Evolution of conspicuous colouration, body size and gregariousness: A comparative analysis of lepidopteran larvae

Evolutionary Ecology

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 51-66

  Nilsson, Maria ^a   Forsman, Anders ^a  

^a LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Crypsis; Evolution; Gregariousness; Lepidoptera; Phylogeny; Signalling

Indexed keywords

APOSEMATISM; BODY SIZE; COLOR; CRYPSIS; EVOLUTION; SIGNALING;

ANIMALIA; CRYPSIS; LEPIDOPTERA;

EID: 0037225358     PISSN: 02697653     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/A:1022417601010     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Abrams, P., Leimar, O., Nylin, S. and Wiklund, C. (1996) The effect of flexible growth rates on optimal sizes and development times in a seasonal environment. Am. Nat. 147, 381-395.
2. Atkinson, D. (1994)Temperature and organism size. Adv. Ecol. Res. 25, 1-58.
3. Alatalo, R.V. and Mappes, J. (1996) Tracking the evolution of warning signals. Nature 382, 708-709.
4. Bates, W.H. (1862) Contributions to an insect fauna of the Amazon valley. Lepidoptera: Helicinidae. Trans. Linn. Soc. London 23, 495-566.
5. Blanckenhorn, W.U. (2000) The evolution of body size: what keeps organisms small? Quart. Rev. Biol. 75, 385-407.
6. Blest, A.D. (1957) The function of eyespot patterns in the Lepidoptera. Behaviour 11, 209-256.
7. Brodie, E.D. III (1992) Correlational selection for colour pattern and antipredator behaviour in the garter snake Thamnophis ordinoides. Evolution 46, 1284-1298.
8. Carter, D.J. (1984) Pest Lepidoptera of Europe - with special reference to the British Isles. Series Entomoligica. Vol 31, Dr Junk Publishers, London.
9. Chinery, M. (1976) Nordeuropas Insekter - En bestämningsbok. Albert Bonniers Förlag, Stockholm.
10. Coppinger, R.P. (1969) The effect of experience and novelty on avian feeding behaviour with reference to the evolution of warning colouration in butterflies. I. Reactions of wild-caught adult blue-jays to novel insects. Behavior 35, 4-60.
11. Coppinger, R.P. (1970) The effect of experience and novelty on avian feeding behaviour with reference to the evolution of warning colouration in butterflies. II. Reactions of the naïve birds to novel insects. Am. Nat. 104, 323-335.
12. Cott, H.B. (1940) Adoptive Colouration in Animals. Methuen, London.
13. Darwin, C. (1871) The Decent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. 2nd edn. John Murray, London.
14. DeJong, P.S., Gussekloo, W.S. and Brakefield, P.M. (1996) Differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles (Adalia bipunctata) under controlled conditions. J. Exp. Biol. 199, 2655-2666.
15. Digby, P.S.B. (1955) Factors affecting the temperature excess of insects in sunshine. J. Exp. Biol. 32, 279-298.
16. Edmunds, M. (1974) Defence in Animals. Longman, Harlow.
17. Emmet, A.M. and Heath, J. (1991) The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol 7, Part 2, B.H. and A. Harley Ltd., Colchester.
18. Endler, J.A. (1978) A predator's view of animal color patterns. Evol. Biol. 11, 319-364.
19. Endler, J.A. (1991) Interactions between predators and prey. In J.R. Krebs and N.B. Davies (eds) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach. 3rd edn. Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 169-196.
20. Felsenstein, J. (1985) Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125, 1-15.
21. Fergueson, D.C. (1972) The Moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fasicle 20.2. Bombycoidea: Saturniidae. EW Classey and RBD Publications, London.
22. Fergueson, D.C. (1978) The Moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fasicle 22.2. Noctuidea: Lymatridae. EW Classey and Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, London.
23. Fisher, R.A. (1930) The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon, Oxford.
24. Forsman, A. and Appelqvist, S. (1998) Visual predators impose correlational selection on prey color pattern and behavior. Behav. Ecol. 9, 409-413.
