Micronutrients and the bone mineral content of the mother, fetus and newborn

Journal of Nutrition

Volumn 133, Issue 5 SUPPL. 1, 2003, Pages

  Prentice, Ann ^a  

^a MRC HUMAN NUTRITION RESEARCH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Bone mineral; Breast milk; Lactation; Micronutrients; Pregnancy

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; PHOSPHORUS; TRACE ELEMENT; VITAMIN D; ZINC;

BONE MINERAL; BREAST MILK; CALCIUM INTAKE; CHILD GROWTH; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; ECONOMIC ASPECT; FEMALE; FETUS GROWTH; HUMAN; LACTATION; MATERNAL NUTRITION; MILK PRODUCTION; MOTHER FETUS RELATIONSHIP; PREGNANCY; SUN EXPOSURE; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 0037547074     PISSN: 00223166     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.5.1693s     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (90)

1. Prentice, A. & Bates, C. J. (1994) Adequacy of dietary mineral supply for human bone growth and mineralisation. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 48 (Suppl), 161-177.
2. Forbes, G. B. (1976) Calcium accumulation by the human fetus. Pediatrics 57: 976-977.
3. Prentice, A., Laskey, M. A. & Jarjou, L. M. A. (1999) Lactation and bone development: implications for the calcium requirements of infants and lactating mothers. In: Nutrition and Bone Development (Tsang, R. C. & Bonjour, J.-P., eds.), pp. 127-145. Vevey/Lippincott-Raven, New York.
4. Casey, C. E., Smith, A. & Zhang, P. (1995) Minerals, ions and trace elements in milk. C. Microminerals in human and animal milks. In: Handbook of Milk Composition (Jensen, R.G., ed.), pp. 622-674, Academic Press, San Diego.
5. Laskey, M. A., Dibba, B. & Prentice, A. (1991) Low ratios of calcium to phosphorus in the breast milk of rural Gambian mothers. Acta Paediatr. Scand. 80: 250-251.
6. Prentice, A. (2000) Calcium in pregnancy and lactation. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 20: 249-272.
7. Kovacs, C. S. & Kronenberg, H. M. (1997) Maternal-fetal calcium and bone metabolism during pregnancy, puerperium, and lactation. Endocrine Rev. 18: 832-872.
8. Kovacs, C. S. (2001) Calcium and bone metabolism in pregnancy and lactation. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86: 2344-2348.
9. King, J. C. (2001) Effect of reproduction on the bioavailability of calcium, zinc and selenium. J. Nutr. 131: 1355S-1358S.
10. Lippuner, K., Zehnder, H.-K., Casez, J.-P., Takkinen, R. & Jaeger, P. (1996) PTH-related protein is released into the mother's bloodstream during lactation: evidence for beneficial effects on maternal calcium-phosphate metabolism. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: 1394-1399.
11. Prentice, A., Jarjou, L. M. A., Stirling, D. M. S., Buffenstein, R. & Fairweather-Tait, S. (1998) Biochemical markers of calcium and bone metabolism during 18 months of lactation in Gambian women accustomed to a low calcium intake and in those consuming a calcium supplement. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 83: 1059-1066.
12. Kent, G. N., Price, R. I., Gutteridge, D. H., Smith, M., Allen, J. R., Bhagat, C. I., Barnes, M. P., Hickling, C. J., Retallack, R. W., Wilson, S. G., Devlin, R. D., Davies, C. & John, A. S. (1990) Human lactation: forearm trabecular bone loss, increased bone turnover, and renal conservation of calcium and inorganic phosphate with recovery of bone mass following weaning. J. Bone Miner. Res. 5: 361-369.
13. Dengel, J. L., Mangels, A. R. & Moser-Veillon, P. B. (1994) Magnesium homeostasis: conservation mechanism in lactating women consuming a controlled-magnesium diet. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59: 990-994.
14. Kalkwarf, H. J., Specker, B., L. & Ho, M. (1999) Effects of calcium supplementation on calcium homeostasis and bont turnover in lactating women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84: 464-470.
