The quarterly review of biology: The evolution of body size: What keeps organisms small?

Quarterly Review of Biology

Volumn 75, Issue 4, 2000, Pages 385-407

  Blanckenhorn, W U ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; ANIMAL; BODY CONSTITUTION; DIET; EVOLUTION; GENETIC SELECTION; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW;

ADAPTATION, PHYSIOLOGICAL; ANIMALS; BODY CONSTITUTION; DIET; EVOLUTION; REPRODUCTION; SELECTION (GENETICS);

EID: 0034544351     PISSN: 00335770     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/393620     Document Type: Review

References (248)

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3. Phenotypic selection on heritable size traits: Environmental variance and genetic response
4. Heritability and selection on tarsus length in the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca)
5. Persistent size variation in the anthophorine bee Centris pallida (Apidae) despite large male mating advantage
6. Male size and survival: The effects of male combat and bird predation in Dawson's burrowing bees Amegilla dawsoni
7. Competition from large males and the alternative mating tactics of small males of Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni)
8. Small males emerge earlier than large males in Dawson's burrowing bee (Amegilla dawsoni)
9. Evolution of reversed sexual size dimorphism and role partitioning among predatory birds, with a size scaling of flight performance
10. Measuring selection on a population of damselflies with a manipulated phenotype
11. Sexual dimorphism in body size: A model and a test
12. Adaptive intrinsic growth rates: An integration across taxa
13. On the measurement of natural and sexual selection: Applications
14. Male mating success and survival in the field with respect to size and courtship song characters in Drosophila littoralis and D. montana
15. Temperature and organism size - A biological law for ectotherms?
16. A classification of alternative reproductive behaviours and methods for fieldtesting ESS models
17. Aerodynamics and the evolution of long tails in birds
18. Lifetime mating success in the damselfly Coenagrion puella
19. Visual selection for shell size in Cepaea
20. Evolutionary quantitative genetics: How little do we know
21. The reduction of morphological variation in natural populations of smooth newt larvae
22. Further observations on fate of morphological variation in a population of smooth newt larvae (Triturus vulgaris)
23. Predation by Natica maculosa upon the trochean gastropod Umbonium vestiarium on a Malaysian shore
24. Stabilizing selection in the dog-whelk (Nucella lapillus)
25. Density-dependent evolution of life-history traits in Drosophila melanogaster
26. Sexual selection constrained by internal fertilization in the livebearing fish Xenotoca eiseni
27. Small male mating advantage and reversed size dimorphism in poeciliid fishes
28. Adaptive phenotypic plasticity in growth, development, and body size in the yellow dung fly
29. Spatiotemporal variation in selection on body size in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea
30. Time and energy constraints and the evolution of sexual size dimorphism - To eat or to mate?
31. Fluctuating asymmetry, body size and sexual selection in the dung fly Sepsis cynipsea - Testing the good genes: Assumptions and predictions
32. Male aerial display and reversed sexual size dimorphism in the dunlin
33. Correlations between courtship success, aggressive success, and body size in a picture-winged fly, Drosophila silvestris
34. Morphological and vocal variation among subspecies of the black-faced sheathbill
35. Size specific predation by herons and its effect on the sex-ratio of natural populations of the mosquito fish Gambusia affinis
36. Morphological changes in a population of sand martins Riparia riparia associated with fluctuations in population size
37. The elimination of the unfit as illustrated by the introduced sparrow
38. Interactions between size and temperature influence fecundity and longevity of a tortricid moth, Zeiraphera canadensis
39. The quantitative assessment of phylogenetic constraints in comparative analyses: Sexual dimorphism in body weight among primates
40. Parental investment and sex differences in juvenile mortality in birds and mammals
41. Reproductive success in male and female deer
42. Heat transfer and body temperature in honey bee drones and workers
43. A path-analytic model for the measurement of selection on morphology
44. Stress tolerance and burrowing behaviour in the southern African millipede Alloporus unicatus
45. Good strategy or evolutionary stable strategy?
46. Female mimicry in male bluegill sunfish - A genetic polymorphism?
47. Alternative mating tactics and evolutionary stable strategies
48. Darwin's finches and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in body size
49. Longevity and lifetime body weight in mice selected for rapid growth
50. Sexual cannibalism, size dimorphism and courtship behavior in orb-weaving spiders
51. Influence of temperature on site-dependent predation by a fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and a jellyfish (Auretia aurita) on larval capelin (Mallotus villosus)
52. Mechanisms responsible for population regulation in young migratory trout Salmo trutta. II. Fish growth and size variation
53. Mechanisms responsible for population regulation in young migratory trout Salmo trutta. III. The role of territorial behaviour
54. Adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism in weasels
55. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm
56. Allometry for sexual size dimorphism: Pattern and process in the coevolution of body size in males and females
57. Behavioural allometry and interdemic variation in sexual behavior of the sailfin molly, Poecilia latipinna
58. Lifetime mating success in a natural population of the damselfly, Enallagma hageni
59. Predation by odonates depresses mosquito abundance in water-filled tree holes in Panama
60. Breeding competition in a Pacific salmon (Coho, Oncorhynchus kisutch): Measures of natural and sexual selection
61. Variation in sexual size dimorphism and maximum body size among adder populations: Effects of prey size
62. Adaptive variation in head size in Vipera berus L. populations
63. Survival in relation to body size and growth rate in the adder, Vipera berus
64. Nonlethal impacts of predator invasion: Facultative suppression of growth and reproduction
65. Genetic development of an inbred rat strain with increased resistance adaptation to a hot environment
66. Nestling growth in the great tit. I. heritability estimates under different environmental conditions
67. Oscillating selection on Darwin's finches
68. Growth, survival and size-selective predation mortality of larval and juvenile inland silversides, Menidia beryllina (Pisces; Atherinidae)
69. Adaptive variation in growth rate: Life history costs and consequences in the speckled butterfly, Pararge aegeria
70. Cope's rule as a psychological artefact
71. Sexual selection for increased male courtship and acoustic signals and against large male size at sharp-tailed grouse leks
72. The distribution and variation of Daphnia lumholtzi (Crustacea: Cladocera) in relation to fish predation in Lake Albert, East Africa
73. Disruptive selection for alternative life histories in salmon
74. Evolution of alternative reproductive strategies: Frequency-dependent sexual selection in male bluegill sunfish
75. Alternative reproductive strategies and tactics: Diversity within sexes
76. Alternative male life histories in bluegill sunfish
77. Size-selective predation by the cleaner fish Labroides dimidiatus
78. Bird predation as a sex- and size-selective agent of the arboreal spider Pityophantes phrygianus
79. A test of male mating and hunting success in the kestrel: The advantages of smallness?
80. Reversed sexual size dimorphism in Tengmalm owl: Is small male size adaptive?
81. Contrasting phenotypic correlations in food provision of male Tengmalm owls (Aegolius funereus) in a temporally heterogeneous environment
82. Effect of size-selective predation by muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) on a population of unionid clams (Anodonta grandis simpsoniana)
83. Clutch size in a parasitoid wasp: A manipulation experiment
84. Sexual differences in contemporary selection acting on size in the hermit crab Clibanarius digueti
85. Natural selection in the lizard genus Aristelliger
86. Small-male advantage in the territorial tropical butterfly Heliconius sara: A paradoxical strategy?
87. Correlated responses in life-history traits to artificial selection for body weight in Drosophila melanogaster
88. Decelerated growth and longevity in men
89. Intraspecific variation in body size and fecundity in insects: A general relationship
90. Sexual dimorphism in bullfrogs
91. Population diversity: Its extent and extinction
92. Body-size evolution in cretaceous molluscs and the status of Cope's rule
93. Selection on locomotor performance capacity in a natural population of garter snakes
94. Brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) mortality in an urban winter roost
95. Overwinter mortality and sexual size dimorphism in the house sparrow
96. Selection against large size in the sand martin Riparia riparia during a dramatic population crash
97. The adaptive significance of parental role division and sexual size dimorphism in breeding shorebirds
98. Reproductive strategies of philopatric and immigrant blue tits
99. Predatory ecology of naticid gastropods with a review of shell boring predation
100. Greater maternal investment can decrease offspring survival in the frog Bombina orientalis
101. Effects of substrate on prey use by belted kingfishers (Ceryle alcyon): A test of the prey abundance-availability assumption
102. Experimental evidence for selection on shell size in Cepaea hortensis
103. Lifetime reproductive success, selection, and the opportunity for selection in the white-tailed skimmer Plathemis lydia (Odonata, Libellulidae)
104. Natural selection in Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) by body size
105. Optimal allocation of resources to growth and reproduction: Implications for age and size at maturity
106. Interspecific allometries are by-products of body size optimization
107. Sexual dimorphism, sexual selection and adaptation in polygenic characters
108. A quantitative genetic theory of lifehistory evolution
109. The measurement of selection on correlated characters
110. The evolution of female body size in red-winged blackbirds: The effects of timing of breeding, social competition, and reproductive energetics
111. It is not always good to be large: Some female fitness components in a temperate digger wasp, Bembix rostrata
112. The genetic basis of life-history characters in a polychaete exhibiting planktotrophy and lecithotrophy
