EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of skin surface pH

Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 188-202

  Parra, J L ^a   Paye, M ^b  

^a DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY   (Spain)

^b Inst Invest Quimicas Ambient B ^*

Author keywords

Acid mantle; Guidance; Measurement; Natural moisturizing factor; pH gradient; Skin barrier; Skin irritation; Skin microflora; Skin surface pH; Stratum corneum

Indexed keywords

DEFENSIN; PHOSPHOLIPASE A; SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE; STERYL SULFATASE;

ACCURACY; ACIDITY; AGE; CELL METABOLISM; CELL PH; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; HUMAN; HYDROPHOBICITY; ICHTHYOSIS; NONHUMAN; PH MEASUREMENT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEBUM SECRETION; SEX DIFFERENCE; SKIN DISEASE; SKIN FLORA; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN PROTECTION; SKIN SURFACE; STRATUM CORNEUM;

EPIDERMIS; GUIDELINES; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; SKIN;

EID: 0037247619     PISSN: 14222868     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000069756     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Heuss E: Die Reaktion des Schweisses beim gesunden Menschen. Monatsschr Prakt Dermatol 1892;14:343.
2. Schade H, Marchionini A: Der Säuremantel der Haut nach Gaskettenmessungen. Klin Wochenschr 1928;7:12-14.
3. Bergeim O, Cornbleet T: The antibacterial action of the lactic acid and volatile fatty acid of sweat. Am J Med Sci 1942;205:785-792.
4. Agache P, Blanc D: Current status in sebum knowledge. Int J Dermatol 1987;21:304-315.
5. Resing KA, Walsh KA, Dale BA: Identification of two intermediates during processing of profilaggrin to filaggrin in neonatal mouse epidermis. J Cell Biol 1984;99:1372-1378.
6. Scott IR, Harding CR, Barret JG: Histidine-rich protein of the keratohyalin granules: Source of free amino acids, urocanic acid and pyrrolidone carboxylic acid in the stratum corneum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982;719:110-117.
7. Spier HW, Pascher G: Zur analytischen und funktionellen Physiologie der Hautoberfläche. Hautarzt 1956;7:55-60.
8. Chikakane K, Takahashi H: Measurement of skin pH and its significance in cutaneous diseases. Clin Dermatol 1995;13:299-306.
9. Behrendt H, Green M: Patterns of skin pH from birth through adolescence. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
10. Robinson S, Robinson AH: Chemical composition of sweat. Phys Rev 1954;34:202-220.
11. Dikstein S, Zlotogorski A: Skin surface hydrogen ion concentration (pH); in Lévêque J-L (ed): Cutaneous Investigation in Health and Disease. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1989, pp 59-77.
12. Warner R, Bush R, Ruebusch N: Corneocytes undergo systematic changes in element concentrations across the human inner stratum corneum. J Invest Dermatol 1995;104:530-536.
13. Öhman H, Vahlquist A: In vivo studies concerning a pH gradient in human stratum corneum and upper epidermis. Acta Derm Venereol 1994;74:375-379.
14. Öhman H, Vahlquist A: The pH gradient over the stratum corneum differs in X-linked recessive and autosomal dominant ichthyosis: A clue to the molecular origin of the 'acid skin mantle'. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:674-677.
15. Turner NG, Cullander C, Guy RH: Determination of the pH gradient across the stratum corneum. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1998;3:110-113.
16. Schaefer H, Redelmeier TE: Skin Barrier: Principles of Percutaneous Absorption. Basel, Karger, 1996.
17. Menon G, Ghadially R, Williams M, Elias P: Lamellar bodies as delivery systems of hydrolytic enzymes: Implications for normal and abnormal desquamation. Br J Dermatol 1992;126:337-345.
18. 1H-NMR. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:342-350.
