Divergent constitution of liberal regimes: Comparison of the U.S. and German automotive supplier markets

Politics and Society

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 93-130

  Kwon, Hyeong Ki ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Civic public sphere; Fairness; Market regimes; Norm creation; U. S. and German automotive parts markets

Indexed keywords

EID: 0037227973     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329202250163     Document Type: Article

References (200)

1. P. S. Atiyah, "Contract as Promise," Harvard Law Review 95 (1981): 509.
2. Just as Fordism effected reorganization of other industries, recent changes initiated by Toyotaism have generated restructuring in not only the automobile industry but also many other industries, such as steel, electronic and electric, semiconductor, machine tools, computer, biotechnology, textiles, and the like. See Horst Wildemann, Entwicklungs-, und Vertriebsnetzwerke in der Zulieferindustrie (Munich, Germany: Transfer-Centrum GmbH, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks," in New Product Development and Production Networks, edited by Ulrich Jürgens (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2000); Arnold de Meyer, "Product Development in the Textile Machinery Industry," in Managing Product Development, edited by Toshihiro Nishiguchi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
3. Just as Fordism effected reorganization of other industries, recent changes initiated by Toyotaism have generated restructuring in not only the automobile industry but also many other industries, such as steel, electronic and electric, semiconductor, machine tools, computer, biotechnology, textiles, and the like. See Horst Wildemann, Entwicklungs-, und Vertriebsnetzwerke in der Zulieferindustrie (Munich, Germany: Transfer-Centrum GmbH, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks," in New Product Development and Production Networks, edited by Ulrich Jürgens (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2000); Arnold de Meyer, "Product Development in the Textile Machinery Industry," in Managing Product Development, edited by Toshihiro Nishiguchi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
4. Just as Fordism effected reorganization of other industries, recent changes initiated by Toyotaism have generated restructuring in not only the automobile industry but also many other industries, such as steel, electronic and electric, semiconductor, machine tools, computer, biotechnology, textiles, and the like. See Horst Wildemann, Entwicklungs-, und Vertriebsnetzwerke in der Zulieferindustrie (Munich, Germany: Transfer-Centrum GmbH, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks," in New Product Development and Production Networks, edited by Ulrich Jürgens (Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2000); Arnold de Meyer, "Product Development in the Textile Machinery Industry," in Managing Product Development, edited by Toshihiro Nishiguchi (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
5. The three directories of the U.S. and German suppliers are The ELM Guide to U.S. Automotive Sourcing (East Lansing, MI: ELM International, 1997); Automobil-Zulieferer in Deutschland (1997-98 edition); World Wide Automotive Supplier Directory (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996).
6. The three directories of the U.S. and German suppliers are The ELM Guide to U.S. Automotive Sourcing (East Lansing, MI: ELM International, 1997); Automobil-Zulieferer in Deutschland (1997-98 edition); World Wide Automotive Supplier Directory (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996).
7. The three directories of the U.S. and German suppliers are The ELM Guide to U.S. Automotive Sourcing (East Lansing, MI: ELM International, 1997); Automobil-Zulieferer in Deutschland (1997-98 edition); World Wide Automotive Supplier Directory (Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 1996).
8. The ascendancy of markets in the 1990s is contrasted to hierarchies in the 1970s in which, for example, Oliver E. Williamson proposed hierarchies as an alternative to markets in his famous book, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: Free Press, 1975). For recent ascendancy of market liberalism, see John L. Kelley, Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalisation of Market Liberalism (New York: New York University Press, 1997); David Boaz and Edward H. Crane, eds., Market Liberalism: A Paradigm for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993); Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994).
9. The ascendancy of markets in the 1990s is contrasted to hierarchies in the 1970s in which, for example, Oliver E. Williamson proposed hierarchies as an alternative to markets in his famous book, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: Free Press, 1975). For recent ascendancy of market liberalism, see John L. Kelley, Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalisation of Market Liberalism (New York: New York University Press, 1997); David Boaz and Edward H. Crane, eds., Market Liberalism: A Paradigm for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993); Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994).
10. The ascendancy of markets in the 1990s is contrasted to hierarchies in the 1970s in which, for example, Oliver E. Williamson proposed hierarchies as an alternative to markets in his famous book, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: Free Press, 1975). For recent ascendancy of market liberalism, see John L. Kelley, Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalisation of Market Liberalism (New York: New York University Press, 1997); David Boaz and Edward H. Crane, eds., Market Liberalism: A Paradigm for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993); Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994).
11. The ascendancy of markets in the 1990s is contrasted to hierarchies in the 1970s in which, for example, Oliver E. Williamson proposed hierarchies as an alternative to markets in his famous book, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications (New York: Free Press, 1975). For recent ascendancy of market liberalism, see John L. Kelley, Bringing the Market Back In: The Political Revitalisation of Market Liberalism (New York: New York University Press, 1997); David Boaz and Edward H. Crane, eds., Market Liberalism: A Paradigm for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: Cato Institute, 1993); Andrew Gamble, The Free Economy and the Strong State (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1994).
12. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
13. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
14. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
15. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
16. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
17. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
18. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
19. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
20. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
21. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
22. For the convergence toward market economy and market liberalism, see Susan Strange, "The Future of Global Capitalism: Will Divergence Persist Forever," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1997); Susan Strange, The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Brookfield, VT: Edward Elgar, 1992); Kenichi Ohmae, Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy (New York: Harper Business, 1991); Lowell Bryan and Diana Farrell, Market Unbounded: Unleashing Global Capitalism (New York: John Wiley, 1996); Richard O'Brien, Global Financial Integration: The End of Geography (London: Printer, 1992); World Bank, World Development Report: The State in a Changing World (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997); Walter B. Wriston, The Twilight of Sovereignty: How the Information Revolution Is Transforming Our World (New York: Scribner, 1992); Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw, The Commanding Heights: The Battle between Government and the Market Place That Is Remarking the Modern World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998); David M. Andrews, "Capital Mobility and State Autonomy," International Studies Quarterly 38, no. 2 (1994): 193-218; Jonathan W. Moses, "Abdication from National Policy Autonomy," Politics and Society 22, no.2 (1994): 125-48.
23. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 (1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
24. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 (1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
25. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 ( 1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
26. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 ( 1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
27. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 ( 1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
28. For the neoclassical market, see George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price (New York: Macmillan, 1946); "Perfect Competition, Historically Contemplated," Journal of Political Economy 65, no. 1 ( 1957) ; "Competition," in International Encyclopedia of the Social Science, ed. David L. Sills (New York: Macmillan & The Free Press, 1968); Frank H. Knight, Risk, Uncertainty and Profit (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971). For the criticism of the neoclassical market within the liberal tradition, see Friedrich Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1949); "Competition as a Discovery Procedure," in New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (London: Routledge Kegan Paul, 1985).
29. For the convergence of legal system, see Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1992); Michael Bogdan, Comparative Law (Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 1994); Basil S. Markesinis, ed., The Gradual Convergence: Foreign Ideas, Foreign Influences, and English Law on the Eve of the 21st Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994); Richard Helmholz, "Continental Law and Common Law: Historical Strangers of Companions," Duke Law Journal 39 (December 1990): 1207-68.
30. For the convergence of legal system, see Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1992); Michael Bogdan, Comparative Law (Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 1994); Basil S. Markesinis, ed., The Gradual Convergence: Foreign Ideas, Foreign Influences, and English Law on the Eve of the 21st Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994); Richard Helmholz, "Continental Law and Common Law: Historical Strangers of Companions," Duke Law Journal 39 (December 1990): 1207-68.
31. For the convergence of legal system, see Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1992); Michael Bogdan, Comparative Law (Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 1994); Basil S. Markesinis, ed., The Gradual Convergence: Foreign Ideas, Foreign Influences, and English Law on the Eve of the 21st Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994); Richard Helmholz, "Continental Law and Common Law: Historical Strangers of Companions," Duke Law Journal 39 (December 1990): 1207-68.
32. For the convergence of legal system, see Konrad Zweigert and Hein Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1992); Michael Bogdan, Comparative Law (Deventer, the Netherlands: Kluwer, 1994); Basil S. Markesinis, ed., The Gradual Convergence: Foreign Ideas, Foreign Influences, and English Law on the Eve of the 21st Century (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1994); Richard Helmholz, "Continental Law and Common Law: Historical Strangers of Companions," Duke Law Journal 39 (December 1990): 1207-68.