113. Selection on fledging mass in the collared flycatcher and the great tit
114. Age and size-selective predation on larval fishes: The bigger-is-better hypothesis revisited
115. Selection intensity in North American house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
116. Phenotypic plasticity, of Daphnia pulex in the presence of invertebrate predators: Morphological and life-history responses
117. Prey behavior and size-selective predation by fish
118. Size-selective predation on zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) by crayfish (Orconectes propinquus)
119. Costs of reproduction influence the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in snakes
120. Stabilizing selection for mating fitness in natural populations of Tetraopes
121. Mating selection in the California oak moth
122. Effects of prey-size and predator-instar on the predation of Daphnia by Notonecta
123. The behavioural components of sexual selection in the milkweed beetle Tetraopes tetraophtalamus
124. Geographic variation in size and reverse size dimorphism of the great horned owl in North America
125. Cope's rules, sexual selection, and the loss of ecological plasticity
126. Antagonistic natural selection revealed by molecular sex identification of nestling collared flycatchers
127. Salmonid diet and the size, distribution, and density of benthic invertebrates in an arctic lake
128. Fasting endurance and the evolution of mammalian body size
129. Body size and the evolution of mammalian life histories
130. Two-way artificial selection for developmental period in Bactocera curcubitae
131. Sexual selection and tail streamers in the barn swallow
132. Why make daughters larger? maternal sex-allocation and sex-dependent selection for body size in a mass-provisioning wasp, Trypoxylon politum
133. On being the right size: Natural selection and body size in the herring gull
134. The evolution of sexual dimorphism by sexual selection: The separate effects of intrasexual selection and intersexual selection
135. Swarming behavior in male chironomid midges: A cost-benefit analysis
136. Lifetime reproductive success in a swarming midge: Trade-offs and stabilizing selection for male body size
137. Body size and lifetime mating success of male midges (Diptera, Chironomidae)
138. Spatio-temporal variation in natural and sexual selection in breeding populations of the coreid bug Colpula lativentirs
139. Plasticity in life history traits
140. Absence of trade-offs between sexual size dimorphism and early emergence in a butterfly
141. Body size selection in Acanthoscelides alboscutellatus
142. Comparative mortality rates of male and female kudus: The costs of sexual size dimorphism
143. Size-selective predation on benthic macroinvertebrates by stream-dwelling salamander larvae
144. Responses and correlated responses to artificial selection on thorax length in Drosophila melanogaster
145. Predation by the naticid gastropod Polinices lewisii (Gould) on littleneck clams Protothaca staminea (Conrad) in British Columbia
146. The importance of predation and intraspecific and interspecific competition in the population biology of two infaunal suspension-feeding bivalves, Protothaca staminea and Chione undaella
147. Female moorhens compete for small fat males
148. Sexual selection for small size in male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki)
149. Variation in body size, sexual dimorphism and age-specific survival in stoats, Mustela erminea (Mammalia: Carnivora), with fluctuating food supplies
150. Size-selective predation by roach (Rutilus rutilus) on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha): Field studies
151. No association between sexual size dimorphism and life histories in spiders
152. Sexual size dimorphism and selection in the wild in the water strider Aquarius remigis: Body size, components of body size and male mating success
153. Sexual size dimorphism and selection in the wild in the water strider Aquarius remigis: Lifetime fecundity selection on female total length and its components
154. Lifetime selection on adult body size and components of body size in a water strider: Opposing selection and maintenance of sexual size dimorphism
155. The evolution of sexual dimorphism in Darwin finches
156. Recurrent patterns of natural selection in a population of Darwin finches
157. Costs of sexual selection in natural populations of mammals
158. Geographic variation in morphology and allozymes of South American imperial shags
159. Sexual size dimorphism as a correlated response to selection on body size: An empirical test of the quantitative genetic model
160. Costs of reproduction: An evaluation of the empirical evidence
161. Measuring the costs of reproduction
162. Lifehistory evolution in guppies (Poecilia reticulata). 6. Differential mortality as a mechanism for natural selection
163. Interactions between size-structured predator and prey populations: Experimental test and model comparison
164. Changes in the average size and average age of Pacific salmon
165. Size and mating in Asellus aquaticus
166. Optimizing development time in a seasonal environment: The ups and downs of clinal variation
167. Body size and harem size in red-winged blackbirds: Manipulating selection with sex-specific feeders
168. A genetic polymorphism in the swordtail Xiphophorus nigrensis: Testing the prediction of equal fitness
169. Natural selection in a cretaceous oyster
