Implications of diabetes mellitus in urology

Urologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 1-12

  Sasaki, Katsumi ^a   Yoshimura, Naoki ^a   Chancellor, Michael B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PAPAVERINE; PHENOXYBENZAMINE; PHENTOLAMINE; PHENTOLAMINE MESYLATE; PROSTAGLANDIN E1; RECOMBINANT NERVE GROWTH FACTOR; SILDENAFIL; YOHIMBINE;

ARTERY BYPASS; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC CYSTOPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INTERMITTENT CATHETERIZATION; PATHOGENESIS; PENIS PROSTHESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; UNITED STATES;

CLINICAL TRIALS; DIABETES COMPLICATIONS; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; IMPOTENCE; MALE; PIPERAZINES; URINARY BLADDER, NEUROGENIC; VASODILATOR AGENTS;

EID: 0037311601     PISSN: 00940143     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0094-0143(02)00116-7     Document Type: Review

References (135)

1. Mokdad AH, Bowman BA, Ford ES, et al. The continuing epidemics of obesity and diabetes in the United States. JAMA 2001;286(10):1195-200.
2. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, et al. Diabetic trends in the U.S.: 1900-1998. Diabetic Care 2000;23(9):1278-83.
3. Robertson C. Diabetes update. The untold story of disease progression. RN 2001;64(3):59-60.
4. Frimodt-Moller C. Diabetic cystopathy: I. a clinical study of the frequency of bladder dysfunction in diabetics. Dan Med Bull 1976;23:267-78.
5. Frimodt-Moller C. Diabetic cystopathy: epidemiology and related disorders. Ann Intern Med 1980;92(2):318-21.
6. Ellenburg M. Development of urinary bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980;92(2):321-3.
7. Frimodt-Moller C. Diabetic cystopathy: a review of the urodynamic and clinical features of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Dan Med Bull 1978;25(2):49-60.
8. Ueda T, Yoshimura N, Yoshida O. Diabetic cystopathy: relationship to autonomic neuropathy detected by sympathetic skin response. J Urol 1997;157(2):580-4.
9. Bradley WE. Diagnosis of urinary bladder dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980;92(2):323-6.
10. Buck AC, Reed PI, Siddig YK, et al. Bladder dysfunction and neuropathy in diabetes. Diabetologia 1976;12(3):251-8.
11. Faerman I, Maler M, Jadzinsky M, et al. Asymptomatic neurogenic bladder in juvenile diabetes. Diabetologia 1971;7(3):168-72.
12. Bravas JG. Neurogenic dysfunction. In: Yalla SU, McGuire EJ, Elbadawi A, et al, editors. Neurourology and urodynamics: principles and practice. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company; 1988. p. 347-50.
13. Kaplan SA, Te AE, Blaivas JG. Urodynamic findings in patients with diabetic cystopathy. J Urol 1995;153(2):342-4.
14. Starer P, Libow L. Cystometric evaluation of bladder dysfunction in elderly diabetic patients. Arch Intern Med 1990;150(4):810-3.
15. Mastri AR. Neuropathology of diabetic neurogenic bladder. Ann Intern Med 1980;92(2):316-8.
16. Paro M, Italiano G, Travagli RA, et al. Cystometric changes in alloxan diabetic rats: evidence for functional and structural correlates of diabetic autonomic neuropathy. J Auton Nerv Syst 1990;30(1):1-11.
17. Van Poppel H, Stessens R, Van Damme B, et al. Diabetic cystopathy: neuropathological examination of urinary bladder biopsy. Eur Urol 1988;15(1-2):128-31.
18. Apfel SC. Neurotrophic factors and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Eur Neurol 1999;41(Suppl):27-34.
19. Fernyhough P, Diemel LT, Brewster WJ, et al. Deficits in sciatic nerve neuropeptide content coincide with a reduction in target tissue nerve growth factor messenger RNA in streptozotocindiabetic rats: effects of insulin treatment. Neuroscience 1994;62(2):337-44.
20. Hellweg R, Hartung HD. Endogenous levels of nerve growth factor (NGF) are altered in experimental diabetes mellitus: a possible role of NGF in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. J Neurosci Res 1990;26(2):258-67.