33. Dieter Sauer, "Auf dem Weg in die flexible Massenproduktion," in Vernetze Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie, edited by Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Daniel Bieber and Dieter Sauer, "Kontrolle ist gut! Ist Vertrauen besser? Autonomie und Beherrschung in Abnehmer-Zulieferbeziehungen," in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by Hans Gerhard Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Robert B. Bennett, Jr., "Just-in-Time Purchasing and the Problem of Consequential Damages," Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 26, no. 4 (1994): 332-58; Klaus Semlinger, "New Developments in Subcontracting: Mixing Market and Hierarchy," in Towards a New Europe ? Structural Change in the European Economy, ed. Ash Amin and Michael Dietrich (Brookfiled, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991); Markus Pohlmann et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonische Kooperation an der Schnittstelle Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995).
34. Dieter Sauer, "Auf dem Weg in die flexible Massenproduktion," in Vernetze Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie, edited by Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Daniel Bieber and Dieter Sauer, "Kontrolle ist gut! Ist Vertrauen besser? Autonomie und Beherrschung in Abnehmer-Zulieferbeziehungen," in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by Hans Gerhard Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Robert B. Bennett, Jr., "Just-in-Time Purchasing and the Problem of Consequential Damages," Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 26, no. 4 (1994): 332-58; Klaus Semlinger, "New Developments in Subcontracting: Mixing Market and Hierarchy," in Towards a New Europe ? Structural Change in the European Economy, ed. Ash Amin and Michael Dietrich (Brookfiled, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991); Markus Pohlmann et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonische Kooperation an der Schnittstelle Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995).
35. Dieter Sauer, "Auf dem Weg in die flexible Massenproduktion," in Vernetze Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie, edited by Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Daniel Bieber and Dieter Sauer, "Kontrolle ist gut! Ist Vertrauen besser? Autonomie und Beherrschung in Abnehmer-Zulieferbeziehungen," in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by Hans Gerhard Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Robert B. Bennett, Jr., "Just-in-Time Purchasing and the Problem of Consequential Damages," Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 26, no. 4 (1994): 332-58; Klaus Semlinger, "New Developments in Subcontracting: Mixing Market and Hierarchy," in Towards a New Europe ? Structural Change in the European Economy, ed. Ash Amin and Michael Dietrich (Brookfiled, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991); Markus Pohlmann et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonische Kooperation an der Schnittstelle Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995).
36. Dieter Sauer, "Auf dem Weg in die flexible Massenproduktion," in Vernetze Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie, edited by Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Daniel Bieber and Dieter Sauer, "Kontrolle ist gut! Ist Vertrauen besser? Autonomie und Beherrschung in Abnehmer-Zulieferbeziehungen," in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by Hans Gerhard Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Robert B. Bennett, Jr., "Just-in-Time Purchasing and the Problem of Consequential Damages," Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 26, no. 4 (1994): 332-58; Klaus Semlinger, "New Developments in Subcontracting: Mixing Market and Hierarchy," in Towards a New Europe ? Structural Change in the European Economy, ed. Ash Amin and Michael Dietrich (Brookfiled, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991); Markus Pohlmann et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonische Kooperation an der Schnittstelle Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995).
37. Dieter Sauer, "Auf dem Weg in die flexible Massenproduktion," in Vernetze Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie, edited by Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Daniel Bieber and Dieter Sauer, "Kontrolle ist gut! Ist Vertrauen besser? Autonomie und Beherrschung in Abnehmer-Zulieferbeziehungen," in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by Hans Gerhard Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Robert B. Bennett, Jr., "Just-in-Time Purchasing and the Problem of Consequential Damages," Uniform Commercial Code Law Journal 26, no. 4 (1994): 332-58; Klaus Semlinger, "New Developments in Subcontracting: Mixing Market and Hierarchy," in Towards a New Europe ? Structural Change in the European Economy, ed. Ash Amin and Michael Dietrich (Brookfiled, VT: Edward Elgar, 1991); Markus Pohlmann et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonische Kooperation an der Schnittstelle Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995).
38. There are many streams of institutionalism. New institutionalism varies according to different fields. In political science, old institutionalism refers to the formal and legal approaches on the government before the Second World War, while new institutionalism emphasizes informal norms and culture. In economics, new intuitionalism refers to the writings of Williamson and North, while the old institutionalism means social norms and culture as Veblen's writings show. In sociology, new institutionalism emphasizes the "cognitive revolution," while old institutionalism means Parsonsian ideas of institutions that emphasize the assimilation of norms and evaluation of culture. For the various streams of old and new institutionalism in different fields, see B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (New York: Printer, 1999); Geoggrey M. Hodgson, "The Return of Institutional Economics," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Victor Nee, "Sources of the New Institutionalism in Sociology," in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "On the Virtues of the Old Institutionalism," Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1997): 1-18.
39. There are many streams of institutionalism. New institutionalism varies according to different fields. In political science, old institutionalism refers to the formal and legal approaches on the government before the Second World War, while new institutionalism emphasizes informal norms and culture. In economics, new intuitionalism refers to the writings of Williamson and North, while the old institutionalism means social norms and culture as Veblen's writings show. In sociology, new institutionalism emphasizes the "cognitive revolution," while old institutionalism means Parsonsian ideas of institutions that emphasize the assimilation of norms and evaluation of culture. For the various streams of old and new institutionalism in different fields, see B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (New York: Printer, 1999); Geoggrey M. Hodgson, "The Return of Institutional Economics," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Victor Nee, "Sources of the New Institutionalism in Sociology," in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "On the Virtues of the Old Institutionalism," Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1997): 1-18.
40. There are many streams of institutionalism. New institutionalism varies according to different fields. In political science, old institutionalism refers to the formal and legal approaches on the government before the Second World War, while new institutionalism emphasizes informal norms and culture. In economics, new intuitionalism refers to the writings of Williamson and North, while the old institutionalism means social norms and culture as Veblen's writings show. In sociology, new institutionalism emphasizes the "cognitive revolution," while old institutionalism means Parsonsian ideas of institutions that emphasize the assimilation of norms and evaluation of culture. For the various streams of old and new institutionalism in different fields, see B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (New York: Printer, 1999); Geoggrey M. Hodgson, "The Return of Institutional Economics," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Victor Nee, "Sources of the New Institutionalism in Sociology," in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "On the Virtues of the Old Institutionalism," Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1997): 1-18.
41. There are many streams of institutionalism. New institutionalism varies according to different fields. In political science, old institutionalism refers to the formal and legal approaches on the government before the Second World War, while new institutionalism emphasizes informal norms and culture. In economics, new intuitionalism refers to the writings of Williamson and North, while the old institutionalism means social norms and culture as Veblen's writings show. In sociology, new institutionalism emphasizes the "cognitive revolution," while old institutionalism means Parsonsian ideas of institutions that emphasize the assimilation of norms and evaluation of culture. For the various streams of old and new institutionalism in different fields, see B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (New York: Printer, 1999); Geoggrey M. Hodgson, "The Return of Institutional Economics," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Victor Nee, "Sources of the New Institutionalism in Sociology," in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "On the Virtues of the Old Institutionalism," Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1997): 1-18.
42. There are many streams of institutionalism. New institutionalism varies according to different fields. In political science, old institutionalism refers to the formal and legal approaches on the government before the Second World War, while new institutionalism emphasizes informal norms and culture. In economics, new intuitionalism refers to the writings of Williamson and North, while the old institutionalism means social norms and culture as Veblen's writings show. In sociology, new institutionalism emphasizes the "cognitive revolution," while old institutionalism means Parsonsian ideas of institutions that emphasize the assimilation of norms and evaluation of culture. For the various streams of old and new institutionalism in different fields, see B. Guy Peters, Institutional Theory in Political Science: The New Institutionalism (New York: Printer, 1999); Geoggrey M. Hodgson, "The Return of Institutional Economics," in The Handbook of Economic Sociology, edited by Richard Swedberg (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994); Victor Nee, "Sources of the New Institutionalism in Sociology," in The New Institutionalism in Sociology, edited by Mary C. Brinton and Victor Nee (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1998); Paul J. DiMaggio and Walter W. Powell, eds., The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); Arthur L. Stinchcombe, "On the Virtues of the Old Institutionalism," Annual Review of Sociology 13 (1997): 1-18.
43. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
44. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
45. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
46. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
47. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
48. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
49. Steven W. Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contact Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); J. Rogers Hollingsworth, "Continuities and Changes in Social Systems of Production: The Cases of Japan, Germany and the United States," in Contemporary Capitalism: Embeddedness of Institutions, edited by J. R. Hollingsworth and R. Boyer (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism - Japan and Germany vs. the Anglo-Saxons (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); "The Distinctiveness of Japan," in Political Economy of Modern Capitalism, edited by Colin Crouch and Wolfgang Streeck (London: Sage, 1997); Charles W. Hill, "National Institutional Structures, Transaction Cost Economizing and Competitive Advantage: The Case of Japan," Organization Science 6, no. 1 (1995); Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Wolfgang Streeck, "Lean Production in the German Automobile Industry: A Test Case for Convergence Theory," in National Diversity and Global Capitalism, edited by Suzanne Berger and Ronald Dore (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996).