15. Krebs, N. F., Reidinger, C. J., Robertson, A. D. & Brenner, M. (1997) Bone mineral density changes during lactation: maternal, dietary, and biochemical correlates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65: 1738-1746.
16. Klein, C. J., Moser-Veillon, B., Douglass, L. W., Ruben, K. A. & Trocki, O. (1995) A longitudinal study of urinary calcium, magnesium, and zinc excretion in lactating and nonlactating postpartum women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 779-786.
17. Cross, N. A., Hillman, L. S., Allen, A. H., Krause, G. F. & Vieira, N. E. (1995) Calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism during pregnancy, lactation and postweaning: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 514-523.
18. Sian, L., Krebs, N. F., Westcott, J. E., Fengliang, L., Tong, L., Miller, L. V., Sonko, B. & Hambidge, M. (2002) Zinc homeostasis during lactation in a population with a low zinc intake. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 75: 99-103.
19. Kalkwarf, H. J., Specker, B. L., Heubi, J. E., Vieira, N. E. & Yergey, A. L. (1996) Intestinal calcium absorption of women during lactation and after weaning. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63: 526-531.
20. Ritchie, L. D., Fung, E. B., Halloran, B. P., Turnlund, J. R., Van Loan, M. D., Cann, C. E. & King, J. C. (1998) A longitudinal study of calcium homeostasis during human pregnancy and lactation and after resumption of menses. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67: 693-701.
21. Kalkwarf, H. J. (1999) Hormonal and dietary regulation of changes in bone density during lactation and after weaning in women. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia. 4: 319-329.
22. Laskey, M. A. & Prentice, A. (1997) Effect of pregnancy on recovery of lactational bone loss. Lancet 349: 1518-1519.
23. Sowers, M. F., Randolph, J., Shapiro, B. & Jannausch, M. (1995) A prospective study of bone density and pregnancy after an extended period of lactation with bone loss. Obstet. Gynecol. 85: 285-298.
24. Sowers, M., Crutchfield, M., Jannausch, M., Updike, S. & Corton, G. (1991) A prospective evaluation of bone mineral change in pregnancy. Obstet. Gynecol. 77: 841-845.
25. Shahtaheri, S. M., Aaron, J. E., Johnson, D. R. & Purdie, D. W. (1999) Changes in trabelcular bone architecture in women during pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 1016: 432-438.
26. Laskey, M. A., Prentice, A., Hanratty, L. A., Jarjou, L. M. A., Dibba, B., Beavan, S. & Cole, T. J. (1998) Bone changes after 3 months of lactation: influence of calcium intake, breast milk output and vitamin-D receptor genotype. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67: 685-692.
27. Laskey, M. A. & Prentice, A. (1999) Bone mineral changes during and after lactation. Obstet. Gynecol. 94: 608-615.
28. Polatti, F., Capuzzo, E., Viazzo, F., Colleoni, R. & Klersy, C. (1999) Bone mineral, changes during and after lactation. Obstet. Gynecol. 94: 52-56.
29. Purdie, D. W., Aaron, J. E. & Selby, P. (1988) Bone histology and mineral homeostasis in human pregnancy. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 95: 849-854.
30. Naylor, K. E., Iqbal, P., Fraser, R. B. & Eastell, R. (2000) The effect of pregnancy on bone density and bone turnover. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15: 129-137.
31. Ogueh, O., Khastgir, G., Abbas, A., Jones, J., Nicolaides, K. H., Studd, J. W., Alaghband-Zadeh, J. & Johnson, M. R. (2000) The feto-placental unit stimulates the pregnancy-associated increase in maternal bone metabolism. Hum. Reprod. 15: 1834-1837.
32. Salle, B. L., Delvin, E. E., Lapillonne, A., Bishop, N. J. & Glorieux, F. H. (2000) Perinatal metabolism of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (Suppl), 1317S-1324S.
33. Black, A. J., Topping, J., Durham, B., Farquharson, R. G. & Fraser, W. D. (2000) A detailed assessment of alterations in bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and bone density in normal pregnancy. J. Bone Miner. Res. 15: 557-563.