170. Ecological energetics, optimal body size and sexual size dimorphism: A model applied to the stoat, (Mustela erminea)
171. Stabilizing selection for size as related to mating fitness in Tetraopes
172. Crab-snail size-structured interactions and salt marsh predation gradients
173. Conflicting selection pressures and life history trade-offs
174. Natural selection on beak and body size in the song sparrow
175. Scramble-competition polygyny in an asocial mammal: Male mobility and mating success
176. Selective predation by the backswimmer, Notonecta
177. Sexual size dimorphism and survival of male and female blackbirds (Icteridae)
178. Crocodiles as dinosaurs: Behavioural thermoregulation in very large ectotherms leads to high and stable body temperatures
179. Size-selective predation by a specialist forager, the roseate tern
180. The evolution of large body size in females: A critique of Darwin's fecundity advantage model
181. Ecological causes for the evolution of sexual size dimorphism: A review of the evidence
182. Equal mating success among male reproductive strategies in a marine isopod
183. Insect species diversity, abundance and body size relationships
184. Sperm competition games played by dimorphic male bettles
185. Allometric engineering: A causal analysis of natural selection on offspring size
186. Natural selection of wild reindeer life history traits by food limitation and predation
187. Size-selective mortality in the juvenile stage of teleost fishes: A review
188. Size, life history and responses to food shortage in two geographical strains of a seed bug Lygaeus equestris
189. The evolution of phenotypic plasticity in life history traits: Predictions of reaction norms for age and size at maturity
190. A courtship advantage for small males in Drosophila subobscura
191. Pattern of phenotypic viability and fecundity selection in a natural population of Impatiens pallida
192. Predator-induced phenotypic variation in the pattern of growth and reproduction in Daphnia hyalina (Crustacea: Cladocera)
193. Do oystercatchers select the most profitable cockles?
194. Fish predation on Eudiaptomus gradlis in relation to clutch size, body size, and sex: A field experiment
195. Sneakers, satellites, and helpers: Parasitic and cooperative behaviour in fish reproduction
196. Sperm competition in fish: 'Bourgeois' males and parasitic spawning
197. Cryptic female choice and its implications in the scorpionfly Harpobittacus nigriceps
198. In situ experiments on predatory regulation of a bivalve mollusc (Dreissena polymorpha) in the Mississippi and Ohio rivers
199. The role of optimizing selection in natural populations
200. Evolution in the sailfin molly: The interplay of life-history variation and sexual selection
201. Size-selective predation of sailfin mollies by two species of heron
202. Natural selection of parental ability to vary sex ratio of offspring
203. Acquisition and allocation of resources: Their influence on variation in life history tactics
204. Selection in natural populations. 7. New York babies (fetal life study)
205. Competition and mechanism of coexistence in three sympatric species of intertidal hermit crabs
206. Energetic cost of hovering flight in nectar-feeding bats and its scaling in moths, birds and bats
207. Male body size and fitness in the web-building spider Nephila clavipes
208. Sexual dimorphism and distorted sex ratios in spiders
209. Quantitative genetics of ovariole number in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Mutational variation and genotype-environment interaction
210. Natural selection and sexual size dimorphism in red-winged blackbirds
211. Physiological thermoregulation in heat-stressed birds: Consequences of body size
212. Size-biased predation and prey life histories: A comparative study of freshwater amphipod populations
213. Ecological consequences of the trade-off between growth and mortality rates mediated by foraging activity
214. Human longevity at the cost of reproductive success
215. Trends in geographic variation of Cooper's hawk and northem goshawk in North America: A multivariate analysis
216. Geographical morphology of male yellow warblers
217. Precopulatory ejaculation solves time constraints during copulations in marine iguanas
218. Body size and sexual dimorphism in marine iguanas fluctuate as a result of opposing natural and sexual selection: An island comparison
219. Why do males emerge before females? a hypothesis to explain incidence of protandry in butterflies
220. Sexual size dimorphism in relation to female polygamy and protandry in butterflies: A comparative study of Swedish pieridae and satyridae
221. Equilibrium analysis of sexual selection in Drosophila melanogaster
222. Some basic principles of mammalian sexual dimorphism
223. Energy cost of egg production and environmental determinants of fecundity in teleost fishes
224. Selective predation by blue crabs on the gastropod, Bittium variurm: Confirmation from opercula found in the sediments
225. Breeding and nonbreeding season mortality of territorial male red-winged blackbirds
226. Condition dependent sex ornaments and field tests of sexual selection theory
227. Genetic basis for alternative reproductive tactics in the pygmy swordtail, Xiphophorus nigrensis
228. Being big or emerging early? polyandry and the trade-off between size and emergence in male butterflies
229. Exploitation of sexual signals by predators and parasitoids