50. For the creation of new social networks, see Paul Osterman et al., Working in America: A Blueprint for the New Labor Market (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001); Charles F. Sabel, "Experimental Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Regional Economic Policy" (paper presented to the Conference on Socio-Economic Systems of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, 1996).
51. For the creation of new social networks, see Paul Osterman et al., Working in America: A Blueprint for the New Labor Market (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001); Charles F. Sabel, "Experimental Regionalism and the Dilemmas of Regional Economic Policy" (paper presented to the Conference on Socio-Economic Systems of Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany and France, 1996).
52. Christoph Scherrer, "Governance of the Automobile Industry," in Governance of the American Economy, edited by J. L. Campbell, J. R. Hollingsworth, and L. N. Lindberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 217, 220; Paul D. Ballew and Robert H. Schnorbus, "Realignment in the Auto Supplier Industry," Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (1994): 7; Jeffrey R. Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Change: Parts Manufacturers and Supplier Relations in the U.S. Automotive Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1998), 354; Robert E. Cole and Taizo Yakushiji, "The American and Japanese Auto Industries in Transition." Report of the Joint U.S.-Japan Automotive Study. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, 1984.
53. Christoph Scherrer, "Governance of the Automobile Industry," in Governance of the American Economy, edited by J. L. Campbell, J. R. Hollingsworth, and L. N. Lindberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 217, 220; Paul D. Ballew and Robert H. Schnorbus, "Realignment in the Auto Supplier Industry," Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (1994): 7; Jeffrey R. Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Change: Parts Manufacturers and Supplier Relations in the U.S. Automotive Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1998), 354; Robert E. Cole and Taizo Yakushiji, "The American and Japanese Auto Industries in Transition." Report of the Joint U.S.-Japan Automotive Study. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, 1984.
54. Christoph Scherrer, "Governance of the Automobile Industry," in Governance of the American Economy, edited by J. L. Campbell, J. R. Hollingsworth, and L. N. Lindberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 217, 220; Paul D. Ballew and Robert H. Schnorbus, "Realignment in the Auto Supplier Industry," Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (1994): 7; Jeffrey R. Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Change: Parts Manufacturers and Supplier Relations in the U.S. Automotive Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1998), 354; Robert E. Cole and Taizo Yakushiji, "The American and Japanese Auto Industries in Transition." Report of the Joint U.S.-Japan Automotive Study. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, 1984.
55. Christoph Scherrer, "Governance of the Automobile Industry," in Governance of the American Economy, edited by J. L. Campbell, J. R. Hollingsworth, and L. N. Lindberg (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 217, 220; Paul D. Ballew and Robert H. Schnorbus, "Realignment in the Auto Supplier Industry," Economic Perspectives 18, no. 1 (1994): 7; Jeffrey R. Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Change: Parts Manufacturers and Supplier Relations in the U.S. Automotive Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Case Western Reserve University, 1998), 354; Robert E. Cole and Taizo Yakushiji, "The American and Japanese Auto Industries in Transition." Report of the Joint U.S.-Japan Automotive Study. Ann Arbor: Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan, 1984.
56. Horst Wildemann, Die Deutsche Zulieferindustrie im europäische Market - ein Blick die Zukunft: Ergebnisse einer Delphi Studie (Minich, Germany: Technische Universität München, 1993); IKB Deutsche Industriebank, "Autmobilzulieferer 1996," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1997); "1997- ein erfolgereiches Jahr für die deutschen Automobilzulieferer," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1998); "Die Automombil-zulieferer 1998 - Kräftiges Umsztzwachstum, differenzierte Ertragsentwicklung," IKB Branchenberit (December 1999); "Die Fähigkeit zur perfekten Abstimmung ist oft noch allzu schwach ausgeprägt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter FAZ), 24 May 2000.
57. Horst Wildemann, Die Deutsche Zulieferindustrie im europäische Market - ein Blick die Zukunft: Ergebnisse einer Delphi Studie (Minich, Germany: Technische Universität München, 1993); IKB Deutsche Industriebank, "Autmobilzulieferer 1996," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1997); "1997- ein erfolgereiches Jahr für die deutschen Automobilzulieferer," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1998); "Die Automombil-zulieferer 1998 - Kräftiges Umsztzwachstum, differenzierte Ertragsentwicklung," IKB Branchenberit (December 1999); "Die Fähigkeit zur perfekten Abstimmung ist oft noch allzu schwach ausgeprägt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter FAZ), 24 May 2000.
58. Horst Wildemann, Die Deutsche Zulieferindustrie im europäische Market - ein Blick die Zukunft: Ergebnisse einer Delphi Studie (Minich, Germany: Technische Universität München, 1993); IKB Deutsche Industriebank, "Autmobilzulieferer 1996," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1997); "1997- ein erfolgereiches Jahr für die deutschen Automobilzulieferer," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1998); "Die Automombil-zulieferer 1998 - Kräftiges Umsztzwachstum, differenzierte Ertragsentwicklung," IKB Branchenberit (December 1999); "Die Fähigkeit zur perfekten Abstimmung ist oft noch allzu schwach ausgeprägt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter FAZ), 24 May 2000.
59. Horst Wildemann, Die Deutsche Zulieferindustrie im europäische Market - ein Blick die Zukunft: Ergebnisse einer Delphi Studie (Minich, Germany: Technische Universität München, 1993); IKB Deutsche Industriebank, "Autmobilzulieferer 1996," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1997); "1997- ein erfolgereiches Jahr für die deutschen Automobilzulieferer," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1998); "Die Automombil-zulieferer 1998 - Kräftiges Umsztzwachstum, differenzierte Ertragsentwicklung," IKB Branchenberit (December 1999); "Die Fähigkeit zur perfekten Abstimmung ist oft noch allzu schwach ausgeprägt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter FAZ), 24 May 2000.
60. Horst Wildemann, Die Deutsche Zulieferindustrie im europäische Market - ein Blick die Zukunft: Ergebnisse einer Delphi Studie (Minich, Germany: Technische Universität München, 1993); IKB Deutsche Industriebank, "Autmobilzulieferer 1996," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1997); "1997- ein erfolgereiches Jahr für die deutschen Automobilzulieferer," IKB Branchenbericht (December 1998); "Die Automombil-zulieferer 1998 - Kräftiges Umsztzwachstum, differenzierte Ertragsentwicklung," IKB Branchenberit (December 1999); "Die Fähigkeit zur perfekten Abstimmung ist oft noch allzu schwach ausgeprägt," Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (hereafter FAZ), 24 May 2000.
61. Michael E. Porter, Cases in Comparative Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1983): 278-79; Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change: Theory and Application to the U.S. Automobile Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1987), chap, iv; Yost, "Components of the Past"; James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Ross, The Machine That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990): 59, 142-44.
62. Michael E. Porter, Cases in Comparative Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1983): 278-79; Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change: Theory and Application to the U.S. Automobile Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1987), chap, iv; Yost, "Components of the Past"; James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Ross, The Machine That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990): 59, 142-44.
63. Michael E. Porter, Cases in Comparative Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1983): 278-79; Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change: Theory and Application to the U.S. Automobile Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1987), chap, iv; Yost, "Components of the Past"; James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Ross, The Machine That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990): 59, 142-44.
64. Michael E. Porter, Cases in Comparative Strategy (New York: Free Press, 1983): 278-79; Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change: Theory and Application to the U.S. Automobile Industry" (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1987), chap, iv; Yost, "Components of the Past"; James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Ross, The Machine That Changed the World: The Story of Lean Production (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990): 59, 142-44.
65. The diffusion of mass production had been delayed in Europe until the second half of 1940s, due to economic chaos, narrow nationalism, wars, and strong attachment to the craft system traditions. Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World, 45; Steven Tolliday, "Enterprise and State in the West German Wirtschaftswunder: Volkswagen and the Automobile Industry, 1939-1962," Business History Review 69 (1995): 277-338.
66. The diffusion of mass production had been delayed in Europe until the second half of 1940s, due to economic chaos, narrow nationalism, wars, and strong attachment to the craft system traditions. Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World, 45; Steven Tolliday, "Enterprise and State in the West German Wirtschaftswunder: Volkswagen and the Automobile Industry, 1939-1962," Business History Review 69 (1995): 277-338.
