differences in thermal balance, body temperature and activity between non-melanic and melanic two-spot ladybird beetles (Adalia bipunctata) under controlled conditions

Journal of Experimental Biology

Volumn 199, Issue 12, 1996, Pages 2655-2666

  De Jong, Peter W ^a   Gussekloo, Sander W S ^a   Brakefield, Paul M ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Adalia bipunctata; Colour morph; Ladybird; Melanism; Physical model; Thermal balance; Walking speed

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001494710     PISSN: 00220949     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. BAKKEN, G. S. (1976). A heat transfer analysis of animals: unifying concepts and the application of metabolism chamber data to field ecology. J. theor. Biol. 60, 337-384.
2. BENGTSON, S.-A. AND HAGEN, R. (1975). Polymorphism in the two-spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata in western Norway. Oikos 26, 328-331.
3. BENGTSON, S.-A. AND HAGEN, R. (1977). Melanism in the two-spot ladybird Adalia bipunctata in relation to climate in western Norway. Oikos 28, 16-19.
4. BENHAM, B. R., LONSDALE. D. AND MUGGLETON, J. (1974). Is polymorphism in two-spot ladybird an example of non-industrial melanism? Nature 249, 179-180.
5. BRAKEFIELD, P. M. (1984a). Ecological studies on the polymorphic ladybird Adalia bipunctata in The Netherlands. I. Population biology and geographical variation in melanism. J. Anim. Ecol. 53, 761-774.
6. BRAKEFIELD, P. M. (1984b). Ecological studies on the polymorphic ladybird Adalia bipunctata in The Netherlands. II. Population dynamics, differential timing of reproduction and thermal melanism. J. Anim. Ecol. 53, 775-790.
7. BRAKEFIELD, P. M. (1984c). Selection along clines in the ladybird Adalia bipunctata in The Netherlands: a general mating advantage to melanics and its consequences. Heredity 53, 37-49.
8. BRAKEFIELD, P. M. (1985). Polymorphic Müllerian mimicry and interactions with thermal melanism in ladybirds and a soldier beetle: a hypothesis. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 26, 243-267.
9. BRAKEFIELD, P. M. AND WILLMER, P. G. (1985). The basis of thermal melanism in the ladybird Adalia bipunctata: differences in reflectance and thermal properties between the morphs. Heredity 54, 9-14.
10. CASEY, T. M. (1988). Thermoregulation and heat exchange. Adv. Insect Physiol. 20, 119-146.
11. CHURCH, N. S. (1960). Heat loss and the body temperatures of flying insects. II. Heat conduction within the body and its loss by radiation and convection. J. exp. Biol. 37, 186-212.
12. DE JONG, P. W., HOLLOWAY, G. J., BRAKEFIELD, P. M. AND DE VOS, H. (1991). Chemical defence in ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae). II. Amounts of reflex fluid, the alkaloid adaline and individual variation in defence in two-spot ladybirds (Adalia bipunctata). Chemoecology 2, 15-19.
13. DIGBY, P. S. B. (1955). Factors affecting the temperature excess of insects in sunshine. J. exp. Biol. 32, 279-298.
14. FIELDS, P. G. AND MCNEIL, J. N. (1988). The importance of seasonal variation in hair coloration for thermoregulation of Ctenucha virginica larvae (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Physiol. Ent. 13, 165-175.
15. GATES, D. M. (1980). Biophysical Ecology. New York: Springer-Verlag.
16. GOULSON, D. (1994). Determination of larval melanization in the moth, Mamestra brassicae and the role of melanin in thermoregulation. Heredity 73, 471-479.
17. HEINRICH, B. (1981). (ed.) Insect Thermoregulation. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
18. HEINRICH, B. (1990). Is 'reflectance' basking real? J exp. Biol. 154, 31-43.
19. HEINRICH, B. (1993). The Hot-blooded Insects, Strategies and Mechanisms of Thermoregulation. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
20. HUEY, R. B. AND KINGSOLVER, J. G. (1989). Evolution of thermal sensitivity of ectotherm performance. Trends Ecol. Evol. 4, 131-135.