19. von Zglinicki T, Lindberg M, Roomans GM, Forslind B: Water and ion distribution profiles in human skin. Acta Derm Venereol 1993;73:340-343.
20. Potts RO, Francoeur ML: The influence of stratum corneum morphology on water permeability. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:495-499.
21. Elias PM, Menon GK: Structural and lipid biochemical correlates of the epidermal permeability barrier. Adv Lipid Res 1991;24:1-26.
22. Elias PM: The role of biological lipids in skin conditioning; in Schueller R, Romanowski P (eds): Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1999, pp 35-56.
23. Meyer J, Grundmann H, Knabenhans S: Properties of acid phosphatase in human stratum corneum. Dermatologica 1990;180:24-29.
24. Mauro T, Grayson S, Gao WN, Man M-Q, Kriehuber E, Behne M, Feingold KR, Elias PM: Barrier recovery is impeded at neutral pH, independent of ionic effects: Implications for extracellular lipid processing. Arch Dermatol Res 1998;290:215-222.
25. Chapman SJ, Walsh A: Membrane-coating granules are acidic organelles which possess proton pumps. J Invest Dermatol 1989;93:466-470.
26. Rieger M: The pH of the stratum corneum: An update. Cosmet Toilet 2000;115:43-45.
27. Rothman S: pH of sweat and skin surface; in Rothman S (ed): Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin. Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1954, pp 221-232.
28. Elias P: Epidermal lipids, barrier function and desquamation. J Invest Dermatol 1983;80:44-49.
29. Fluhr JW, Kao J, Jain M, Ahn SK, Feingold KR, Elias PM: Generation of free fatty acids from phospholipids regulates stratum corneum acidification and integrity. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:44-51.
30. Behne M, Oda Y, Murata S, Holleran WM, Mauro TM: Functional role of the sodium-hydrogen antiporter, NHE1, in the epidermis: Pharmacologic and NHE1 null-allele mouse studies (abstract). J Invest Dermatol 2000;114:797.
31. Shojaei AH: Buccal mucosa as a route for systemic drug delivery: A review. J Pharm Pharm Sci 1998,1:15-30.
32. Assessing and treating rhinitis: A practical guide for Canadian physicians. Can Med Assoc J 1994; 151(suppl):1-27 (www.cma.ca/cp9s/rhinitis/anatomy.htm).
33. Chan JS, McNamara NA, Polse KA, Ishimoto B, Bonanno JA, Han S, Shah A: Clinical measurement of corneal pH (abstract). Optom Vis Sci 1997;74:20.
34. Ponte CD: Infectious vulvovaginitis: Current trends and management. J Pharm Technol 2000;16:92-97.
35. Elsner P, Martius J (eds): Vulvovaginitis. New York, Marcel Dekker, 1993.
36. Yosipovitch G, Maibach HI: Skin surface pH: A protective acid mantle. Cosmet Toilet 1996;111:101-102.
37. Braun-Falco O, Korting HC: Der normale pH-Wert der menschlichen Haut. Hautarzt 1986;37:126-129.
38. Yosipovitch G, Tur E, Cohen O, Rusecki Y: Skin surface pH in intertriginous areas in NIDDM patients. Possible correlation to candidal intertrigo. Diabetes Care 1993;16:560-563.
39. Wilhelm KP, Cua AB, Maibach HI: Skin aging. Effect on transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH and casual sebum content. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:1806-1809.
40. Burry JS, Coulson HF, Esser I, Marti V, Melling SJ, Rawlings AV, Roberts G, Mills AK: Erroneous gender differences in axillary skin surface/sweat pH. Int J Cosmet Sci 2001;23:99-107.
41. Sparavina A, Gallato R, Berardesca E, Parenza P, D'Este P, Pepe P, Flori L, Andreassi L: Pilot study to define standard ranges of cutaneous sebum, hydration and pH by means of 'Bioskin Tester'. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 1993;128:1-2.
42. Ehlers C, Ivens UI, Moller ML, Senderovitz T, Derup J: Comparison of two pH meters used for skin surface pH measurement: The pH meter 'pH900' from Courage & Khazaka versus the pH meter '1140' from Mettler Toledo. Skin Res Technol 2001;7:84-89.