67. The German production system has not undergone de-skilled Taylorism as much as its counterparts in the United States. See Wolfgang Littek and Ulrich Heisig, "Taylorism Never Got Hold of Skilled White-Collar Work in Germany," in The New Division of Labor, edited by Wolfgang Littek and Tony Charles (Berlin, Germany: Wlafter de Gruyter, 1995). For the German model of production systems, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Horst Kern and Michael Schumann, Das Ende der Arbeisteilung? (Munich, Germany: Beck, 1984); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (London: Sage, 1992).
68. The German production system has not undergone de-skilled Taylorism as much as its counterparts in the United States. See Wolfgang Littek and Ulrich Heisig, "Taylorism Never Got Hold of Skilled White-Collar Work in Germany," in The New Division of Labor, edited by Wolfgang Littek and Tony Charles (Berlin, Germany: Wlafter de Gruyter, 1995). For the German model of production systems, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Horst Kern and Michael Schumann, Das Ende der Arbeisteilung? (Munich, Germany: Beck, 1984); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (London: Sage, 1992).
69. The German production system has not undergone de-skilled Taylorism as much as its counterparts in the United States. See Wolfgang Littek and Ulrich Heisig, "Taylorism Never Got Hold of Skilled White-Collar Work in Germany," in The New Division of Labor, edited by Wolfgang Littek and Tony Charles (Berlin, Germany: Wlafter de Gruyter, 1995). For the German model of production systems, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Horst Kern and Michael Schumann, Das Ende der Arbeisteilung? (Munich, Germany: Beck, 1984); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (London: Sage, 1992).
70. The German production system has not undergone de-skilled Taylorism as much as its counterparts in the United States. See Wolfgang Littek and Ulrich Heisig, "Taylorism Never Got Hold of Skilled White-Collar Work in Germany," in The New Division of Labor, edited by Wolfgang Littek and Tony Charles (Berlin, Germany: Wlafter de Gruyter, 1995). For the German model of production systems, see Michael J. Piore and Charles F. Sabel, The Second Industrial Divide (New York: Basic Books, 1984); Horst Kern and Michael Schumann, Das Ende der Arbeisteilung? (Munich, Germany: Beck, 1984); Wolfgang Streeck, Social Institutions and Economic Performance (London: Sage, 1992).
71. Johann Heinrich von Brunn, Wettbewerbsprobleme der Automobilindustrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1979), 64-65.
72. Interview with A22 on 9 December 1999 and interview with A12 on 1 December 1999.
73. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
74. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
75. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
76. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
77. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
78. For studies of international comparison, see Womack et al., The Machine That Changed the World; Michael A. Cusumano and Akira Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management: A Survey of Japanese, Japanese-Transplant and U.S. Auto Plants," Strategic Management Journal 12 (1991): 563-88; M. N. Baily and H. Gerbach, "Efficiency in Manufacturing and the Need for Global Competition" (Brookings Paper on Economic Activity, Microeconomics, 1995): 307-58; J. H. Dyer and W. G. Ouch, "Japanese-Style Partnerships: Giving Companies a Competitive Edge," Sloan Management Review 35 (1993): 51-63. See also Stephan Schrader and Henrik Sattler, "Zwischenbetriebliche Kooperation: Informaler Informationsaustausch in den USA und Deutschland," DBW 53, no. 5 (1993); Laura M. Birou and Stanley E. Fawcett, "Supplier Involvement in Integrated Product Development: A Comparison of US and European Practices," International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 24, no.5 (1994): 4-14.
79. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
80. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
81. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
82. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
83. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
84. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
85. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
86. For the problems of the German production system, see Gary Herrigel, "The Limits of German Manufacturing Flexibility," in Negotiating the New Germany, edited by Lowell Turner (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1997); Gary Herrigel and Charles F. Sabel, "Craft Production in Crisis: Industrial Restructuring in Germany during the 1990s," in The German Skills Machine, edited by Pepper D. Culpepper and David Finegold (New York: Berghahn Books, 1999); Andreas Center, Entwurf einer Kennzahlensystems zur Effektivitäts- und Effizienzsteigerung von Entwicklungsprojekten, dargestellt am Beispiel der Entwicklungs- und Anlaufphase in der Automobilindustrie (Munich, Germany: Franz Vahlen, 1994); Hand Grabowski and Kerstin Geiger, eds., Neue Wege zur Produktentwicklung (Stuttgart, Germany: Raabe Verlag, 1997); Bruno Cattero, Lavorare alla Fiat: Arbeiten bei VW: Technologie, Arbeit, und soziale Regulierung in der Automobilindustrie (Münster, Germany: Westfälisches Dampfboot, 1998); "Beruf und Berufausbildung - Mythen und Widersprüche im 'deutsceh Modell,' " in Modell Deutschland, Modell Europa, Problems Perspectiven (Opladen, Germany: Leske + Budrich, 1998); Ulrich Jürgens, "Anticipating Problems with Manufacturing during the Product Development Process," in Automation in Automotive Industries, edited by Anna Comacchio, Giuseppe Volpato, and Arnaldo Camuffo (Berlin, Germany: Springer Verlag, 1999); Ulrich Jürgens and Inge Lippert, "Schnittstellen des deutschen Productionsregimes: Innovationshemmnisse im Produktentstehungsprozess," in Ökonomische Leistungsfähigkeit und institutionelle Innovation, edited by Frieder Nashold et al. (Berlin, Germany: Sigma, 1997).
87. Cusumano and Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management," 565. On the other hand, for German traditional practices, see "Schlechte Noten für Zulieferer," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2 November 1993; "Die Verbesserung der Qualität ist meistens nur eine Reation auf Reklamationen," Handelsblatt, 10 December 1992; "Die Zulieferer befinden sich im Stimmungstief," Handelstblatt, 23/24 July 1993; "Niedersachsen fördert Fahrzeug-Zulieferer," FAZ, 1 September 1994.
88. Cusumano and Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management," 565. On the other hand, for German traditional practices, see "Schlechte Noten für Zulieferer," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2 November 1993; "Die Verbesserung der Qualität ist meistens nur eine Reation auf Reklamationen," Handelsblatt, 10 December 1992; "Die Zulieferer befinden sich im Stimmungstief," Handelstblatt, 23/24 July 1993; "Niedersachsen fördert Fahrzeug-Zulieferer," FAZ, 1 September 1994.
89. Cusumano and Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management," 565. On the other hand, for German traditional practices, see "Schlechte Noten für Zulieferer," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2 November 1993; "Die Verbesserung der Qualität ist meistens nur eine Reation auf Reklamationen," Handelsblatt, 10 December 1992; "Die Zulieferer befinden sich im Stimmungstief," Handelstblatt, 23/24 July 1993; "Niedersachsen fördert Fahrzeug-Zulieferer," FAZ, 1 September 1994.
90. Cusumano and Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management," 565. On the other hand, for German traditional practices, see "Schlechte Noten für Zulieferer," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2 November 1993; "Die Verbesserung der Qualität ist meistens nur eine Reation auf Reklamationen," Handelsblatt, 10 December 1992; "Die Zulieferer befinden sich im Stimmungstief," Handelstblatt, 23/24 July 1993; "Niedersachsen fördert Fahrzeug-Zulieferer," FAZ, 1 September 1994.
91. Cusumano and Takeishi, "Supplier Relations and Management," 565. On the other hand, for German traditional practices, see "Schlechte Noten für Zulieferer," Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2 November 1993; "Die Verbesserung der Qualität ist meistens nur eine Reation auf Reklamationen," Handelsblatt, 10 December 1992; "Die Zulieferer befinden sich im Stimmungstief," Handelstblatt, 23/24 July 1993; "Niedersachsen fördert Fahrzeug-Zulieferer," FAZ, 1 September 1994.
92. Many independent empirical studies confirm the trend of closely interactive markets in which suppliers receive a so-called black box instead of customer-developed drawings and detailed specifications. See Mari Sako, Richard Lamming, and Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations in the Multinational Automotive Industry," in The Organization of the Firm: International Business Perspectives, edited by Ram Mudambi and Martin Ricketts (London: Routledge, 1998); Susan Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed between U.S. Automakers and Their Suppliers?" Sloan Management Review (summer 1991); Susan R. Helper and Mari Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?" Sloan Management Review (spring 1995); Gunter Lay and Werner Wallmeier, "Automobilzulierer - Quo vadis? Strategien, Produktionsstrukturen und Leistungsindikatoren der Autombilzulieferindustrie Deutschlands," Mitteilungen aus der Productionsinnovationserhebung, Frauenhofer Institut für Systetechnik und Innovationsforschung. My personal visits to fifty-six German and forty-five American supplier companies confirm the fact that almost all suppliers in both countries receive more or less a black box instead of customer-developed detailed drawings.
