Enterprise and state in the west german wirtschaftswunder: Volkswagen and the automobile industry, 1939–1962

Business History Review

Volumn 69, Issue 3, 1995, Pages 273-350

  Tolliday, Steven ^a  

^a HARVARD COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84971851193     PISSN: 00076805     EISSN: 2044768X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3117336     Document Type: Article

References (122)

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19. Walter Henry Nelson, Small Wonder: The Amazing Story of the VW (Boston, Mass., 1970), 93.
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21. Michael Sedgwick, Cars of the Thirties (London, 1970).
22. Reinhard Doleschal, “Zur geschichtlichen Entwicklung des Volkswagenkonzems,” in Reinhard Doleschal and Rainer Dombois, eds., Wohin lauft VW? Automobilproduktion in der Wirtschaftkrise (Reinbek, 1982), 30.
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26. Reich, Fruits of Fascism, 158.
27. Karl Ludvigsen, Opel: Wheels to the World (Princeton, NJ, 1975).
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30. Reich, Fruits of Fascism, 158.
31. Jerry Sloninger, The Volkswagen Story (Cambridge, 1980), 48.
32. Nelson, Small Wonder, 92.
33. Werner Abelshauser, Wirtschaft in Westdeutschland, 1945–8 (Stuttgart, 1975).
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35. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 69-71.
36. Alan Kramer, “British Dismantling Politics, 1945-9: A Reassessment,” in Turner, ed., Reconstruction in Post-War Germany.
37. Bruce KuHick, American Policy and the Division of Germany: The Clash with Russia Over Reparations (Ithaca, N.Y., 1972).
38. J. Backer, Priming the German Economy: American Occupation Policies, 1945–1948 (Durham, N.C., 1971), 134–5, 158.
39. Alan Kramer, The West German Economy, 1945–55 (NY, Berg, 1991), 46-47.
40. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” passim.
41. Nelson, Small Wonder, 101–2.
42. Maurice Olley, “The Motor Car Industry in Germany during the period 1939-1945,” in BIOS Overall Report 21 (1949): 20, IWM.
43. C. A. L. Dunphie, “Volkswagen GmbH, 5th September 1946,” AVIA 49/116, PRO, reporting the results of an SMMT study in the summer of 1946.
44. G. W. Turner, “Minute,” 12 July 1946, AVIA 49/116, PRO.
45. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 170ff.
46. J. Selwyn to H. A. R. Binney, 12 Sept. 1946, BT 211/92, PRO.
47. “Repercussions of the German Level of Industry Plan on Allied Economies,” 7 June 1946, BT 211/1, PRO.
48. Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–52 (London, 1984), 363.
49. Daniel Yergin, Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War (New York, 1990), 225–32.
50. “Plan for Motor Vehicle Production in the Combined Area,” Paper from the Industry Division CCG for meeting of the Bipartite Economic Panel, 15–18 March 1947.
51. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 603–608.
52. R. Gresham-Cooke, Director of SMMT, Letter to The Times, 10 Jan. 1949.
53. “German Export Competition,” Dec., 1948, BT 11/4024, PRO.
54. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 175–181.
55. Turner, “Volkswagenwerk,” 287–8.
56. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 205.
57. Nelson, Small Wonder, 122-5; Sloninger, Volkswagen Story 61–2.
58. Sloan, My Years With General Motors, 331.
59. Sloan, My Years With General Motors, 331-336.
60. Dietmar Due and Hentrich Jorg, Krise der Automobilindustrie: Das Beispiel des Multis General Motors/Opel AG (Frankfurt, 1981), 29–32.
61. Frank Cort, “Report on Cologne Plant,” undated, May 1945, acc 507, box 17, Henry Ford Museum Archives (HFMA).
62. Hanns-Peter Rosellen, Ford-Schritte in Deutschland, 1945–1970 (Frankfurt, 1988), 21, 35.
63. E. R. Breech, “Agenda for Meeting on October 18th 1948 at Fordwerke,” AR 65–71, box 30, FMC.
64. Wilkins and Hill, American Business Abroad, 390.
65. Nelson, Small Wonder, 17–18, 136.
66. Henry Ford II and Graerne Howard, “Report on European Trip, February to March 1948,” AR 65–71, box 25, FMC.
67. Ford and Howard, “Report on European Trip.”.
68. Ford and Howard, “Report on European Trip.”.
69. See Robert Sobel, The Life and Times of Dillon Read (New York, 1991), 97–111.
70. G. Howard to H. Nordhoff, 7 June 1948, AR 65–71, box 30, FMC.