21. Kasayama S, Oka T. Impaired production of nerve growth factor in the submandibular gland of diabetic mice. Am J Physiol 1989;257(3):E400-4.
22. Schmid H, Forman LA, Cao X, et al. Heterogenous cardiac sympathetic denervation and decreased myocardial nerve growth factor in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: implications for cardiac sympathetic dysinnervation complicating diabetes. Diabetes 1999;48(3):603-8.
23. Diemel LT, Cai F, Anand P, et al. Increased nerve growth factor mRNA in lateral calf skin biopsies from diabetic patients. Diabet Med 1999;16(2):113-8.
24. Steinbacher BC, Nadelhaft I. Increased level of nerve growth factor in the urinary bladder and hypertrophy of dorsal root ganglion neurons in the diabetic rat. Brain Res 1998;782(1-2):255-60.
25. Hellweg R, Raivich G, Hartung HD, et al. Axonal transport of endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) and NGF receptor in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Exp Neurol 1994;130(1):24-30.
26. Jakobsen J, Brimijion S, Skau K, et al. Retrograde axonal transport of transmitter enzymes, fucose-labeled protein, and nerve growth factor in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetes 1981;30(10):797-803.
27. LNFR protein in lumber dorsal root ganglia. Mol Brain Res 1997;51(1-2):82-90.
28. NGFR. Mol Brain Res 1996;37(1-2):166-74.
29. Cai F, Tomlinson DR, Fernyhough P. Elevated expression of neurotorophin-3 mRNA in sensory nerve of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Neurosci Lett 1999;263(2-3):81-4.
30. Fernyhough P, Diemel LT, Tomlinson DR. Target tissue production and axonal transport of neurotrophin-3 are reduced in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetologia 1998;41(3):300-6.
31. Ihara C, Shimatsu A, Mizuta H. Decreased neurotrophin-3 expression in skeletal muscles of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Neuropeptides 1996;30(4):309-12.
32. Kennedy AJ, Wellmer A, Facer P, et al. Neurotorophin-3 is increased in skin in human diabetic neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998;65(3):393-5.
33. Bitar MS, Pilcher CWT. Attenuation of IGF-I antinociceptive action and a reduction in spinal cord gene expression of its receptor in experimental diabetes. Pain 1998;75(1):69-74.
34. Ishii DN. Implication of insulin-like growth factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Brain Res Rev 1995;20(1):47-67.
35. Migdalis IN, Kalogeropoulou K, Kalantzis L, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I and IGF-I receptors in diabetic patients with neuropathy. Diabet Med 1995;12(9):823-7.
36. Wuarin L, Guertin DM, Ishii DN. Early reduction in insulin-like growth factor gene expression in diabetic nerve. Exp Neurol 1994;130(1):106-14.
37. Phelan MW, Yoshimura N, Goins WF, et al. Nerve growth factor (NGF) gene therapy improves rat diabetic cystopathy, but does not increase pain sensation. J Urol 2000;163(Suppl):245A.
38. Sasaki K, Yoshimura N, Phelan MW, et al. Nerve growth factor (NGF) gene therapy mediated by herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors reverses bladder dysfunction and the decline in NGF expression in L6-S1 afferent neurons in diabetic rats. J Urol 2001;165(Suppl):274A.
39. Sango K, Verdes JM, Hikawa N, et al. Nerve growth factor (NGF) restores depletions of calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in sensory neurons from diabetic mice in vitro. J Neurol Sci 1994;126(1):1-5.
40. Diemel LT, Brewster WJ, Fernyhough P, et al. Expression of neuropeptides in experimental diabetes; effects of treatment with nerve growth factor or brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 1994;21(1-2):171-5.
41. Schmidt Y, Unger JW, Bartke I, et al. Effect of nerve growth factor on peptide neurons in dorsal root ganglia after taxol or cisplatin treatment and in diabetic (db/db)mice. Exp Neurol 1995;132(1):16-23.
42. Apfel SC, Arezzo JC, Brownlee M, et al. Nerve growth factor administration protects against experimental diabetic sensory neuropathy. Brain Res 1994;634(1):7-12.