93. Many independent empirical studies confirm the trend of closely interactive markets in which suppliers receive a so-called black box instead of customer-developed drawings and detailed specifications. See Mari Sako, Richard Lamming, and Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations in the Multinational Automotive Industry," in The Organization of the Firm: International Business Perspectives, edited by Ram Mudambi and Martin Ricketts (London: Routledge, 1998); Susan Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed between U.S. Automakers and Their Suppliers?" Sloan Management Review (summer 1991); Susan R. Helper and Mari Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?" Sloan Management Review (spring 1995); Gunter Lay and Werner Wallmeier, "Automobilzulierer - Quo vadis? Strategien, Produktionsstrukturen und Leistungsindikatoren der Autombilzulieferindustrie Deutschlands," Mitteilungen aus der Productionsinnovationserhebung, Frauenhofer Institut für Systetechnik und Innovationsforschung. My personal visits to fifty-six German and forty-five American supplier companies confirm the fact that almost all suppliers in both countries receive more or less a black box instead of customer-developed detailed drawings.
94. Many independent empirical studies confirm the trend of closely interactive markets in which suppliers receive a so-called black box instead of customer-developed drawings and detailed specifications. See Mari Sako, Richard Lamming, and Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations in the Multinational Automotive Industry," in The Organization of the Firm: International Business Perspectives, edited by Ram Mudambi and Martin Ricketts (London: Routledge, 1998); Susan Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed between U.S. Automakers and Their Suppliers?" Sloan Management Review (summer 1991); Susan R. Helper and Mari Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?" Sloan Management Review (spring 1995); Gunter Lay and Werner Wallmeier, "Automobilzulierer - Quo vadis? Strategien, Produktionsstrukturen und Leistungsindikatoren der Autombilzulieferindustrie Deutschlands," Mitteilungen aus der Productionsinnovationserhebung, Frauenhofer Institut für Systetechnik und Innovationsforschung. My personal visits to fifty-six German and forty-five American supplier companies confirm the fact that almost all suppliers in both countries receive more or less a black box instead of customer-developed detailed drawings.
95. Many independent empirical studies confirm the trend of closely interactive markets in which suppliers receive a so-called black box instead of customer-developed drawings and detailed specifications. See Mari Sako, Richard Lamming, and Susan Helper, "Supplier Relations in the Multinational Automotive Industry," in The Organization of the Firm: International Business Perspectives, edited by Ram Mudambi and Martin Ricketts (London: Routledge, 1998); Susan Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed between U.S. Automakers and Their Suppliers?" Sloan Management Review (summer 1991); Susan R. Helper and Mari Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States: Are They Converging?" Sloan Management Review (spring 1995); Gunter Lay and Werner Wallmeier, "Automobilzulierer - Quo vadis? Strategien, Produktionsstrukturen und Leistungsindikatoren der Autombilzulieferindustrie Deutschlands," Mitteilungen aus der Productionsinnovationserhebung, Frauenhofer Institut für Systetechnik und Innovationsforschung. My personal visits to fifty-six German and forty-five American supplier companies confirm the fact that almost all suppliers in both countries receive more or less a black box instead of customer-developed detailed drawings.
96. Susan Helper, "Strategy and Irreversibility in Supplier Relations: The Case of the U.S. Automobile Industry," Business History Review 65, no. 4 (1991): 799-800; Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Changes," 344.
97. Susan Helper, "Strategy and Irreversibility in Supplier Relations: The Case of the U.S. Automobile Industry," Business History Review 65, no. 4 (1991): 799-800; Yost, "Components of the Past and Vehicles of Changes," 344.
98. See also Hideo von Kubota and Herman Witte, "Strukturvergleich des Zulieferwesens in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 60, no. 4 (1990): 393, Table 12. According to research conducted by Wildemann, 84.4 percent of contracts in 1987 were below one year, 11.8 percent were two years, and 3.4 percent were more than three years. See Jürgen Hanke, Hybride Koordinations-strukturen: Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen der Automobilzuleferindustrie (Köln, Germany: Verlag Josef Eul, 1993), 162, 166; Marcus Reeg, Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Strukturelle Veränderungen aus unternehmerischer und wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht (Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt, 1998), 92-93; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977), 71; Hinrich-Mattias Geck and Günther Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern: Ein Untersuchung am Beispiel der Automobil- und der elektrotechnischen Industrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1983), 40, 74.
99. See also Hideo von Kubota and Herman Witte, "Strukturvergleich des Zulieferwesens in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 60, no. 4 (1990): 393, Table 12. According to research conducted by Wildemann, 84.4 percent of contracts in 1987 were below one year, 11.8 percent were two years, and 3.4 percent were more than three years. See Jürgen Hanke, Hybride Koordinations-strukturen: Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen der Automobilzuleferindustrie (Köln, Germany: Verlag Josef Eul, 1993), 162, 166; Marcus Reeg, Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Strukturelle Veränderungen aus unternehmerischer und wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht (Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt, 1998), 92-93; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977), 71; Hinrich-Mattias Geck and Günther Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern: Ein Untersuchung am Beispiel der Automobil- und der elektrotechnischen Industrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1983), 40, 74.
100. See also Hideo von Kubota and Herman Witte, "Strukturvergleich des Zulieferwesens in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 60, no. 4 (1990): 393, Table 12. According to research conducted by Wildemann, 84.4 percent of contracts in 1987 were below one year, 11.8 percent were two years, and 3.4 percent were more than three years. See Jürgen Hanke, Hybride Koordinations-strukturen: Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen der Automobilzuleferindustrie (Köln, Germany: Verlag Josef Eul, 1993), 162, 166; Marcus Reeg, Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Strukturelle Veränderungen aus unternehmerischer und wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht (Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt, 1998), 92-93; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977), 71; Hinrich-Mattias Geck and Günther Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern: Ein Untersuchung am Beispiel der Automobil- und der elektrotechnischen Industrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1983), 40, 74.
101. See also Hideo von Kubota and Herman Witte, "Strukturvergleich des Zulieferwesens in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 60, no. 4 (1990): 393, Table 12. According to research conducted by Wildemann, 84.4 percent of contracts in 1987 were below one year, 11.8 percent were two years, and 3.4 percent were more than three years. See Jürgen Hanke, Hybride Koordinations-strukturen: Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen der Automobilzuleferindustrie (Köln, Germany: Verlag Josef Eul, 1993), 162, 166; Marcus Reeg, Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Strukturelle Veränderungen aus unternehmerischer und wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht (Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt, 1998), 92-93; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977), 71; Hinrich-Mattias Geck and Günther Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern: Ein Untersuchung am Beispiel der Automobil- und der elektrotechnischen Industrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1983), 40, 74.
102. See also Hideo von Kubota and Herman Witte, "Strukturvergleich des Zulieferwesens in Japan und in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland," Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft 60, no. 4 (1990): 393, Table 12. According to research conducted by Wildemann, 84.4 percent of contracts in 1987 were below one year, 11.8 percent were two years, and 3.4 percent were more than three years. See Jürgen Hanke, Hybride Koordinations-strukturen: Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen kleiner und mittlerer Unternehmen der Automobilzuleferindustrie (Köln, Germany: Verlag Josef Eul, 1993), 162, 166; Marcus Reeg, Liefer- und Leistungsbeziehungen in der deutschen Automobilindustrie: Strukturelle Veränderungen aus unternehmerischer und wirtschaftspolitischer Sicht (Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humbolt, 1998), 92-93; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeiten zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977), 71; Hinrich-Mattias Geck and Günther Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern: Ein Untersuchung am Beispiel der Automobil- und der elektrotechnischen Industrie (Köln, Germany: Carl Heymanns Verlag KG, 1983), 40, 74.
103. Dennis L. Marler, "The Post Japanese Model of Automotive Component Supply" (IMVP International Policy Forum, MIT), 12; "The Auto Industry Meets the New Economy," Fortune 130, no. 5 (5 September 1994): 52-60; Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change," iv-17, v-31; Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed," 19; "New Research Indicates 77 Percent of North American Tier-1 Automotive Suppliers Will Reduce Supplier Base," PR Newswire, 6 August 2001.