34. Sowers, M., Eyre, D., Hollis, B. W., Randolph, J. F., Shapiro, B., Jannausch, M. L. & Critchfield, M. (1995) Biochemical markers of bone turnover in lactating and nonlactating postpartum women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80: 2210-2216.
35. Institute of Medicine. (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. National Academy Press, Washington D.C.
36. Gertner, J. M., Coustan, D. R., Kliger, A. S., Mallette, L. E. & Ravin, N. (1986) Pregnancy as a state of physiologic absorptive hypercalciuria. Am. J. Med. 81: 451-456.
37. Kent, G. N., Price, R. I., Gutteridge, D. H., Allen, J. R., Rosman, K. J., Smith, M., Bhagat, C. I., Wilson, S. G. & Retallack, R. W. (1993) Effect of pregnancy and lactation on maternal bone mass and calcium metabolism. Osteoporos. Int. 3 (Suppl 1), S44-S47.
38. King, J. C., Halloran, B. P., Huq, N., Diamond, T. & Buckendahl, P. E. (1992) Calcium metabolism during pregnancy and lactation. In: Mechanisms Regulating Lactation and Infant Nutrient Utilization (Picciano, M. F. & Lonnerdal, B., eds.), pp. 129-146. Wiley-Liss, New York.
39. Cushard, W. G., Creditor, M. A., Canterbury, J. M. & Reiss, E. (1972) Physiologic hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34: 767-771.
40. Sowers, M. F., Zhang, D., Hollis, B. W., Shapiro, B., Janney, C. A., Crutchfield, M., Schork, M. A., Stanczyk, F. & Randolph, J. (1998) Role of calciotrophic hormones in calcium mobilization of lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67: 284-291.
41. Specker, B. L., Tsang, R. C. & Ho, M. L. (1991) Changes in calcium homeostasis over the first year postpartum: effect of lactation and weaning. Obstet. Gynecol. 78: 56-62.
42. Greer, F. R., Lane, J. & Ho, M. (1984) Elevated serum parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in lactating women nursing twins. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40: 562-568.
43. Ardawi, M. S. M., Nasrat, H. A. N. & BA'Aqueel, H. S. (1997) Calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 137: 402-409.
44. Budayr, A. A., Halloran, B. P., King, J. C., Diep, D., Nissenson, R. A. & Strewler, G. J. (1989) High levels of parathyroid hormone-like protein in milk. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 7183-7185.
45. Cross, N. A., Hillman, L. S. & Forte, L. R. (1998) The effects of calcium supplementation, duration of lactation, and time of day on concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein in human milk: a pilot study. J. Hum. Lact. 14: 111-117.
46. Wysolmerski, J. J. & Stewart, A. F. (1998) The physiology of parathyroid hormone-related protein: an emerging role as a developmental factor. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60: 431-460.
47. Henry, J. G., Mitnick, M., Dann, P. R. & Stewart, A. F. (1997) Parathyroid hormone-related protein-(1-36) is biologically active when administered subcutaneously to humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 82: 900-906.
48. Smith, R., Athanasou, N. A., Ostlere, S. J. & Vipond, S. E. (1995) Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis. Q. J. Med. 88: 865-878.
49. Mestman, J. H. (1998) Parathyroid disorders of pregnancy. Semin. Perinatol. 22: 485-496.
50. Levav, A. L., Chan, L. & Wapner, R. J. (1998) Long-term magnesium sulfate tocolysis and maternal osteoporosis in a triplet pregnancy: a case report. Am. J. Perinatol. 15: 43-46.
51. Rizzoli, R. & Bonjour, J. P. (1996) Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis. Lancet 347: 1274-1277.
52. Rousiere, M., Kahan, A. & Job-Deslandre, C. (2001) Postpartal sacral fracture without osteoporosis. Joint Bone Spine 68: 71-73.
53. Khovidhunkit, W. & Epstein, S. (1996) Review article: Osteoporosis in pregnancy. Osteoporos. Int. 6: 345-354.
54. Anai, T., Tomiyasu, T., Arima, K. & Miyakawa, I. (1999) Pregnancy-associated osteoporosis with elevated levels of circulating parathyroid hormone-related protein: A report of two cases. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 25: 63-67.