43. Talbert GA: Effect of work and heat on the hydrogen-ion concentration of the sweat. Am J Physiol 1919;50:433.
44. Brill E: Über den Säuregehalt des menschlichen Schweisses bei Hautkranken und Hautgesunden. Arch Dermatol Syph 1928;156:488-491.
45. Zlotogorski A: Distribution of skin surface pH on the forehead and cheek of adults. Arch Dermatol Res 1987;279:398-401.
46. Kober M: Determination of skin surface pH in healthy subjects. Methods and results of clinical studies; in Braun-Falco O, Korting HC (eds): Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents. Berlin, Springer, 1992, pp 53-61.
47. Klein K, Evers H, Voss HW: Skin surface pH in the population at large. Measured data and correlation with other parameters; in Braun-Falco O, Korting HC (eds): Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents. Berlin, Springer, 1992, pp 62-71.
48. Herrmann F, Behrendt H, Karp FL: On the acidity of the surface of the scalp and other areas of the skin in children. J Invest Dermatol 1946;7:215.
49. Berardesca E, Pirot F, Singh M, Maibach HI: Differences in stratum corneum pH gradient when comparing white Caucasian and black African-American skin. Br J Dermatol 1998;139:855-857.
50. Dikstein S, Zlotogorski A: Measurement of skin pH. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh) 1994;185:18-20.
51. Gupta AB, Tripathi TP, Haldar B: Surface pH of normal skin. Indian J Dermatol Leprol 1987;53:19-21.
52. Yosipovitch G, Xiong GL, Haus E, Sackett-Lundeen L, Ashkenazi I, Maibach HI: Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:20-23.
53. Treffel P, Panisset F, Faivre B, Agache P: Hydration, transepidermal water loss, pH and skin surface parameters: Correlations and variations between dominant and non-dominant forearms. Br J Dermatol 1994;130:325-328.
54. Ehlers C, Ivens UI, Moller ML, Senderovitz T, Serup J: Females have lower skin surface pH than men. A study of the influence of gender, forearm site variation, right/left difference and time of the day on the skin surface pH. Skin Res Technol 2001;7:90-94.
55. Korting HC, Braun-Falco O: The effect of detergents on skin pH and its consequences. Clin Dermatol 1995;14:23-27.
56. Barel AO, Lambrecht R, Clarys P, Morrison BM Jr, Paye M: A comparative study of the effects on the skin of a classical bar soap and a syndet cleansing bar in normal use conditions and in the soap chamber test. Skin Res Technol 2001;7:98-104.
57. Gfatter R, Hackl P, Braun F: Effects of soap and detergents on skin surface pH, stratum corneum hydration and fat content in infants. Dermatology 1997;195:258-262.
58. Stenzaly-Achtert S, Schölermann A, Schreiber J, Diec KH, Rippke F, Bielfeldt S: Axillary pH and influence of deodorants. Skin Res Technol 2000;6:87-91.
59. Wickett RR, Trobaugh CM: Personal care products: Effects on skin surface pH. Cosmet Toilet 1990;105:41-46.
60. Takashi A, Junka M, Narika K, Schehi A: Seasonal variations on skin temperature, skin pH, evaporation, water loss and skin surface values on human skin. Chem Pharm Bull 1980;88:338-342.
61. Hartmann AA: Effect of occlusion on resident flora, skin-moisture and skin-pH. Arch Dermatol Res 1983;275:251-254.
62. Schrober JM: Epithelial peptide antibiotics. Biochem Pharmacol 1998;57:121-134.
63. Lukacs A: In-vitro control of the growth of important bacteria of the resident flora by changes in pH; in Braun-Falco O, Korting HC (eds): Skin Cleansing with Synthetic Detergents. Berlin, Springer, 1992, pp 97-105.
64. Rennie PJ, Gower DB, Holland KT, Mallet AI, Watkins WJ: The skin microflora and the formation of human axillary odour. Int J Cosmet Sci 1990;12:197-207.
65. Foley EJ, Hermann F, Lee SW: The effects of the pH on the antifungal activity of fatty acids and other agents. Preliminary report. J Invest Dermatol 1947;8:1-2.
66. Röckl H, Pascher G: Der Einfluss wasserlöslichen Bestandteile der Hornschicht auf Bakterien. II. Mitteilung. Arch Klin Exp Dermatol 1960;210:531-536.