104. Dennis L. Marler, "The Post Japanese Model of Automotive Component Supply" (IMVP International Policy Forum, MIT), 12; "The Auto Industry Meets the New Economy," Fortune 130, no. 5 (5 September 1994): 52-60; Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change," iv-17, v-31; Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed," 19; "New Research Indicates 77 Percent of North American Tier-1 Automotive Suppliers Will Reduce Supplier Base," PR Newswire, 6 August 2001.
105. Dennis L. Marler, "The Post Japanese Model of Automotive Component Supply" (IMVP International Policy Forum, MIT), 12; "The Auto Industry Meets the New Economy," Fortune 130, no. 5 (5 September 1994): 52-60; Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change," iv-17, v-31; Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed," 19; "New Research Indicates 77 Percent of North American Tier-1 Automotive Suppliers Will Reduce Supplier Base," PR Newswire, 6 August 2001.
106. Dennis L. Marler, "The Post Japanese Model of Automotive Component Supply" (IMVP International Policy Forum, MIT), 12; "The Auto Industry Meets the New Economy," Fortune 130, no. 5 (5 September 1994): 52-60; Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change," iv-17, v-31; Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed," 19; "New Research Indicates 77 Percent of North American Tier-1 Automotive Suppliers Will Reduce Supplier Base," PR Newswire, 6 August 2001.
107. Dennis L. Marler, "The Post Japanese Model of Automotive Component Supply" (IMVP International Policy Forum, MIT), 12; "The Auto Industry Meets the New Economy," Fortune 130, no. 5 (5 September 1994): 52-60; Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change," iv-17, v-31; Helper, "How Much Has Really Changed," 19; "New Research Indicates 77 Percent of North American Tier-1 Automotive Suppliers Will Reduce Supplier Base," PR Newswire, 6 August 2001.
108. Hanke, Hybride Koordinationsstrukturen, 94; "Autohersteller," VDI nachrichten, 16 July 1993; "Eine organizatiorische Innovation in Zulieferketten," Handelsblatt, 3 July 1990; "Verhältnis zwischen Automobilkonzernen und Lieferanten wird immer 'japanischer,' " Handelsblatt, 7 June 1990.
109. Hanke, Hybride Koordinationsstrukturen, 94; "Autohersteller," VDI nachrichten, 16 July 1993; "Eine organizatiorische Innovation in Zulieferketten," Handelsblatt, 3 July 1990; "Verhältnis zwischen Automobilkonzernen und Lieferanten wird immer 'japanischer,' " Handelsblatt, 7 June 1990.
110. Hanke, Hybride Koordinationsstrukturen, 94; "Autohersteller," VDI nachrichten, 16 July 1993; "Eine organizatiorische Innovation in Zulieferketten," Handelsblatt, 3 July 1990; "Verhältnis zwischen Automobilkonzernen und Lieferanten wird immer 'japanischer,' " Handelsblatt, 7 June 1990.
111. Hanke, Hybride Koordinationsstrukturen, 94; "Autohersteller," VDI nachrichten, 16 July 1993; "Eine organizatiorische Innovation in Zulieferketten," Handelsblatt, 3 July 1990; "Verhältnis zwischen Automobilkonzernen und Lieferanten wird immer 'japanischer,' " Handelsblatt, 7 June 1990.
112. For example, Ford suffered a loss of DM 200 million due to the delay in delivery of parts from its supplier Kiekert in 1998, but Ford could not easily go to open market because the exchange of contract partner in the short-term period was too dangerous to secure quality, and more important, it was too expensive, compared with the price based on their long-term relations. See AP Worldstream-German, 17 June 1998; Süddeutsche Zeitung 14 October 1998.
113. For example, Ford suffered a loss of DM 200 million due to the delay in delivery of parts from its supplier Kiekert in 1998, but Ford could not easily go to open market because the exchange of contract partner in the short-term period was too dangerous to secure quality, and more important, it was too expensive, compared with the price based on their long-term relations. See AP Worldstream-German, 17 June 1998; Süddeutsche Zeitung 14 October 1998.
114. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
115. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
116. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
117. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
118. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
119. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
120. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination
121. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
122. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
123. For liberal contract law, see Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann, "From Classical to Modern Contract Law," in Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law, edited by Jack Beatson and Daniel Friedmann (Oxford, UK: Clarendon, 1995); Charles Fried, Contract as Promise: A Theory of Contractual Obligation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981); Morris T. Cohen, "The Basis of Contract," Harvard Law Review 46, no. 4 (1933); Robert Cooler and Thomas Ulen, Law and Economics (New York: HarperCollins, 1988); Charles J. Goetz and Robert E. Scott, "Enforcing Promises: An Examination of the Basis of Contract," Yale Law Journal 89, no.7 (1980); Atiyah, "Contract as Promise"; Anthony T. Kronman and Richard A. Posner, eds., The Economics of Contract Law (Boston: Little Brown, 1979); Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1992); Victor P. Goldberg, "Toward an Expanded Economic Theory of Contract," Journal of Economic Issues 10, no. 1 (1976); Daniel A. Farber, "Contract Law and Modern Economic Theory," Northwestern University Law Review 78, no. 2 (1983).
124. Markus Pohlman et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonistische Kooperationen an der Schnittele Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995), 160-61; Handelsblatt, "Der selbständige Zulieferer muss erhalten bleiben" (15 June 1966); Monopolkommission, Missbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeit zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977).
125. Markus Pohlman et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonistische Kooperationen an der Schnittele Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995), 160-61; Handelsblatt, "Der selbständige Zulieferer muss erhalten bleiben" (15 June 1966); Monopolkommission, Missbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeit zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977).
126. Markus Pohlman et al., Industrielle Netzwerke: Antagonistische Kooperationen an der Schnittele Beschaffung-Zulieferung (Munich, Germany: Rainer Hampp Verlag, 1995), 160-61; Handelsblatt, "Der selbständige Zulieferer muss erhalten bleiben" (15 June 1966); Monopolkommission, Missbräuche der Nachfragemacht und Möglichkeit zu ihrer Kontrolle im Rahmen des Gesetzes gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1977).
127. Interview with G22 on 21 March 2000.
128. Cooler and Ulen, Law and Economics, 244-45.
129. This article defines trust as "the mutual confidence that no party to a contract will exploit the trading partner's vulnerability whether it arises out of self-interest or out of social norms." A party is trustworthy if she or he chooses to refrain from opportunism. The problem is that collaborative markets need a higher level of trust than the traditional distant markets. For a similar definition of trust, see Charles F. Sabel, "Studied Trust: Building New Forms of Cooperation in a Volatile Economy," in Industrial Districts and Local Economic Regeneration, edited by F. Pyke and W. Sengenberger (Geneva, Switzerland: International Institute for Labour Studies, 1992), 215.
130. OSAT and A. T. Kearney, Inc., The 21st Century Supply Chain: the Changing Roles, Responsibilities and Relationships in the Automotive Industry (A.T. Kearney, Inc., 1996), v., 3.
131. J. K. Liker and Y. Wu, "Japanese Automakers, U.S. Suppliers and Supply-Chain Superiority," Sloan Management Review 42, no. 1 (2000).
132. See the appendix.
133. Five Likert-type scales might have problems in estimating the degree of agreement or disagreement because the distance between categories - for example, the distances between strongly agree and agree and between agree and neither - do not mean the same degree of agreement (scale 1). To ascertain the clear difference between two market regimes, I also tested for the differences by collapsing five categories into three categories (yes, neither, no). But the results of this test in the dyadic form show the same as those in the Likert-type scales.
134. OSAT and A.T. Kearney, The 21st Century Supply Chain, 31.
135. E-mail Interview with US18 on 4 November 1999.
136. Suppliers in both the United States and Germany answered similarly, indicating that they give more information to their customers than their customers give to them. The reason for this apparent asymmetry might be respondents' biases - for example, "I give more information than my customer" - or might be due to the fact that suppliers are required to hand over more information to their customers.
137. Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Ram Mudambi and Susan Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial' Model of Supplier Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry," Strategic Management Journal (August 1998): 775-92; OSAT and A.T. Kearney, Inc., The 21st Century Supply Chain; Janet L. Hartley, "Collaborative Value Analysis: Experiences from the Automotive Industry," Journal of Supply Chain Management (fall 2000): 27-32.
138. Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Ram Mudambi and Susan Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial' Model of Supplier Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry," Strategic Management Journal (August 1998): 775-92; OSAT and A.T. Kearney, Inc., The 21st Century Supply Chain; Janet L. Hartley, "Collaborative Value Analysis: Experiences from the Automotive Industry," Journal of Supply Chain Management (fall 2000): 27-32.
139. Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Ram Mudambi and Susan Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial' Model of Supplier Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry," Strategic Management Journal (August 1998): 775-92; OSAT and A.T. Kearney, Inc., The 21st Century Supply Chain; Janet L. Hartley, "Collaborative Value Analysis: Experiences from the Automotive Industry," Journal of Supply Chain Management (fall 2000): 27-32.
140. Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Ram Mudambi and Susan Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial' Model of Supplier Relations in the U.S. Auto Industry," Strategic Management Journal (August 1998): 775-92; OSAT and A.T. Kearney, Inc., The 21st Century Supply Chain; Janet L. Hartley, "Collaborative Value Analysis: Experiences from the Automotive Industry," Journal of Supply Chain Management (fall 2000): 27-32.
141. Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Andreas Bartelt, "Vertrauen in Zulieferbeziehungen der Automobilindustrie," Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftlehre und Marketing (Julius-Maximilians-Universität, 2000), 16, table 7 of p. 32. This is a summary pamphlet of Bartelt's research. Bartelt corrected some misprints in a personal meeting with me; particularly, the figure of fairness-trust on page 26 is wrong and should be reversed.
142. Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Andreas Bartelt, "Vertrauen in Zulieferbeziehungen der Automobilindustrie," Lehrstuhl für Betriebswirtschaftlehre und Marketing (Julius-Maximilians-Universität, 2000), 16, table 7 of p. 32. This is a summary pamphlet of Bartelt's research. Bartelt corrected some misprints in a personal meeting with me; particularly, the figure of fairness-trust on page 26 is wrong and should be reversed.
143. See "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey," Ward's Auto World, August 2000, 19; Bartelt, "Vertrauen in Zulieferbeziehungen der Automobilindustrie," 16, Table 7, p. 32.
144. See "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey," Ward's Auto World, August 2000, 19; Bartelt, "Vertrauen in Zulieferbeziehungen der Automobilindustrie," 16, Table 7, p. 32.
145. Germans in the automotive parts markets also suffered from unfair behavior and conflicts in the early 1990s. See Hendrik Heinze, "Ein Virtuell-flexibles Zuliefermodell -Neue Positionen für Autombilieferunternehmen" (Ph.D. diss., Universität St. Gallen, 1996), 105-09; "Schlechte Noten für Volkswagen," Blick durch die Wirtschaft, 12 September 1995; Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl, eds., Vernetzte Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Hans Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder, eds., Zulieferer im Netz - Zwischen Abhängigkeit und Partnerschaft: Neustrukturierung der Logistik am Beispiel der Autonombilzulieferung (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Pohlmann et al, Industrielle Netzwerke, 134-67.
146. Germans in the automotive parts markets also suffered from unfair behavior and conflicts in the early 1990s. See Hendrik Heinze, "Ein Virtuell-flexibles Zuliefermodell -Neue Positionen für Autombilieferunternehmen" (Ph.D. diss., Universität St. Gallen, 1996), 105-09; "Schlechte Noten für Volkswagen," Blick durch die Wirtschaft, 12 September 1995; Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl, eds., Vernetzte Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Hans Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder, eds., Zulieferer im Netz - Zwischen Abhängigkeit und Partnerschaft: Neustrukturierung der Logistik am Beispiel der Autonombilzulieferung (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Pohlmann et al, Industrielle Netzwerke, 134-67.
147. Germans in the automotive parts markets also suffered from unfair behavior and conflicts in the early 1990s. See Hendrik Heinze, "Ein Virtuell-flexibles Zuliefermodell -Neue Positionen für Autombilieferunternehmen" (Ph.D. diss., Universität St. Gallen, 1996), 105-09; "Schlechte Noten für Volkswagen," Blick durch die Wirtschaft, 12 September 1995; Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl, eds., Vernetzte Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Hans Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder, eds., Zulieferer im Netz - Zwischen Abhängigkeit und Partnerschaft: Neustrukturierung der Logistik am Beispiel der Autonombilzulieferung (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Pohlmann et al, Industrielle Netzwerke, 134-67.
148. Germans in the automotive parts markets also suffered from unfair behavior and conflicts in the early 1990s. See Hendrik Heinze, "Ein Virtuell-flexibles Zuliefermodell -Neue Positionen für Autombilieferunternehmen" (Ph.D. diss., Universität St. Gallen, 1996), 105-09; "Schlechte Noten für Volkswagen," Blick durch die Wirtschaft, 12 September 1995; Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl, eds., Vernetzte Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Hans Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder, eds., Zulieferer im Netz - Zwischen Abhängigkeit und Partnerschaft: Neustrukturierung der Logistik am Beispiel der Autonombilzulieferung (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Pohlmann et al, Industrielle Netzwerke, 134-67.
149. Germans in the automotive parts markets also suffered from unfair behavior and conflicts in the early 1990s. See Hendrik Heinze, "Ein Virtuell-flexibles Zuliefermodell -Neue Positionen für Autombilieferunternehmen" (Ph.D. diss., Universität St. Gallen, 1996), 105-09; "Schlechte Noten für Volkswagen," Blick durch die Wirtschaft, 12 September 1995; Manfred Deiß and Volker Döhl, eds., Vernetzte Produktion: Automobilzulieferer zwischen Kontrolle und Autonomie (Frankfurt, Germany: Campus Verlag, 1992); Hans Mendius and Ulrike Wendeling-Schröder, eds., Zulieferer im Netz - Zwischen Abhängigkeit und Partnerschaft: Neustrukturierung der Logistik am Beispiel der Autonombilzulieferung (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991); Pohlmann et al, Industrielle Netzwerke, 134-67.
150. Eberhard Hamer, "Zuliefererdiskriminierung: Machtwirtschaft statt Marktwirtschaft?" in Zulieferer im Netz, edited by H. G. Mendius and U. Wendeling-Schröder (Köln, Germany: Bund-Verlag GmbH, 1991), 75-76.
151. Gernot Diehlmann, Vorentwicklungsmanagement in der Automobilzulieferindustrie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, 1998), 208, 224-25; "Nur Wenige Firmen schaffen Sprung zum A-Lieferanten," Handelsblatt, 8 March 1995; "Die Zulieferer befürchten bereits die nächste Rezession,"FAZ, 8 April 1995; "Autozulieferer denkt an leichte Presierhöhung," Handelsblatt, 3 May 1995; "Zulieferer können nicht aufatmen," Süddeutsche Zietung, 9/10 September 1995.
152. Gernot Diehlmann, Vorentwicklungsmanagement in der Automobilzulieferindustrie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, 1998), 208, 224-25; "Nur Wenige Firmen schaffen Sprung zum A-Lieferanten," Handelsblatt, 8 March 1995; "Die Zulieferer befürchten bereits die nächste Rezession,"FAZ, 8 April 1995; "Autozulieferer denkt an leichte Presierhöhung," Handelsblatt, 3 May 1995; "Zulieferer können nicht aufatmen," Süddeutsche Zietung, 9/10 September 1995.
153. Gernot Diehlmann, Vorentwicklungsmanagement in der Automobilzulieferindustrie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, 1998), 208, 224-25; "Nur Wenige Firmen schaffen Sprung zum A-Lieferanten," Handelsblatt, 8 March 1995; "Die Zulieferer befürchten bereits die nächste Rezession,"FAZ, 8 April 1995; "Autozulieferer denkt an leichte Presierhöhung," Handelsblatt, 3 May 1995; "Zulieferer können nicht aufatmen," Süddeutsche Zietung, 9/10 September 1995.
154. Gernot Diehlmann, Vorentwicklungsmanagement in der Automobilzulieferindustrie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, 1998), 208, 224-25; "Nur Wenige Firmen schaffen Sprung zum A-Lieferanten," Handelsblatt, 8 March 1995; "Die Zulieferer befürchten bereits die nächste Rezession,"FAZ, 8 April 1995; "Autozulieferer denkt an leichte Presierhöhung," Handelsblatt, 3 May 1995; "Zulieferer können nicht aufatmen," Süddeutsche Zietung, 9/10 September 1995.
155. Gernot Diehlmann, Vorentwicklungsmanagement in der Automobilzulieferindustrie (Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang GmbH, 1998), 208, 224-25; "Nur Wenige Firmen schaffen Sprung zum A-Lieferanten," Handelsblatt, 8 March 1995; "Die Zulieferer befürchten bereits die nächste Rezession,"FAZ, 8 April 1995; "Autozulieferer denkt an leichte Presierhöhung," Handelsblatt, 3 May 1995; "Zulieferer können nicht aufatmen," Süddeutsche Zietung, 9/10 September 1995.
156. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
157. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
158. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
159. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
160. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
161. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
162. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
163. Helper, "Supplier Relations and Technical Change"; "How Much Has Really Changed"; Helper and Sako, "Supplier Relations in Japan and the United States"; Mudambi and Helper, "The 'Close but Adversarial" Model"; Jürgens, "Communication and Cooperation in the New Product and Process Development Networks"; Rati Apana Chotangada, "Governance Systems That Facilitate Innovation: Changing Perspectives of Supplier Customer Relationships" (Ph.D. diss., University of Cincinnati, 2000); Michael Maloni, "Influences of Power upon Supply Chain Relationships: An Analysis of Opportunism" (Ph.D. diss., Ohio State University, 1997); "Ward's Auto World 22nd Supplier Survey."
164. E-mail interview with U.S. supplier 16 on 3 November 1999.
165. "Risky Business in Detroit,"Industry Week, 4 March 1991.
166. Interview with G29 on 12 April 2000; interview with G30 on 13 April 2000.
167. Interview with G41 on 28 April 2000; interview with G38 on 26 April 2000.
168. See Steven Wayne Casper, "The Legal Framework for Corporate Governance: The Influence of Contract Law on Company Strategies in Germany and the United States," in Varieties of Capitalism, edited by Peter Hall and David Soskice (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
169. Hamer, "Zuliefererdiskriminierung," 68-69; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht; Geck and Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern.
170. Hamer, "Zuliefererdiskriminierung," 68-69; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht; Geck and Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern.
171. Hamer, "Zuliefererdiskriminierung," 68-69; Monopolkommission, Mißbräuche der Nachfragemacht; Geck and Petry, Nachfragermacht gegenüber Zulieferern.
172. "Autoindustrie gefährdet industrellen Konsens," Handelsblatt, 25/26 June 1993.
173. "Leben und Leben lassen" means literally "to live and let live" in English. This refers to the idea that people should not interfere in the affairs of others. This norm is based on classical market relations. Each agent calculates his or her costs of input and margins. Hiding the information of real costs and demand power, they compromise at a price, assuming that the price is within the satisfaction of the trading partner; otherwise, the trading partner will exit the deal. To have a fair situation, there must be sufficient freedom to exit and search for another deal. But this norm does not fit for the situation in which trading partners have to increase their common pie by sharing information and working together. See "Autohersteller brauchen die Zulieferer," FAZ, 5 March 1993.
174. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For similar arguments based on automotive parts markets, see Benri Asanuma, "Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30; M. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Naoki Tabeta, "The Kigyo Keiretsu Organization and Opportunism in the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
175. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For similar arguments based on automotive parts markets, see Benri Asanuma, "Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30; M. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Naoki Tabeta, "The Kigyo Keiretsu Organization and Opportunism in the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
176. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For similar arguments based on automotive parts markets, see Benri Asanuma, "Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30; M. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Naoki Tabeta, "The Kigyo Keiretsu Organization and Opportunism in the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
177. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For similar arguments based on automotive parts markets, see Benri Asanuma, "Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30; M. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Naoki Tabeta, "The Kigyo Keiretsu Organization and Opportunism in the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
178. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993); Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000). For similar arguments based on automotive parts markets, see Benri Asanuma, "Manufacturer-Supplier Relationships in Japan and the Concept of Relation-Specific Skill," Journal of the Japanese and International Economics 3 (1989): 1-30; M. Gerlach, Alliance Capitalism: The Social Organization of Japanese Business (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992); Naoki Tabeta, "The Kigyo Keiretsu Organization and Opportunism in the Japanese Automobile Manufacturing Industry," Asia Pacific Journal of Management 15, no. 1 (1998): 1-18.
179. For the emergence of new social networks in the United States, see note 14 of this article. My research confirms it, and I am also indebted to professor Gary Herrigel's empirical research.
180. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
181. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
182. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
183. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
184. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
185. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
186. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
187. For the tradition of self-governance by German associations, see Gary Herrigel, "American Occupation, Market Order, and Democracy: Reconfiguring the Steel Industry in Japan and Germany after the Second World War," in Americanization and Its Limits: Reworking US Technology and Management in Post-War Europe and Japan, edited by Jonathan Zeitlin and Gary Herrigel (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001); Gary Herrigel, Industrial Constructions: The Sources of German Industrial Power (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Toni Pierenkemper, "Trade Associations in Germany in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth," in Trade Associations in Business History, edited by Hiroaki Yamazaki and Matao Miyamoto (Tokyo, Japan: University of Tokyo Press, 1988). On the other hand, for the initiation of German suppliers' protest against automakers' "unfairness," see "Noch einmal mit Gefühl," Manager Magazin, March 1993; "Die Jagd ist auf," Manager Magazin, December 1993; "Gereizte Stimmung bei den Zulieferern der Autoindustrie," FAZ, 7 December 1992; "Teves: Böse Überrachung im kommenden Jahr," FAZ, 15 December 1992; "Automobilhersteller verlangen harte Preiszugeständnisse," VDI nachrichten, 23 April 1993.
188. "Schröder: Wir wollen die VW-Standorte stärken," FAZ, 27 August 1993; "SPD pranger 'Faustrecht' der Autohersteller an," Handelsblatt, 7 July 1993; "Kunststoffverband: Pkw-Hersteller missbrauchen eindeutig ihre Marktmacht," Handelsblatt, 15 April 1993.
189. "Schröder: Wir wollen die VW-Standorte stärken," FAZ, 27 August 1993; "SPD pranger 'Faustrecht' der Autohersteller an," Handelsblatt, 7 July 1993; "Kunststoffverband: Pkw-Hersteller missbrauchen eindeutig ihre Marktmacht," Handelsblatt, 15 April 1993.
190. "Schröder: Wir wollen die VW-Standorte stärken," FAZ, 27 August 1993; "SPD pranger 'Faustrecht' der Autohersteller an," Handelsblatt, 7 July 1993; "Kunststoffverband: Pkw-Hersteller missbrauchen eindeutig ihre Marktmacht," Handelsblatt, 15 April 1993.
191. Hamer, "Zuliefererdiskriminierung."
192. According to the research of IG Metall, only 4 percent of automotive employees in 1990 participated in teamwork. The figure grew rapidly after crisis-9 percent of employees in 1993 and 22 percent in 1994 took part in the teamwork. See Michael Schumann, "The German Automobile Industry in Transition," Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 2 (1997), 230-31; Dirk Riesselmann, "Entwicklung der Automobil-zulieferindustrie: Strukturen, Lieferantentypen und Erfolg" (Ph.D. diss., Universität Bundeswehr, Hamburg, 1998), 156-57.
193. According to the research of IG Metall, only 4 percent of automotive employees in 1990 participated in teamwork. The figure grew rapidly after crisis-9 percent of employees in 1993 and 22 percent in 1994 took part in the teamwork. See Michael Schumann, "The German Automobile Industry in Transition," Economic and Labour Relations Review 8, no. 2 (1997), 230-31; Dirk Riesselmann, "Entwicklung der Automobil-zulieferindustrie: Strukturen, Lieferantentypen und Erfolg" (Ph.D. diss., Universität Bundeswehr, Hamburg, 1998), 156-57.
194. Interview with the ArGeZ on 23 June 2000.
195. Interview with G31 on 13 April 2000.
196. The meaning of liberalism is also contested. Utilitarian liberalism refers to a strain of liberalism in which the assumptions of utilitarianism and neoclassical economics dominate; thus, it is differentiated from the Kantian strain of liberalism. Utilitarian liberalism is called an economist model of liberalism or market liberalism. This utilitarian liberalism assumes that a society is constituted of rational individuals and their voluntary relations on one hand and the public state on the other. See Jeff Weintraub, "The Theory and Politics of the Public/Private Distinction," in Public and Private in Thought and Practice, edited by J. Weintraub and K. Kumar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997).
197. E-mail interview with the AIAG on 22 December 1999; 12 January 2000; and 3 December 1999.
198. According to a survey conducted by PriceWaterHouse Coopers on global automotive supplier deals, the number of deals on U.S. soil has beaten that of any other countries. For example, there were a total of 320 deals among automotive suppliers in the world in 1998. American companies were involved in 56.6 percent (180 deals), whereas German counterparts comprised only 6.9 percent. See PriceWaterHouse Coopers, "Global Automotive Deal Survey 1998" (PriceWaterHouse Coopers, 1998).
199. Email interview with U.S. supplier 42 on 17 November 1999.
200. The conception of "ideal type" refers to neither the accumulation and combination of empirical data nor to the consensus of agents with diverse motives in the real world but is an analytical tool that is produced through an analytical accentuation of certain elements of reality.