Essential polyunsaturated fatty acid and lipid peroxide levels in never-medicated and medicated schizophrenia patients

Biological Psychiatry

Volumn 53, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 56-64

  Arvindakshan, Meena ^a,b   Sitasawad, Sandhya ^b   Debsikdar, Vijay ^c   Ghate, Madhav ^d   Evans, Denise ^f   Horrobin, David F ^e   Bennett, Crispin ^e   Ranjekar, Prabhakar K ^a   Mahadik, Sahebarao P ^f  

^a NATIONAL CHEMICAL LABORATORY   (India)

^b NATIONAL CENTRE FOR CELL SCIENCE   (India)

^c Kripamayee Inst of Mental Health   (India)

^d MIMER Medical College   (India)

^e Laxdale Research   (United Kingdom)

^f VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Arachidonic acid; Docosahexaenoic acid; Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids; Red blood cells; Schizophrenia; Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances

Indexed keywords

ARACHIDONIC ACID; ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT; CLOZAPINE; DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID; ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID; LIPID PEROXIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; RISPERIDONE; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BLOOD LEVEL; CELL LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DISEASE SEVERITY; ERYTHROCYTE MEMBRANE; ETHNOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; LIPID ANALYSIS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SYMPTOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BRAIN; FATTY ACIDS, ESSENTIAL; FEMALE; HUMANS; LIPID PEROXIDATION; MALE; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MIDDLE AGED; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 0037223550     PISSN: 00063223     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01443-9     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. 1994;American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC.
2. Andreasen N.C., Nopoulos P., O'Leary D.S., Miller D.D., Wassink T., Flaum M. Defining the phenotype of schizophrenia Cognitive dysmetria and its neural mechanisms . Biol Psychiatry. 46:1999;908-920.
3. Arvindakshan M (2002): The Role of Membrane Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Schizophrenia Outcome. Pune, India: Pune University Press.
4. Arvindakshan M, Ghate M, Ranjekar PK, Evans DR, Mahadik SP (in press): Supplementation with a combination of ω-3 fatty acids and antioxidants (vitamins E and C) improves the outcome of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res.
5. Assies J., Lieverse R., Vreken P., Wanders R.J.A., Dingemans P.M.J.A., Linszen D.H. Significantly reduced docosahexaenoic and docosapentaenoic acid concentrations in erythrocyte membranes from schizophrenic patients compared with a carefully matched control group. Biol Psychiatry. 49:2001;510-522.
6. 2 and arachidonic acid release in signal transduction. Biochem Soc Trans. 18:1990;503-507.
7. Bloom F. Advancing a neurodevelopmental origin for schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 50:1993;224-227.
8. Cadet J.L., Lohr J.B. Free radicals and the developmental pathophysiology of schizophrenia burnout. Integr Psychiatry. 5:1987;40-48.
9. Carlson S.E., Carver J.D., House S.C. High fat diets varying ratios of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids and linolenic acid, a comparison of rat neural and red cell membrane phospholipids. J Nutr. 116:1986;718-725.
10. Carpenter W.T. Jr, Heinrichs D.W., Wagman A.M.I. Deficit and non-deficit forms of schizophrenia The concept . Am J Psychiatry. 145:1988;578-583.
11. Evans D.R., Mahadik S.P., Akin J., Evan W., Jain D. Cell membrane essential fatty acid status in drug-naïve first-episode psychotic patients and its relation to outcome. Schizophr Res. 49:2001;83.
12. Fenton W.S., Dickerson F., Boronow J., Hibbeln J., Knable M. A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 158:2001;2071-2074.
13. Fenton W.S., Hibbeln J., Knable M. Essential fatty acids, lipid membrane abnormalities, and the diagnosis of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry. 47:2000;8-12.
14. 31P magnetic resonance chemical shift imaging. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 86:1992;455-462.
15. Fukuzako H., Fukuzako T., Takeuchi K., Ohbo Y., Ueyama K., Takigawa M., Fujimoto T. Phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in schizophrenia Correlation between membrane PL metabolism in the temporal lobe and positive symptoms . Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 20:1996;629-640.
16. Gattaz W.F., Hubner C.K., Nevalainen T.J., Thuren T., Kinnunen P.K.J. Increased serum phospholipase A2 activity in schizophrenia A replication study . Biol Psychiatry. 28:1990;495-501.