21. KINGSOLVER, J. G. (1985). Thermoregulatory significance of wing melanization in Pieris butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae): physics, posture and pattern. Oecologia 66, 546-553.
22. KINGSOLVER, J. G. (1988). Thermoregulation, flight and the evolution of wing pattern in pierid butterflies: the topography of adaptive landscapes. Am. Zool. 28, 899-912.
23. KINGSOLVER, J. G. AND WIERNASZ, D. C. (1991). Seasonal polyphenism in wing-melanin pattern and thermoregulatory adaptation in Pieris butterflies. Am. Nat. 137, 816-830.
24. LUSIS, J. J. (1961). On the biological meaning of colour polymorphism of lady beetle Adalia bipunctata L. Latv. Ent. 4, 3-29.
25. MAJERUS, M. E. N. (1994). Ladybirds. The New Naturalist Library. London: Harper Collins.
26. MAJERUS, M. E. N. AND KEARNS, P. W. E. (1989). Ladybirds. Naturalists' Handbooks 10. Slough: Richmond Publishing.
27. MONTEITH, J. L. (1973). Principles of Environmental Physics. London: Edward Arnold Publications.
28. MUGGLETON, J., LONSDALE, D. AND BENHAM, B. B. (1975). Melanism in Adalia bipunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae) and its relationship to atmospheric pollution. J. appl. Ecol. 12, 451-464.
29. PORTER, W. P. (1967). Solar radiation through the living body walls of vertebrates with emphasis on desert reptiles. Ecol. Monogr. 37, 273-296.
30. PORTER, W. P. AND GATES, D. M. (1969). Thermodynamic equilibria of animals with environment. Ecol. Monogr. 39, 227-244.
31. RANDALL, K., MAJERUS, M. E. N. AND FORGE, H. (1992). Characteristics for sex determination in British ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Entomologist 111, 109-122.
32. RHAMHALINGHAN, M. (1985). Seasonal variations in the colour patterns of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) in Nilgiri hills, India. J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 85, 551-558.
33. RHAMHALINGHAN, M. (1987). Feeding behaviour of Coccinella septempunctata L. var. confusa Wiedemann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in relation to temperature. I. Pre-oviposition period. J. Ent. Res. 11, 178-183.
34. RICE, W. R. (1989). Analyzing tables of statistical tests. Evolution 43, 223-225.
35. SCALI, V. AND CREED, E. R. (1975). The influence of climate on melanism in the two-spot ladybird, Adalia bipunctata, in central Italy. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 127, 163-169.
36. SOKAL, R. R. AND ROHLF, F. J. (1995). Biometry (3rd edition). New York: W. H. Freeman and Company.
37. STAVENGA, D. G., SCHWERING, P. B. W. AND TINBERGEN, J. (1993). A three-compartment model describing temperature changes in tethered flying blowflies. J. exp. Biol. 185, 325-333.
38. STEVENSON, R. D. (1985). Body size and limits to the daily range of body temperature in terrestrial ectotherms. Am. Nat. 125, 102-117.
39. STEWART, L. A. AND DIXON, A. F. G. (1989). Why big species of ladybird beetles are not melanic. Funct. Ecol. 3, 165-177.
40. TIMOFEEFF-RESSOVSKY, N. W. (1940). Zur Analyse des Polymorphismus bei Adalia bipunctata L. Biol. Zhl. 60, 130-137.
41. WATT, W. B. (1968). Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphisms in Colias butterflies. I. Variation of melanin pigment in relation to thermoregulation. Evolution 22, 437-458.
42. WATT, W. B. (1969). Adaptive significance of pigment polymorphisms in Colias butterflies. II. Thermoregulation and photoperiodically controlled melanin variation in Colias eurytheme. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 63, 767-774.
43. WILLMER, P. G. (1982). Microclimate and the environmental physiology of insects. Adv. Insect Physiol. 16, 1-57.
44. WILLMER, P. G. AND UNWIN, D. M. (1981). Field analyses of insect heat budgets: reflectance, size and heating rates. Oecologia 50, 250-255.
45. WINDIG, J. J. (1991). Quantification of Lepidoptera wing patterns using an image analyzer. J. Res. Lepid. 30, 82-94.