71. Ford and Howard, “Report on European Trip.”.
72. E. Breech to Henry Ford II, 24 Oct. 1948, AR 65–71, box 30, FMC.
73. Arthur J. Wieland at Minutes of Product Planning Committee, 27 Feb. 1950.
74. Wilkins and Hill, American Business Abroad, 390.
75. L. E. D. Barber, “Subject: The Volkswagenwerk complex in Control under Law 52/ June 1947, BT 211/92, PRO.
76. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 663.
77. “Volkswagen in the Darkroom,” Der Volkswirt 42 (1951).
78. H. Nordhoff to H. Oeftering, 7 Oct. 1953.
79. Giinter Koch, Arheitnehmer steuem mit: Belegschajtsvertretung bei Volkswagen ab 1945 (Koln, 1987), 30.
80. Koch, Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 50–53.
81. Koch Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 36, 40–63.
82. Klaus-Jorg Siegfried, Riistungsproduktion und Zwangsarbeit im Volkswagenwerk, 1939-1945: Eine Dokumentation (Frankfurt, 1986).
83. H. Hilterschied, Industrie und Gemeinde: Die Beziehungen zwischen der Stadt Wolfsburg und dem Volkswagenwerk und ihre Auswirkungen auf die kommunale Selb-stverwaltung (Berlin, 1977), 94.
84. Koch, Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 33-4.
85. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 211-212.
86. Sloninger, Volkswagen Story, 56.
87. Turner, “British Occupation Policy,” 680–723.
88. Koch, Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 35.
89. Koch, Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 40–5.
90. K. A. Schenzinger, H. Simon and A. Zischka, Heinrich Nordhoff (Munich, 1969), 167.
91. Koch, Arbeitnehmer steuem mit, 63.
92. L. Erhard to H. Oeftering, 6 Feb. 1956, B115/3422, BA.
93. L. Erhard to F. Schaffer, 12 March 1956, B115/3422, BA.
94. F. Lindrath to H. Nordhoff, 18 March 1959 and 29 April 1960, B115/3427, BA.
95. L. Erhard to F. Lindrath, 12 Nov. 1959, B115/3428, BA.
96. F. Lindrath to L. Erhard, 10 Sept. 1959, B115/3428, BA.
97. L. Erhard to F. Lindrath, 12 Nov. 1959, B115/3428, BA.
98. “Notes on a Telephone Conversation Between the Chancellor and the President of the BDA”, 26 June 1959, B115/3428, BA.
99. Olley, “Motor Car Industry in Germany,” BIOS Overall Report No. 21, IWM.
100. Fritz Blaich, “The Development of the Distribution Sector in the German Car Industry,” in A. Okochi and K. Shimokawa, eds., The Development of Mass Marketing (Tokyo, 1981).
101. Nelson, Small Wonder, 272.
102. H. R. Etzold, The Beetle: The Chronicles of the People's Car (Newbury Park, Calif., 1988), 6.
103. Nelson, Small Wonder, 272.
104. A. J. Wieland, “A Program for a New Passenger Car to be Produced at Ford Werke AG, Cologne,” 24 Feb. 1951, AR 65–71, box 30, FMC.
105. Ford Werke, “Cologne Integration Program,” May 1953, AR 67–73, box 2, FMC.
106. A. J. Wieland, “Notes on Germany,” May 1953, AR 67–73, box 1, FMC.
107. A. J. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility: The Social Market Economy in Germany, 1918–1963 (Oxford, 1994), 359.
108. Birnbaum, “Memorandum for the Ministry of Finance on the Future of Volkswagen,” 13 Oct. 1956, B115/3391, BA.
109. L. Westrick to L. Erhard, 19 March 1955, B102/76034, BA.
110. F. Lindrath to Birnbaum, 13 Aug. 1957, B115/3395, BA.
111. F. Lindrath, “Memorandum on a Meeting of'CDU Friends’ to Discuss VW,” 19 Aug. 1958, B115/3391, BA.
112. F. Lindrath, “Memorandum on Meeting with ‘CDU Friends” 19 Aug. 1958.
113. F. Lindrath, “Memorandum on Meeting with Wegman (Lower Saxony Finance Minister),” 12 July 1958, B115/3391, BA.
114. F. Novotny to Bimbaum, 4 Oct. 1957, B115/3395, BA.
115. Knut Borchardt and Christopher Buchheim, “Die Wirkungen der Marshallplan-Hilfe in Schliisselbranchen der deutschen Wirtschaft,” Vierteljarhrshefte fiir Zeitge-schichte 35, (July 1987).
116. Moses Abramovitz, Thinking About Economic Growth: And Other Essaijs on Economic Growth and Welfare (Cambridge, 1989).
117. Volker Berghahn, The Americanization of West German Industry, 1945–73 (Leamington Spa, 1986), 4, 275–282.
118. Jeremy Edwards and Klaus Fischer, Banks, Finance, and Investment in Germany (Cambridge, 1994).
119. Nicholls, Freedom with Responsibility, 284, 234-47.
120. Alan S. Milward, The European Rescue of the Nation State (London, 1992), 198-199.
121. Stokes, Opting for Oil, 103–105, also notes the importance of such conflicts in the chemical industry.
122. Monnich, The BMW Story, 427–30, 466, 475–9.