17. Glen A.I.M., Glen E.M.T., Horrobin D.F., Vaddadi K.S., Superman M., Morse-Fisher N., et al. A red cell membrane abnormality in a subgroup of schizophrenic patients Evidence for two diseases . Schizophr Res. 12:1994;53-61.
18. Horrobin D.F. Schizophrenia as a membrane lipid disorder, which is expressed throughout the body. Prostaglandin Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 55:1996;3-7.
19. Horrobin D.F. The membrane phospholipid hypothesis as a biochemical basis for the neurodevelopmental concept of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 30:1998;193-208.
20. Horrobin D.F., Glen A.I.M., Vaddadi K.S. The membrane hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 13:1994;195-207.
21. Horrobin D.F., Manku M.S., Hillman H., Iain A., Glen A.I.M. Fatty acid levels in the brains of schizophrenics and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 30:1991;795-805.
22. Hudson C.J., Kennedy J.L., Gotowiec A., Lin A., King N., Gojtan K., et al. Genetic variant near cytosolic phospholipase A2 associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 21:1996;111-116.
23. Hudson C.J., Young T.L., Li P.P., Warch J.J. CNS signal transduction and pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of affective disorder and schizophrenia. Synapse. 13:1993;278-293.
24. Jablensky A., Sartorius N., Ernberg G., Anker M., Korten A., Cooper J.T., et al. Schizophrenia Manifestations, incidence and course in different cultures . Psychol Med Monogr Suppl. 20:1991;1-97.
25. Jedding I., Evans P.J., Akanmu D., Dexter D., Spencer J.D., Aruoma O.I., et al. Characterization of the potential antioxidant and pro-oxidant actions of some neuroleptic drugs. Biochem Pharmacol. 49:1995;359-365.
26. Joffe G., Nyberg P., Gross A., Appelberg B. Is there an association between the effects of clozapine on the production of reactive oxygen metabolites by blood monocytes and clinical outcome in neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia? Schizophr Res. 29:1998;172.
27. Katila H., Appleberg B., Rimon R. No differences in phospholipase-A2 activity between acute psychiatric patients and control subjects. Schizophr Res. 26:1997;103-105.
28. Kay S., Fiszbein A., Opler L.A. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 13:1987;261-275.
29. Keshavan M.S., Mallinger A.G., Pettegrew J.W., Dippold C. Erythrocyte membrane phospholipids in psychotic patients. Psychiatry Res. 49:1993;89-95.
30. 31P MRS and MRI studies . Schizophr Res. 10:1993;241-246.
31. Khan MM, Evans DR, Gunna V, Scheffer RE, Parikh VV, Mahadik SP (in press): Reduced erythrocyte membrane essential fatty acids and increased lipid peroxides in schizophrenia at the never-medicated first-episode of psychosis and after years of treatment with antipsychotics. Schizophr Res.
32. Konings W.T., Drijver E.B. Radiation effects on membranes I Vitamin E deficiency and lipid peroxidation . Radiation Res. 80:1979;494.
33. Kramer V.H.-P., Grimberger J.A., Timmerman H., Bast A. The effects of ischemia and recirculation, hypoxia and recovery on antioxidant factors and α-adrenoreceptor density Is the damage in erythrocytes a reflection of brain damage caused by complete cerebral ischemia and by hypoxia? Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 149:1987;568-575.
34. Mahadik SP, Evans D (1997): Essential fatty acids in the treatment of schizophrenia. Drugs of Today 33:5-17.
35. Mahadik S.P., Evans D., Lal H. Oxidative stress and role of antioxidant and -3 essential fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 25:2001;263-293.
36. Mahadik S.P., Mukherjee S. Free radical pathology and antioxidant defense in schizophrenia A review . Schizophr Res. 19:1996;1-17.
37. Mahadik S.P., Mukherjee S., Correnti E.E., Scheffer R. Plasma membrane phospholipid and cholesterol distribution of skin fibroblasts from drug-naïve patients at the onset of psychosis. Schizophr Res. 13:1994;239-247.
38. Mahadik S.P., Mukherjee S., Correnti E.E., Scheffer R. Plasma membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition of cultured skin fibroblasts from schizophrenic patients Comparison with bipolar and normal subjects . Psychiatry Res. 63:1996;133-142.
39. Mahadik S.P., Mukherjee S., Scheffer R., Correnti E.E., Mahadik J.S. Elevated plasma lipid peroxides at the onset of nonaffective psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 43:1998;674-679.
40. Manku MS, Horrobin DF, Huang S, Morse N (1983): Fatty acids in plasma and red cell membranes. Lipids 18:906-908.
41. McCreadie R.G., MacDonald E., Wiles D., Campbell G., Patterson J.R. The Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys. XIV. Plasma lipid peroxide and serum vitamin E levels in patients with and without tardive dyskinesia, and in normal subjects. Br J Psychiatry. 167:1995;610-617.