55. Sowers, M. F. (1996) Pregnancy and lactation as risk factors for subsequent bone loss and osteoporosis. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: 1052-1060.
56. Prentice, A. (1994) Maternal calcium requirements during pregnancy and lactation. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59 (Suppl), 477S-483S.
57. Department of Health. (1991) Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
58. Aguado, F., Revilla, M., Hernandez, E. R., Menendez, M., Cortez-Prieto, J., Villa, L. F. & Rico, H. (1998) Ultrasonographic bone velocity in pregnancy: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 178: 1016-1021.
59. Raman, L., Rajalakshmi, K., Krishnamachari, K. A. V. R. & Sastry, K. G. (1978) Effect of calcium supplementation on undernourished mothers during pregnancy on the bone density of the neonates. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21: 466-469.
60. Koo, W. W. K., Walters, J. C., Esterlitz, J., Levine, R. J., Bush, A. J. & Sibai, B. (1999) Maternal calcium supplementation and fetal bone mineralization. Obstet. Gynecol. 94: 577-582.
61. Matsuda, Y., Maeda, Y., Ito, M., Sakamoto, H., Masaoka, N., Takada, M. & Sato, K. (1997) Effect of magnesium sulfate treatment on neonatal bone abnormalities. Gynecol. Obstet. Invest. 44: 82-88.
62. Edwards, D. K. (1993) Skeletal growth lines seen on radiographs of newborn infants: prevalence and possible association with obstetric abnormalities. Am. J. Roentgenol. 161: 141-145.
63. King, J. C. (2000) Determinants of maternal zinc status during pregnancy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 71 (Suppl), 1334S-1343S.
64. Mahomed, K., James, D. K., Golding, J. & McCabe, R. (1989) Zinc supplementation during pregnancy: a double blind randomised controlled trial. BMJ 299: 826-830.
65. Goldenberg, R. L., Tamura, T., Neggars, Y., Copper, R. L., Johnston, K. E., Dubard, M. B. & Hauth, J. C. (1995) The effect of zinc supplementation on pregnancy outcome. JAMA 274: 463-468.
66. Prentice, A., Jarjou, L. M. A., Cole, T. J., Stirling, D. M., Dibba, B. & Fairweather-Tait, S. (1995) Calcium requirements of lactating Gambian mothers: effects of a calcium supplement on breastmilk calcium concentration, maternal bone mineral content, and urinary calcium excretion. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 58-67.
67. Kalkwarf, H. J., Specker, B. L., Bianchi, D. C., Ranz, J. & Ho, M. (1997) The effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during lactation and after weaning. N. Engl. J. Med. 337: 523-528.
68. Kent, G. N., Price, R. I., Gutteridge, D. H., May, K. D., Allen, J. R., Smith, M., Evans, D. V. & Bhagat, C. I. (1995) Site-specific reduction in bone loss by calcium supplements in normal lactation. Osteoporos. Int. 5: 315.
69. Cross, N. A., Hillman, L. S., Allen, S. H. & Krause, G. F. (1995) Changes in bone mineral density and markers of bone remodeling during lactation and postweaning in women consuming high amounts of calcium. J. Bone Miner. Res. 10: 1312-1320.
70. Chan, G. M., McMurry, M., Westover, K., Engelbert-Fenton, K. & Thomas, M. R. (1987) Effects of increased dietary calcium intake upon the calcium and bone mineral status of lactating adolescent and adult women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46: 319-323.
71. Fairweather-Tait, S. J., Prentice, A., Heumann, K. G., Jarjou, L. M. A., Stirling, D. M., Wharf, S. G. & Turnlund, J. R. (1995) Effect of calcium supplements and stage of lactation on the efficiency of absorption of calcium by lactating women accustomed to low calcium intakes. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 62: 1188-1192.
72. Prentice, A., Dibba, B., Jarjou, L. M. A., Laskey, M. A. & Paul, A. A. (1994) Is breast milk calcium concentration influenced by calcium intake during pregnancy? Lancet 344: 411-412.
