janvier 1993 sur l'interdiction des armes chimiques, principales dispositions. Méd Armées 1994;22:395-8.
14. Watson AP, Griffin GD. Toxicity of vesicant agents scheduled for destruction by the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Environ Health Perspect 1992;98:259-80.
15. Buffat JJ, Bonsignour JP, Ricordel I, Diraison Y. Toxicité des gaz de combat. In: Jepu, editor. La réanimation respiratoire préhospitalière. Paris: Arnette; 1989. p. 67-91.
16. Assennato G, Ambrosi F, Sivo D. Possible long-term effects on the respiratory system of exposure to yperite of fishermen. Med Lav 1997;88:148-54.
17. Bondet CJJ. Contribution à l'étude de l'action de l'ypérite sur les voies respiratoires supérieures. Thèse de médecine, Université de Bordeaux, 1919.
18. Meyer A. Les « gaz de combat ». Leur fabrication, Propriétés physiques, chimiques et toxicologiques, Détection et analyse. Paris: Charles Lavauzelle & Cie; 1936.
19. Dorandeu F, Blanchet G. Toxiques chimiques de guerre et terrorisme. Méd Catastrophe Urg Collectives 1998;1:161-70.
20. Newmark J. Response to chemical terrorism. US Army Medical Defense Bioscience Review, Hunt Valley, États-Unis, 1998.
21. Borak J, Sidell FR. Agents of chemical warfare: sulfur mustard. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:303-8.
22. Smith KJ, Hurst CG, Moeller RB, Skelton HG, Sidell FR. Sulfur mustard: its continuing threat as a chemical warfare agent, the cutaneous lesions induced, progress in understanding its mechanism of action, its long-term health effects and new developments for protection and therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:765-76.
23. Coutelier JP, Lison D, Simon O, Willems J. Effect of sulfur mustard on murine lymphocytes. Toxicol Lett 1991;58:143-8.
24. Lakshmana Rao PV, Vijayaraghavan R, Bhaskar AS. Sulphur mustard induced DNA damage in mice after dermal and inhalation exposure. Toxicology 1999;139:39-51.
25. Wormser U. Toxicology of mustard gas. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1991; 12:164-7.
26. Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Petrali JP. Pathology produced by sulfur mustard in human skin grafts on athymic nude mice, I. Gross and light microscopic changes. J Toxicol Cut Ocular Toxicol 1984;3:371-91.
27. Nagy SM, Golumbic C, Stein WH, Fruton JS, Bergmann M. The penetration of vesicant vapors into human skin. J Gen Physiol 1946; 29:441-69.
28. Graham JS, Reid FM, Smith JR, Stotts RR, Tucker ES, Shumaker SM, et al. A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl 1):S161-72.
29. Ricordel I, Renaudeau C, Blanchet JM, Noto R, Pailler FM. Les agressions chimiques. Aubervilliers: France-Sélection Edition; 1997.
30. Gilman A, Philips FS. The biological actions and therapeutic applications of the B-chloroethyl amines and sulfides. Science 1946;103: 409-15.
31. Grant WM. Toxicology of the eye, Springfield, Illinois, Charles C Thomas. 1986 643-6.
32. Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Meier HL, Petrali JP, Johnson JB. Molecular basis for mustard-induced vesication. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1985; 5:S134-49.
33. Ricketts KM, Santai CT, France JA, Graziosi AM, Doyel TD, Gazaway MY, et al. Inflammatory cytokine response in sulfur mustardexposed mouse skin. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S73-6.
34. Cowan FM, Broomfield CA, Smith WJ. Exposure of human epidermal keratinocyte cell cultures to sulfur mustard promotes binding of complement C1q: implications for toxicity and medical countermeasures. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S77-80.
35. Pons F, Calvet JH, Haag M, Raeppel V, Keravis T, Frossard N. Altered expression of lung cytochrome P450 3A1 in rat after exposure to sulfur mustard. Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;88:40-4.