42. Nasrallah H.A. Neurodevelopmental pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 16:1993;269-280.
43. Neuringer M., Conner W.E., Lin D.S., Barstad L., Luck S. Biochemical and functional effects of prenatal and post-natal ω-3 fatty acid deficiency on retina and brain in rhesus monkeys. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 83:1986;4021-4025.
44. Overall J.E., Gorham D.R. Brief psychiatry rating scale. Psychol Rep. 10:1962;799-812.
45. Peet M., Brind J., Ramchand C.N., Shah S., Vankar G.K. Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 49:2001;243-251.
46. Peet M., Horrobin D.F. A dose ranging exploratory study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with persistent schizophrenic symptoms. J Psychiatric Res. 36:2002;7-18.
47. Peet M., Laugharne J., Rangarajan N., Horrobin D., Reynolds G. Depleted red cell membrane essential fatty acids in drug-treated schizophrenic patients. J Psychiatr Res. 29:1995;227-232.
48. Peet M., Laugharne J.D.E., Mellor J., Ramchand C.N. Essential fatty acid deficiency in erythrocyte membranes from chronic schizophrenic patients and the clinical effects of dietary supplementation. Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 55:1996;71-75.
49. Pettegrew J.W., Keshavan M.S., Panchalingam K., Strychor S., Kaplan D.B., Tretta M.G., Allen M. Alterations in brain high energy phosphate and membrane phospholipid metabolism in first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenics. A pilot study of dorsal prefrontal cortex by in vivo phosphorus 31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:1991;563-568.
50. Reddy R., Yao J. Free radical pathology in schizophrenia A review . Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 55:1996;33-43.
51. Reddy R., Yao J., Zigler M., Keshavan M.S. Essential fatty acids and outcome in first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 36:1999;108.
52. Richardson A.J., Allen S.J., Hajnal J.V., Cox I.J., Easton T., Puri B.K. Association between central and peripheral measures of phospholipid breakdown revealed by cerebral 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 25:2001;1513-1521.
53. Rotrosen J., Wolkin A. Phospholipid and prostaglandin hypotheses of schizophrenia. Meltzer H.Y. Psychopharmacology The Third Generation of Progress . 1987;759-764 Raven Press, New York.
54. Simopoulos A.P. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease, and growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 54:1991;438-463.
55. 31P-MR spectroscopy study . Schizophr Res. 13:1994;209-215.
56. Suzuki K. Chemistry and metabolism of brain lipids. Seigel D.J., Albers R.W., Agranoff B.W., Katzman R. Basic Neurochemistry. 3rd ed:1981;355-370 Little, Brown, Boston.
57. Thompson G.A. The Regulation of Membrane Lipid Metabolism. 2nd ed. 1992;CRC Raven Press, Boca Raton, FL.
58. Vaddadi K.S. Dyskinesias and their treatment with EFAs. Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 55:1996;89-94.
59. Vaddadi K.S., Courtney P., Gilleard C.J., Manku M.S., Horrobin D.F. A double-blind trial of essential fatty acids supplementation in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Psychiatry Res. 27:1989;313-323.
60. Vaddadi K.S., Gilleard C.J. Essential fatty acids, tardive dyskinesia and schizophrenia. Horrobin D.F. Omega-6 Essential Fatty Acids, Pathophysiology and Roles in Clinical Medicine. 1990;333-343 Alan R. Liss, New York.
61. Wainwright P.E. Do essential fatty acids play a role in brain and behavioral development? Neurosci Biobehavioral Rev. 16:1992;193-205.
62. Wechsler D (1981): Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Revised. Psychological Corporation: New York, NY.
63. Weinberger D.R. Implications of normal brain development for the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44:1987;660-669.
64. The International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia. Vol. 1:1973;World Health Organization Press, Geneva.
65. Wyatt R.J., Green M.F., Tuma A.H. Long-term morbidity associated with delayed treatment of admission schizophrenic patients A re-analysis of the Camarillo State Hospital data . Psychol Med. 27:1997;261-268.
66. Wyatt R.J., Henter I. Rationale for the study of early intervention. Schizophr Res. 51:2001;69-76.
67. Yao J.K., Leonard S., Reddy R.D. Membrane phospholipid abnormalities in postmortem brains from schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res. 42:2000;7-17.
68. Yao J.K., van Kammen D.P., Welker J.A. Red blood cell membrane dynamics II Fatty acid composition . Schizophr Res. 13:1994;217-226.
69. Yao J.K., Yasaei P., van Kammen D.P. Increased turnover of platelet phosphatidylinositol in schizophrenia. Prostagland Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids. 46:1992;39-46.