43. Unger JW, Klitzsch T, Pera S, et al. Nerve growth factor (NGF) and diabetic neuropathy in the rat: morphological investigation of the sural nerve, dorsal root ganglion, and spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1998;153:23-34.
44. NTR gene expression in lumbar dorsal root ganglia of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 1998;47(11):1779-85.
45. Apfel SC, Kessler JA, Adomato BT, et al. The NGF study group: recombinant human nerve growth factor in the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurology 1998;51(3):695-702.
46. Petty BG, Comblath DR, Adornato BT, et al. The effect of systemically administered recombinant human nerve growth factor in healthy human projects. Ann Neurol 1994;36(2):244-6.
47. Apfel SC, Schwartz S, Adomato BT, et al. The rhNGF clinical investigator group: efficacy and safety of recombinant human nerve growth factor in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: a randomized control trial. JAMA 2000;284(17):2215-21.
48. Akkina SK, Patterson CL, Wright DE. GDNF rescues nonpeptidergic unmyelinated primary afferents in streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice. Exp Neurol 2001;167(1):173-82.
49. Pradat PF, Kennel P, Naimi-sadaoui S, et al. Continuous delivery of neurotrophin 3 by gene therapy has a neuroprotective effect in experimental models of diabetic and acrylamide neuropathies. Hum Gene Ther 2001;12(18):2237-49.
50. Ishii DN, Lupien SB. Insulin-like growth factors protect against diabetic neuropathy: effects on sensory nerve regeneration in rats. J Neurosci Res 1995;40(1):138-44.
51. Zhuang HX, Snyder CK, Pu SF, et al. Insulin-like growth factors reverse or arrest diabetic neuropathy: Effects on hyperalgesia and impaired nerve regeneration in rats. Exp Neurol 1996;140(2):198-205.
52. NIH consensus conference. Impotence. NIH consensus development panel on impotence. JAMA 1993;270(1):83-90.
53. Hakim LS, Goldstein I. Diabetic sexual dysfunction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1996;25(2):379-400.
54. Cummings MH, Alexander WD. Erectile dysfunction in patients with diabetes. Hosp Med 1999;60(9):638-44.
55. McCulloch DK, Campbell IW, Wu FC, et al. The prevalence of diabetic impotence. Diabetologia 1980;18(4):279-83.
56. McCulloch DK, Hosking DJ, Tobert A. A pragmatic approach to sexual dysfunction in diabetic men: psychosexual counselling. Diabet Med 1986;3(5):485-9.
57. Karacan I. Diagnosis of erectile impotence in diabetic mellitus. Ann Intern Med 1980;92(2):334-7.
58. Feldman HA, Goldstein I, Hatzichristou DG, et al. Impotence and its medical and psychosocial correlates: Results of the Massachusetts Male Aging Study. J Urol 1994;151(1):54-61.
59. Deutsch S, Sherman L. Previously unrecognized diabetes mellitus in sexually impotent men. JAMA 1980;244(21):2430-2.
60. Rubin A, Babbott D. Impotence and diabetes mellitus. JAMA 1958;168:498.
61. Hecht MJ, Neundorfer B, Kiesewetter F, et al. Neuropathy is a major contributing factor to diabetic erectile dysfunction. Neurol Res 2001;23(6):651-4.
62. Buvat J, Quittelier E, Lemaire A. Electromyography of the human penis, including single potential analysis during flaccidity and erection induced by vasoactive agents. Int J Impot Res 1990;2:85.
63. Fabia M, Frieling A, Porst H, et al. Single potential analysis of corpus cavernosum electromyography for the assessment of erectile dysfunction: provocation, reproducibility and age dependence-findings in 36 healthy volunteers and 324 patients. J Urol 1997;158(2):444-50.
64. Merckx L, Schmedding E, De Bruyne R, et al. Penile electromyography in the diagnosis of impotence. Eur Urol 1994;25(2):124-30.
65. Stief CG, Djamilian M, Schaebsdau F. Single potential analysis of cavernous electric activity-a possible diagnosis of autonomic impotence? World J Urol 1990;8:75.
66. Truss MC, Djamilian MH, Tan HK, et al. Single potential analysis of cavernous electrical activity. Four years' experience in more than 500 patients with erectile dysfunction. Eur Urol 1993;24(3):358-65.