36. Calvet JH, Planus E, Rouet P, Pezet S, Levame M, Lafuma C, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase gelatinases in sulfur mustard-induced acute airway injury in guinea pigs. Am J Physiol 1999;276:L754-62.
37. Balali-Mood M, Navaeian A. Clinical and paraclinical findings in 233 patients with sulfur mustard poisoning. In: Heyndricks G, editor. Proceedings of the Second World Congress on New Compounds in Biological and Chemical Warfare. Belgium: Ghent; 1986.
38. Lacotte B, Ceuterick M, Geerts ML, Willems J. Brulûres cutanées par l'ypérite, À propos de 2 nouveaux cas. J Chir (Paris) 1989;126:315-8.
39. Petrali JP, Dick EJ, Brozetti JJ, Hamilton TA, Finger AV. Acute ocular effects of mustard gas: ultrastructural pathology and immunohistopathology of exposed rabbit cornea. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S173-5.
40. Calvet JH, Coste A, Levame M, Harf A, Macquin-Mavier I, Escudier E. Airway epithelial damage induced by sulfur mustard in guinea pigs, effects of glucocorticoids. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996;15: 964-71.
41. Calvet JH, Jarreau PH, Levame M, D'Ortho MP, Lorino H, Harf A, et al. Acute and chronic respiratory effects of sulfur mustard intoxication in guinea pig. J Appl Physiol 1994;76:681-8.
42. Norman Jr JE. Lung cancer mortality in World War I veterans with mustard-gas injury: 1919-1965. J Natl Cancer Inst 1975;54:311-7.
43. Bullman TA, Kang HK. The effects of mustard gas, ionizing radiation, herbicides, trauma and oil smoke on US military personnel: the results of veteran studies. Annu Rev Public Health 1994;15:69-90.
44. Manning KP, Skegg DC, Stell PM, Doll R. Cancer of the larynx and other occupational hazards of mustard gas workers. Clin Otolaryngol 1981;6:165-70.
45. Easton DF, Peto J, Doll R. Cancers of the respiratory tract in mustard gas workers. Br J Ind Med 1988;45:652-9.
46. Blewett WK. Tactical weapons: is mustard still king? NBC Defense Technol Int 1986;1:64-6.
47. Papirmeister B, Gross CL, Petrali JP. Pathology produced by sulfur mustard in human skin grafts on athymic nude mice, II. Ultrastructural changes. J Toxicol Cut Ocular Toxicol 1984;3:393-408.
48. Eisenmenger W, Drasch G, von Clarmann M, Kretschmer E, Roider G. Clinical and morphological findings on mustard gas [bi (2- chloroethyl) sulfide] poisoning. J Forensic Sci 1991;36:1688-98.
49. Héderer C, Istin M. L'arme chimique et ses blessures, Étude générale sur les gaz de guerre. Paris: J.-B. Baillière & fils; 1935.
50. Bodansky O. Contributions of medical research in chemical warfare to medicine. Science 1945;102:517-23.
51. Ministère de la Défense, Direction Centrale du Service de Santé des Armées, Mémento médical pour la protection contre les armes chimiques, 1998.
52. Noort D, Fidder A, Hulst AG, de Jong LP, Benschop HP. Diagnosis and dosimetry of exposure to sulfur mustard: development of a standard operating procedure for mass spectrometric analysis of haemoglobin adducts: exploratory research on albumin and keratin adducts. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S187-92.
53. Logan TP, Graham JS, Martin JL, Zallnick JE, Jakubowski EM, Braue EH. Detection and measurement of sulfur mustard off gassing from the weanling pig following exposure to saturated sulfur mustard vapor. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S199-204.
54. Price EO, Smith JR, Clark CR, Schlager JJ, Shih ML, Maldi-To F. MS as a diagnostic tool for the confirmation of sulfur mustard exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S193-7.