73. Bates, C. J. & Prentice, A. (1996) Vitamins, minerals and essential trace elements. In: Drugs and Human Lactation, 2nd Edition, (Bennett, P., ed.), pp. 533-607. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
74. Krebs, N. F., Reidinger, C. J., Hartley, S., Robertson, A. D. & Hambidge, K. M. (1995) Zinc supplementation during lactation: effects on maternal status and milk zinc concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61: 1030-1036.
75. Kleerekoper, M., Peterson, E., Nelson, D., Tilley, B., Phillips, E., Schork, I M. A. & Kuder, J. (1989) Identification of women at risk for developing postmenopausal osteoporosis with vertebral fractures: role of hisotry and single photon absorptiometry. Bone Miner. 7: 171-186.
76. Walker, A. R. P., Richardson, B. & Walker, F. (1972) The influence of numerous pregnancies and lactations on bone dimensions in South African Bantu and Caucasian mothers. Clin. Sci. (Lond.) 42: 189-196.
77. Aspray, T. J., Prentice, A., Cole, T. J., Sawo, Y., Reeve, J. & Francis, R. M. (1996) Low bone mineral content is common but osteoporotic fractures are rare in elderly rural Gambian women. J. Bone Miner. Res. 11: 1018-1024.
78. Specker, B. L. (1994) Do North American women need supplemental vitamin D during pregnancy or lactation? Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 59 (Suppl), 484S-491S.
79. Mughal, M. Z., Salama, H., Greenaway, T., Laing, I. & Mawer, E. B. (1999) Lesson of the week: florid rickets associated with prolonged breast feeding without vitamin D supplementation. BMJ 318: 39-40.
80. Kreiter, S. R., Schwartz, R. P., Kirkman, H. N., Charlton, P. A., Calikoglu, A. S. & Davenport, M. L. (2000) Nutritional rickets in African American breastfed infants. J. Pediatr. 137: 153-157.
81. Namgung, R., Tsang, R. C., Lee, C., Han, D.-G., Ho, M. L. & Sierra, R. I. (1998) Low total body bone mineral content and high bone resportion in Korean winter-born versus summer-born newborn infants. J. Pediatr. 132: 421-425.
82. Namgung, R., Tsang, R. C., Specker, B. L., Sierra, R. I. & Ho, M. L. (1994) Low bone mineral content and high serum osteocalcin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in summer- versus winter-born newborn infants: an early fetal effect? J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 19: 220-227.
83. Brooke, O. G., Brown, I. R. F., Bone, C. D. M., Carter, N. D., Cleeve, H. J. W., Maxwell, J. D., Robinson, V. P. & Winder, S. M. (1980) Vitamin D supplements in pregnant Asian women: Effects on calcium status and fetal growth. BMJ 280: 751-754.
84. Specker, B., Ho, M., Oestreich, A., Yin, T. A., Shui, Q. M., Chen, X. C. & Tsang, R. C. (1992) Prospective study of vitamin D supplementation and rickets in China. J. Pediatr. 120: 733-739.
85. Delvin, E. E., Salle, B. L., Glorieux, F., Adeleine, P. & David, L. S. (1986) Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: Effect on neonatal calcium homeostasis. J. Pediatr. 109: 328-334.
86. Brooke, O. G., Butters, F. & Wood, C. (1981) Intrauterine vitamin D nutrition and postnatal growth in Asian infants. BMJ 283: 1024.
87. Department of Health. (1998) Nutrition and Bone Health: with particular reference to Calcium and Vitamin D. The Stationery Office, London.
88. Roberts, J. M., Balk, J., Bodnar, L. M., Belizán, J. M., Bergel, E. & Martinez, A. (2003) Nutrient involvement in preeclampsia. J. Nutr. 133: 1684S-1692S.
89. Hallberg, L., Rossander-Hulten, L., Brune, M. & Gleerup, A. (1992) Calcium and iron absorption: mechanism of action and nutritional importance. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 46: 317-327.
90. Robinson, S., Godfrey, K., Denne, J. & Cox, V. (1998) The determinants of iron status in early pregnancy. Br. J. Nutr. 79: 249-255.