67. Thune P, Nilsen T, Hanstad IK, Gustavsen T, Lovig Dahl H: The water barrier function of the skin in relation to the water content of stratum corneum, pH and skin lipids. The effect of alkaline soap and syndet on dry skin in elderly, non-atopic patients. Acta Derm Venereol 1988;68:277-283.
68. Lundström A, Egelrud T: Cell shedding from human plantar skin in vitro: Evidence of its dependence on endogenous proteolysis. J Invest Dermatol 1988;91:340-343.
69. Rieger M: The apparent pH on the skin. Cosmet Toilet 1989;104:53-60.
70. Barratt MD, Brantom PG, Fentem JH, Gerver I, Walker AP, Worth AP: The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity. Toxicol In Vitro 1998;12:471-482.
71. Korting HC, Megele M, Mehringer L, Vieluf D, Zieneke H, Hamm G, Braun-Falco O: Influence of skin cleansing preparation acidity on skin surface properties. Int J Cosmet Sci 1991;13:91-102.
72. Frosch PJ, Kligman AM: The soap chamber test. A new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979;1:35-41.
73. Murahata RI, Aronson MP: The relationship between solution pH and clinical irritancy for carboxylic acid-based personal washing products. J Soc Cosmet Chem 1994;45:239-246.
74. Van der Valk PGM, Crijns MC, Nater JP, Bleumink E: Skin irritancy of commercially available soap and detergent bars as measured by water vapour loss. Derm Beruf Umwelt 1984;32:87-90.
75. Murahata RI, Toton-Quinn R, Finley MB: Effect of pH on the production of irritation in a chamber test. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18:62-66.
76. Anderson DS: The acid-base balance of the skin. Br J Dermatol 1951;63:283-296.
77. Marchionini A, Schmidt R: Säure-mantel der Haut und Bakterienabwehr. Klein Wochenschr 1938;17:773-775.
78. Bernstein ET, Herrman F: The acidity on the surface of the skin. NY State J Med 1942;1:436-442.
79. Seidenari S, Giusti G: Objective assessment of the skin of children affected by atopic dermatitis: A study of pH, capacitance and TEWL in eczematous and clinically uninvolved skin. Acta Derm Venereol 1995;75:429-433.
80. Berg RW, Milligan MC, Sarbaugh FC: Association of skin wetness and pH with diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1994;11:18-20.
81. Priestley GC, McVittie E, Aldridge RD: Changes in skin pH after the use of baby wipes. Pediatr Dermatol 1996;13:14-17.
82. Sybert V, Dale B, Holbrook K: Ichthyosis vulgaris: Identification of a defect in synthesis of filaggrin correlated with an absence of keratohyaline granules. J Invest Dermatol 1985;84:191-198.
83. Rawlings AV, Scott IR, Harding CR, Bowser PA: Stratum corneum moisturization at the molecular level. J Invest Dermatol 1994;103:731-740.
84. Webster D, France JT, Shapiro L, Weiss R: X-linked ichthyosis due to steroid-sulphatase deficiency. Lancet 1978;i:70-72.
85. Williams M, Elias PM: Increased cholesterol sulfate content of stratum corneum in recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Invest Dermatol 1981;68:1404-1408.
86. Lustig B, Perutz A: Über ein einfaches Verfahren zur Bestimmung der Wasserstoffionenkonzentration der normalen menschlichen Hautoberfläche. Arch Dermatol Syph 1930;162:129-134.
87. Burckhardt W: Die Rolle des Alkali in der Pathogenese des Ekzems speziell des Gewerbeekzems. Arch Dermatol Syph 1935;173:155-167.
88. Welzel J: pH and ions; in Berardesca E, Elsner P, Wilhelm KP, Maibach HI (eds): Bioengineering of the Skin: Methods and Instrumentation. Boca Raton, CRC, 1995, pp 91-93.
89. Kaden H, Oelssner W, Kaden A, Schirmer E: Die Bestimmung des pH-Wertes in vivo mit ionen sensitiven Felldefekttransistoren. Z Med Lab Diagn 1991;32:114-115.
90. Kroll C, Hermann W, Stosser R, Borchert HH, Mader K: Influence of drug treatment on the microacidity in rat and human skin: An in vitro electron spin resonance imaging study. Pharm Res 2001;18:525-530.