55. Ohbu S, Yamashina A, Takasu N. Sarin poisonning on Tokyo subway. South Med J 1997;90:587-93.
56. Amir A, Chapman S, Kadar T, Gozes Y, Sahar R, Allon N. Sulfur mustard toxicity in macrophages: effect of dexamethasone. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S51-8.
57. Freitag L, Firusian N, Stamatis G, Greschuchna D. The role of bronchoscopy in pulmonary complications due to mustard gas inhalation. Chest 1991;100:1436-41.
58. Anderson DR, Byers SL, Vesely KR. Treatment of sulfur mustard (HD)-induced lung injury. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S129-32.
59. Atkins KB, Lodhi IJ, Hurley LL, Hinshaw DB. N-acetylcysteine and endothelial cell injury by sulfur mustard. J Appl Toxicol 2000; 20(Suppl. 1):S125-8.
60. Rappeneau S, Baeza-Squiban A, Marano F, Calvet J. Efficient protection of human bronchial epithelial cells against sulfur and nitrogen mustard cytotoxicity using drug combinations. Toxicol Sci 2000;58: 153-60.
61. Wormser U, Sintov A, Brodsky B, Nyska A. Topical iodine preparation as therapy against sulfur mustard-induced skin lesions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2000;169:33-9.
62. Kim YB, Hur GH, Choi DS, Shin S, Han BG, Lee YS, et al. Effects of calmodulin antagonists and anesthetics on the skin lesions induced by 2-chloroethylethyl sulfide. Eur J Pharmacol 1996;313:107-14.
63. Kadar T, Fishbeine E, Meshulam Y, Sahar R, Chapman S, Liani H, et al. Treatment of skin injuries induced by sulfur mustard with calmodulin antagonists, using the pig model. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S133-6.
64. Meier HL, Millard C, Moser J. Pol (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors regulate the mechanism of sulfur mustard-initiated cell death in human lymphocytes. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S93-S100.
65. Chakrabarti AK, Ray P. Novel endogenous inhibitor of sulfur mustard-stimulated protease in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes: possible application in vesicant intervention. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S59-61.
66. Rosenthal DS, Simbulan-Rosenthal CM, Iyer S, Smith WJ, Ray R, Smulson ME. Calmodulin, pol (ADP-ribose) polymerase and p53 are targets for modulating the effects of sulfur mustard. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S43-9.
67. Ray R, Benton BJ, Anderson DR, Byers SL, Petrali JP. Intervention of sulfur mustard toxicity by down regulation of cell proliferation and metabolic rates. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S87-91.
68. Amir A, Turetz J, Chapman S, Fishbeine E, Meshulam J, Sahar R, et al. Beneficial effects of topical anti-inflammatory drugs against sulfur mustard-induced ocular lesions in rabbits. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S109-14.
69. Casillas RP, Kiser RC, Truxall JA, Singer AW, Shumaker SM, Niemuth NA, et al. Therapeutic approaches to dermatotoxicity by sulfur mustard, I. Modulaton of sulfur mustard-induced cutaneous injury in the mouse ear vesicant model. J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S145-51.
70. Babin MC, Ricketts K, Skvorak JP, Gazaway M, Mitcheltree LW, Casillas RP. Systemic administration of candidate antivesicants to protect against topically applied sulfur mustard in the Mouse Ear Vesicant Model (MEVM). J Appl Toxicol 2000;20(Suppl. 1):S141-4.
71. Conley J, Hunter K, Lundy P, Hamilton M, Sawyer TW. Domestic swine model for the assessment of chemical warfare agent-anesthetic interactions: some effects of sulfur mustard. Mil Med 2000;165: 573-8.
72. Risk D, Verpy D, Conley JD, Jacobson T, Sawyer TW. Volatile anesthesics give a false-positive reading in chemical agent monitors in the "H" mode. Military Medicine 2001;166:708-10.