67. Bemelmans BL, Hendrikx LB, Koldewijn EL, et al. Comparison of biothesiometry and neurourophysiological investigations for the clinical evaluation of patients with erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1995;153(5):1483-6.
68. Bird SJ, Hanno PM. Bulbocavernosus reflex studies and autonomic testing in the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction. J Neurol Sci 1998;154(1):8-13.
69. Colpi GM, Negri L, Nappi RE, et al. Perineal floor efficiency in sexually potent and impotent men. Int J Impot Res 1999;11(3):153-7.
70. Ertekin C, Akyurekli O, Gurses AN, et al. The value of somatosensory-evoked potential and bulbocarvenous reflex in patients with impotence. Acta Neurol Scand 1985;71(1):48-53.
71. Ho KH, Ong BK, Chong PN, et al. The bulbocavernosus reflex in the assessment of neurogenic impotence in diabetic and non-diabetic men. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1996;25(4):558-61.
72. Lefaucheur JP, Yiou R, Colombel M, et al. Relationship between penile thermal sensory threshold measurement and electrophysiologic tests to assess neurogenic impotence. Urology 2001;57(2):306-9.
73. Sarica Y, Karacan I. Bulbocavernosus reflex to somatic and visceral nerve stimulation in normal subjects and in diabetics with erectile impotence. J Urol 1987;138(1):55-8.
74. Tackmann W, Porst H, van Ahlen H. Bulbocavernosus reflex latencies and somatosensory evoked potentials after pudendal nerve stimulation in the diagnosis of impotence. J Neurol 1988;235(4):219-25.
75. Opsomer RJ, Wese FX, Van Cangh PJ. Visual sexual stimulation plethysmography: complementary test to nocturnal penile plethysmography. Urology 1990;35(6):504-7.
76. Chung WS, Shim BS, Park YY. Hemodynamic insult by vascular risk factors and pharmacologic erection in men with erectile dysfunction: doppler sonography study. World J Urol 2000;18(6):427-30.
77. Kadioglu A, Erdogru T, Karsidag K, et al. Evaluation of penile arterial system with color doppler ultrasonography in nondiabetic and diabetic males. Eur Urol 1995;27(4):311-4.
78. Basar MM, Sargon MF, Basar H, et al. Comparative study between corpus cavernosum-electromyography findings and electron microscopy of cavernosal muscle biopsies in erectile dysfunction patients. Int J Urol 1998;5(3):252-5.
79. Bookstein JJ, Valiji K, Parsons L, et al. Penile pharmacocavernosonography and cavernosometry in the evaluation of impotence. J Urol 1987;137(4):772-6.
80. Jarow JP, Pugh VW, Routh WD, et al. Comparison of penile duplux ultrasonography to pudendal arteriography. Variant penile arterial anatomy affects interpretation of duplex ultrasonography. Invest Radiol 1993;28(9):806-10.
81. Kaufman JM, Borges FD, Fitch WP III, et al. Evaluation of erectile dysfunction by dynamic infusion cavernosometry and cavernosonography (DICC). Multiple-institutional study. Urology 1993;41(5):445-51.
82. Lincoln J, Crowe R, Blacklay PF, et al. Changes in the VIPergic, cholinergic and adrenergic innervation of human penile tissues in diabetic and non-diabetic impotent males. J Urol 1987;137(5):1053-9.
83. Rosen MP, Greenfield AJ, Walker TG, et al. Arteriogenic impotence: findings in 195 impotent men examined with selective internal pudendal angiography. Young Investigator's Award. Radiology 1990;174(3):1043-8.
84. Kawanishi Y, Lee KS, Kimura K, et al. Feasibility of multi-slice computed tomography in the diagnosis of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2001;88(4):390-5.
85. Pretorius ES, Siegelman ES, Ramchandani P, et al. MR imaging of the penis. Radiographics 2001;1 Spec NO:S283-98; discussion S298-9.
86. Stehling MK, Liu L, Laub G, et al. Gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of the pelvic in patients with erectile dysfunction. MAGMA 1997;5(3):247-54.