25. Forsman, A. and Merilaita, S. (1999) Fearful symmetry: pattern size and asymmetry affects aposematic signal effiancy. Evol. Ecol. 13, 131-140.
26. Franclemont, J.G. (1973) The Moths of America North of Mexico including Greenland. Fasicle 20.1. Mimallonoidea: Mimallonoidae and Bimycoidea: Apatelodidae, Bombycidae, Lasiocampidae. EW Classey and RBD Publications, London.
27. Furniss, R.L. and Carolin, V.M. (1977) US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Western Forest Insects, Miscellanous Publication No. 273.
28. Gamberale, G. and Tullberg, B.S. (1996a) Evidence for a peak-shift in predator generalization among aposematic prey. Proc. R. Soc. London B 263, 1329-1334.
29. Gamberale, G. and Tullberg, B.S. (1996b) Evidence for a more effective signal in aggregated aposematic prey. Anim. Behav. 52, 597-601.
30. Gamberale, G. and Tullberg, B.S. (1998) Aposematism and gregariousness: the combined effect of group size and colouration on signal repellence. Proc. R. Soc. London B 265, 889-894.
31. Gerstmeier, R. (1994) Fjärilar - Kännetecken och förekomst. Wahlströms Naturguider, Stockholm.
32. Gittleman, J.L. and Harvey P.H. (1980) Why are distasteful prey not cryptic? Nature 286, 149-150.
33. Guilford, T. (1978) The evolution of conspicuous colouration. Am. Nat. 131, 7-21.
34. Guilford, T. (1990) The evolution of aposematism. In D.L. Evans and J.O. Schmidt (eds) Insect Defence 1. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp. 23-26.
35. Gullander, B. (1971) Nordens nattflyn. PA Norstedt and Söners förlag, Stockholm.
36. Harvey, P.H. and Pagel, M.D. (1991) The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
37. Hodges, R.W. (1971) The moths of America north of Mexico including Greenland. Fasicle 21. Sphingidae: Hawkmoths. EW Classey and RBD Publications, London.
38. http://www.atl.cfs.nrcan.gc.ca, 07/09/00
39. http://www.atl.cfs.NRCan.gc.ca, 07/09/00
40. http://www.digilander.iol.it, 07/21/00
41. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us, 07/20/00
42. http://www.fhpr8.srs.fs.fed.us, 07/09/00
43. http://www.nitro.biosci.arizona.edu, 08/06/00
44. http://www.snapper.bio.umass.edu, 08/06/00
45. http://www.cdfa.ca.gov, 07/21/00
46. http://www.fcmr.forestry.ca, 07/12/00
47. http://www.forestry.ubc.ca, 07/12/00
48. http://www.furman.edu, 07/13/00
49. http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu, 07/12/00
50. http://www.naturegrid.org.uk, 07/15/00
51. http:/www.npwrc.usgs.gov, 07/15/00
52. Järvi, T.B., Sillén-Tullberg, B. and Wiklund, C. (1981) The cost of being aposematic: an experimental study of predation on larvae of Papilio machaon by the great tit Parus major. Oikos 36, 267-272.
53. Leimar, O., Enquist, M. and Sillén-Tullberg, B. (1986) Evolutionary stability of aposematic coloration and prey unprofitability: a theoretical analysis. Am. Nat. 128, 468-490.
54. Lindstrom, L., Alatalo, R.V., Mappes, J., Riipi, M. and Vertainen L. (1999) Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change? Nature 397, 249-251.
55. McGuffin, W.C. (1967) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). I. Subfamily Sterrhinae.1. Entomol. Soc. Canada Mem. 50, 1-67.
56. McGuffin, W.C. (1972) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). II. Subfamily En.1. Ennominae. 1. Entomol. Soc. Canada Mem. 86, 1-159.
57. McGuffin, W.C. (1977) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). II. Subfamily Ennominae. 2. Entomol. Soc. Canada Mem. 101, 1-191.
58. McGuffin, W.C. (1981) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). II. Subfamily Ennominae. 3. Entomol. Soc. Canada Mem. 117, 1-153.
59. McGuffin, W.C. (1989) Guide to the Geometridae of Canada (Lepidoptera). II. Subfamily Ennominae. 4. Entomol. Soc. Canada Mem. 138, 1-182.
60. Merilaita, S. (1998) Crypsis through disruptive coloration in an isopod. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 265, 1059-1064.
61. Merilaita, S., Tuomi, J. and Jormalainen, V. (1999) Optimization of cryptic coloration in heterogeneous habitats. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 67, 151-161.
62. Michener, C.D. (1952) The Saturniidae (Lepidoptera) of the Western hemisphere: Morphology, phylogeny and classification. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 98, 335-501.
63. Miller, J.A. (1991) Cladism and classification of the Notodontidae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidea) based on larvae and adult morphology. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 204, 1-226.
64. Møller, A.P. and Birkhead, T.R.A. (1992) A pairwise comparative method as illustrated by copulation frequency in birds. Am. Nat. 139, 644-656.
65. Nielsen, E.S. (1989) Phylogeny of major Lepidopteran groups. In B. Fernholm, K. Bremer and H. Jörnvall (eds) The Hierarchy of Life. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 281-294.
66. Poulton, E.B. (1890) The Colour of Animals: Their Meaning and Use. Keagan Pauil, Trench, Trubner, London.
67. Purvis, A. and Rambaut, A. (1995) Comparative analysis by independent contrasts (C.A.I.C.): an Apple Macintosh application for analysing comparative data. Computer Appl. Biosci. 11, 247-251.
68. Reznick, D.A., Bryga, H. and Endler, J.A. (1990) Experimentally induced life-history variation in a natural population. Nature 346, 357-359.
69. Roff, D.A. (1992) The Evolution of Life Histories. Chapman and Hall, New York.
70. Roff, D.A. (2000) Trade-offs between growth and reproduction: an analysis of the quantitative genetic evidence. J. Evol. Biol. 13, 434-445.
71. Roper, T.J. and Redstone, S. (1987) Conspicuousness of distasteful prey affects the strength and durability of one-trial avoidance learning. Anim. Behav. 35, 739-747.
72. Rowe, C. and Guilford, T. (1996) Hidden color aversions in domestic chicks triggered by pyrazinc odours of insect warning displays. Nature 383, 520-522.
73. Rougeot, P.C and Viette, P. (1980) Svärmare och spinnare i Europa och Nordafrika, Bonniers, Stockholm.
74. Sargent, T.D. (1990) Startle as an anti-predator mechanism with special reference to the underwing moths, (Catocala). In D.L. Evaus and J.O. Schmidt (eds) Insect Defenses - Adaptive Mechanisms and Strategies of Prey and Predators. State University of New York Press, Albany, pp. 229-249.
75. Shine, R. (2000) Vertebral numbers in male and female snakes: the roles of natural, sexual and fecundity selection. J. Evol. Biol. 13, 455-465.
76. Sillén-Tullberg, B. (1988) Evolution of gregariousness in aposematic butterfly larvae: a phylogenetic analysis. Evolution 42, 293-305.
77. Sillén-Tullberg, B. (1993) The effect of biased inclusion of taxa on the correlation between discrete characters in phylogenic trees. Evolution 47, 1182-1191.
78. Skinner, B. (1984) Moths of the British Isles. William Clowes Ltd., London.
79. Skou, P. (1986) The Geometroid Moths of North Europé, Scandinaivan Science Press, Copenhagen.
80. Stanek, V.J. (1977) Fjärilarnas värld i färg. Tidens Förlag, Stockholm.
81. Stevenson, R.D. (1985) Body size and limits to the daily range of body temperatures in terrestrial ectotherms. Am. Nat. 125, 102-117.
82. Stewart, L.A. and Dixon, A.F.G. (1989) Why big species of ladybird beetles are not melanic. Funct. Ecol. 3, 165-177.
83. Stokoe, W.J. (1952) Butterflies and moths of the wayside and woodland, Frederick Warne and Co., Ltd, London.
84. Tullberg, B.S. and Hunter, A.F. (1996) Evolution of larval gregariousness in relation to repellent defenses and warning colouration in tree-feeding Macrolepidoptera: a phylogenetic analysis based on independent contrasts. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 57, 253-276.
85. Tullgren, A. and Ljungdahl, D. (1941) Svenska Fjärilar, systematisk bearbetning av Sveriges storfjädrilar - Macrolepidoptera. Nordisk Familjeboks förlags aktiebolag, Stockholm.
86. Wallace, A.R. (1878) Tropical Nature and Other Essays. Macmillan, London.
87. Watt, W.B. (1968) Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphism in Colias butterflies. I. Variation of melanin pigment in relation to thermoregulation. Evolution 22, 437-458.