87. Dahl-Jorgensen K. Diabetic microangiopathy. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1998;425:31-4.
88. Sobol AB, Watala C. The role of platelets in diabetes-related vascular complications. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000;50(1):1-16.
89. Stehouwer CD, Lambert J, Donker AJ, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and pathogenesis of diabetic angiopathy. Cardiovasc Res 1997;34(1):55-68.
90. Chiarelli F, Santilli F, Mohn A. Role of growth factors in the development of diabetic complications. Horm Res 2000;53(2):53-67.
91. Hyer SL, Sharp PS, Burrin JM, et al. Progression of diabetic retinopathy and changes in serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. Horm Metab Res 1989;21(1):18-22.
92. Murata T, Nagai R, Ishibashi T, et al. The relationship between accumulation of advanced glycation end products and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human diabetic retinas. Diabetologia 1997;40(7):764-9.
93. Yokoyama H, Deckert T. Central role of TGF-β in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and macrovascular complications: a hypothesis. Diabet Med 1996;13(4):313-20.
94. Andersson B, Marin P, Lissner L, et al. Testosterone concentrations in women and men with NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1994;17(5):405-11.
95. Garg R, Khaishgi A, Dandona P. Sildenafil for diabetic men with erectile dysfunction. JAMA 1999;282(10):939-41.
96. Kwan M, Greenleaf WJ, Mann J, et al. The nature of androgen action on male sexuality: a combined laboratory-self-report study on hypogonadal men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983;57(3):557-62.
97. Bancroft J, Wu FCW. Changes in erectile responsiveness during androgen replacement therapy. Arch Sex Behav 1983;12(1):59-66.
98. Jensen SB, Hagen C, Froland A, et al. Sexual function and pituitary axis in insulin treated diabetic men. Acta Med Scand 1979;624(Suppl):65-8.
99. Mooradian AD, Morley JE, Billington CJ, et al. Hyperprolactinemia in male patients. Postgrad Med J 1985;61(714):11-4.
100. Bruckert E, Giral P, Heshmati HM, et al. Men treated with hypolipidaemic drugs complain more frequently of erectile dysfunction. J Clin Pharm Ther 1996;21(2):89-94.
101. Grimm RH, Grandits GA, Princes RJ. Long-term effects on sexual function of five antihypertensive drugs and nutritional hygienic treatment in hypertensive men and women. Treatment of Mild Hypertension Study (TOMHS). Hypertension 1997;29(1):8-14.
102. Rosen RC, Weiner DN. Cardiovascular disease and sleep-related erections. J Psychosom Res 1997;42(6):517-30.
103. Mann K, Klingler T, Noe S, et al. Effects of yohimbine on sexual experiences and nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity in erectile dysfunction. Arch Sex Behav 1996;25(1):1-16.
104. Reid K, Surridge DH, Morales A, et al. Doubleblind trial of yohimbine in treatment of psychogenic impotence. Lancet 1987;2(8556):421-3.
105. Rowland DL, Kallan K, Slob AK. Yohimbine, erectile capacity, and sexual response in men. Arch Sex Behav 1997;26(1):49-62.
106. Susset JG, Tessier CD, Wincze J, et al. Effect of yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile impotence: a double-blind study. J Urol 1989;141(6):1360-3.
107. Vogt HJ, Brandl P, Kockott G, et al. Doubleblind, placebo-controlled safety and efficacy trial with yohimbine hydrochloride in the treatment of nonorganic erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1997;9(3):155-61.
108. Zorgniotti AW. Experience with buccal phentolamine mesylate for impotence. Int J Impot Res 1994;6(1):37-41.
109. Becker AJ, Stief CG, Machtens S, et al. Oral phentolamine as treatment for erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1998;159(4):1214-6.
110. Teloken C, Rhoden EL, Sogari P, et al. Therapeutic effects of high dose yohimbine hydrochloride on erectile dysfunction. J Urol 1998;159(1):122-4.
111. Padma-Nathan H, Giuliano F. Oral drug therapy for erectile dysfunction. Urol Clin North Am 2001;28(2):321-34.
112. Padma-Nathan H, Steers WD, Wicker PA. Efficacy and safety of oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: a double blind, placebo-controlled study of 329 patients. Int J Clin Pract 1998;52(6):1-4.
113. Goldstein I, Lue TF, Padma-Nathan H, et al. Oral sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. N Engl J Med 1998;338(20):1397-1404.
114. Price DE, Gingell JC, Gepi-Attee S, et al. Sildenafil: study of a novel oral treatment for erectile dysfunction in diabetic men. Diabet Med 1998;15(10):821-5.
115. Boulton AJ, Selam JL, Sweeney M, et al. Sildenafil citrate for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with Type II diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 2001;44(10):1296-301.
116. Rendell MS, Rajfer J, Wicker PA, et al. Sildenafil for treatment of erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Sildenafil Diabetes Study Group. JAMA 1999;281(5):421-6.
117. Morales A, Gingell C, Collins M, et al. Clinical safety of oral sildenafil citrate (Viagra™) in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 1998;10(2):69-73.
118. Rampin O. Mode of action of a new oral treatment for erectile dysfunction: apomorphine SL. BJU Int 2001;88(Suppl 3):22-4.
119. Lal S, Laryea E, Thavundayil JX, et al. Apomorphine-induced penile tumescence in impotent patients-preliminary findings. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1987;11(2-3):235-42.
120. Segraves RT, Bari M, Segraves K, et al. Effect of apomorphine on penile tumescence in men with psychogenic impotence. J Urol 1991;145(6):1174-5.
121. Altwein JE, Keuler FU. Oral treatment of erectile dysfunction with apomorphine SL. Urol Int 2001;67(4):257-63.
122. Buvat J, Montorsi F. Safety and tolerability of apomorphine SL in patients with erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2001;88(Suppl 3):30-5.
123. Fagan TC, Buttler S, Marbury T, et al. Cardiovascular safety of sublingual apomorphine in patients on stable doses of oral antihypertensive agents and nitrates. Am J Cardiol 2001;88(7):760-6.
124. Mirone VG, Stief CG. Efficacy of apomorphine SL in erectile dysfunction. BJU Int 2001;88(Suppl 3):25-9.
125. Mulhall JP. Sublingual apomorphine for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002;11(2):295-302.
126. Klotz T, Sachse R, Heidrich A, et al. Vardenafil increases penile rigidity and tumescence in erectile dysfunction patients: a RigiScan and pharmacokinetic study. World J Urol 2001;19(1):32-9.
127. Padma-Nathan H, McMurray JG, Pullman WE, et al. On-demand IC351 (Cialis) enhances erectile function in patients with erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res 2001;13(1):2-9.
128. Porst H, Rosen R, Padma-Nathan H, et al. The efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a new, oral, selective phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, in patients with erectile dysfunction: the first at-home clinical trial. Int J Impot Res 2001;13(4):192-9.
129. Bakircioglu ME, Lin CS, Fan P, et al. The effect of adeno-associated virus mediated brain derived neurotrophic factor in an animal model of neurogenic impotence. J Urol 2001;165(6):2103-9.
130. Burgers JK, Nelson RJ, Quinlan DM, et al. Nerve growth factor, nerve grafts and amniotic membrane grafts restore erectile function in rats. J Urol 1991;146(2):463-8.
131. Jung GW, Martine SE, Lue TF. Growth hormone enhances regeneration of nitric oxide systhase-containing penile nerve after cavernous nerve neurotomy in rats. J Urol 1998;160(5):1899-904.
132. Ahmed Z, Brown R, Ljungberg C, et al. Nerve growth factor enhances peripheral nerve regeneration in non-human primates. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg 1999;33(4):393-401.
133. Chen LE, Liu K, Seaber AV, et al. Recombinant human glial growth factor 2 (rhGGF2) improves functional recovery of crushed peripheral nerve (a double-blind study). Neurochem Int 1998;33(4):341-51.
134. Ramer MS, Priestley JV, McMahon SB. Functional regeneration of sensory axons into the adult spinal cord. Science 2000;(403):312-6.
135. Kim JH, Sasaki K, Yoshimura N, et al. Herpes simplex virus mediated gene therapy for neurogenic erectile dysfunction: proof of concept for afferent and efferent neuron transfection. J Urol 2002;167:234A.