"A real tone": Professionalizing nursing in nineteenth-century London

Nursing History Review

Volumn 11, Issue , 2003, Pages 3-30

  Helmstadter, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HOME CARE; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; MORALITY; NURSE; NURSE TRAINING; NURSING; PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE; RELIGION; REVIEW; TEACHING HOSPITAL; UNITED KINGDOM; WAR; ALCOHOLISM; ARTICLE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; NURSING EDUCATION; NURSING STAFF; PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR;

ALCOHOLISM; EDUCATION, NURSING; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY OF NURSING; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MORALS; NURSING STAFF, HOSPITAL; PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; WAR;

EID: 0037209169     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.11.1.3     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Theresa Deane, "Late Nineteenth-Century Philanthropy: The Case of Louisa Twining," in Gender, Health, and Welfare, ed. Anne Digby and John Stewart (London: Routledge, 1996), 122-23; Louisa Twining to Henry Bonham-Carter, 21 and 25 December 1865, printed circular October 1865, London Metropolitan Archives H1/ST/NC18/5/42-44 (hereafter cited as LMA).
2. Louisa Twining, "Nurses for the Sick. With a Letter to Young Women" (London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1861); Archives of St. Thomas's Hospital, LMA/H1/ST/NC16/5, pp. 10-11, 14 (hereafter cited as ST).
3. Twining, "Nurses for the Sick," 17, 19.
4. National Association for Providing Nurses for the Sick Poor, Report of the Sub-Committee of Reference and Enquiry (London, 1875), ST/NC15/13b, pp. 6-7, 12-14, 17-21, 24-26.
5. A. McLeod to Florence Nightingale, 28 August 1856, ST/NC1/V25/56; see also Carol Helmstadter, "From the Private to the Public Sphere: The First Generation of Lady Nurses in England," Nursing History Review 9 (2001): 127-28.
6. A. McLeod to Florence Nightingale, 28 August 1856, ST/NC1/V25/56; see also Carol Helmstadter, "From the Private to the Public Sphere: The First Generation of Lady Nurses in England," Nursing History Review 9 (2001): 127-28.
7. F. M. L. Thompson, The Rise of Respectable Society: A Social History of Victorian Britain, 1830-1900 (London: Fontana, 1988), 145-46.
8. David Thomson, England in the Nineteenth Century 1815-1914 (London: Penguin, 1978), 63-64.
9. There were twelve teaching hospitals in London: St. Bartholomew's, St. Thomas's, the Westminster, Guy's, St. George's, the London, the Middlesex, the Royal Free, University College, Charing Cross, King's College, and St. Mary's Hospitals. By the end of the nineteenth century, each had its own medical school and its own nursing school.
10. Report of Charity Commissioners, 30 June 1837 (London: W. Clowes & Son), 677, Archives of Guy's Hospital (hereafter GY), LMA/H9/GY/A71/1.
11. Minutes of Board of Governors, 12 November 1839, Archives of Westminster Hospital (hereafter WH), LMA/H1/WH/A1/32.
12. Minutes of Weekly Board (1850-53), 9 April 1851, Archives of Royal Free Hospital (hereafter cited as RFH).
13. Brian Harrison, Drink and the Victorians: The Temperance Question in England 1815-72 (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971), 37-39.
14. Minutes of Board of Governors, 22 August 1854, WH/A1/37.
15. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, 37-63, 304-08, 389-90.
16. Thompson, Respectable Society, 307.
17. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, pp. 143-44, quoted in Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, 392. Ibid, p. 144.
18. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, pp. 143-44, quoted in Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, 392. Ibid, p. 144.
19. Friedrich Engels, The Condition of the Working Class in England, pp. 143-44, quoted in Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, 392. Ibid, p. 144.
20. Benjamin Disraeli, Sibyl or The Two Nations (1845: reprint: London: Longmans Green, 1920), 76-77.
21. Leonora Davidoff, "Class and Gender in Victorian England," in Sex and Class in Women's History, ed. Judith L. Newton, Mary P. Ryan, and Judith R. Walkowitz (London and Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1983), 17-20.
22. Ibid, 43-52.
23. See illustrations in Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, vol. 4, Those That Will Not Work (London: Griffin, Bohn, and Co., 1862), facing 223, 261.
24. Arthur Munby, Diary, 1860, quoted in Davidoff, "Class and Gender," 35.
25. See, for example, Dr. Steele's Weekly Reports, 10 April 1861, GY/A67/2/ 1; 1 February 1865, GY/A67/3.
26. Minutes of General Committee, 21 May 1856, University College Hospital Archives (hereafter cited as UCH), A1/2/1.
27. Dr. Steele's Weekly Reports, 1 February 1865, GY/A67/3.
28. Ibid., 15 January 1868, GY/A67/4/1.
29. R. K. Webb, Modern England From the Eighteenth Century to the Present (London: Unwin Hyman, 1980), 130-31.
30. Harrison, Drink and the Victorians, 110-12.
31. Christopher Tyerman, A History of Harrow School (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 169-71, 223.
32. Webb, Modern England, 159, 295-96, 344-45.
33. Proceedings at a Public Meeting at the Hanover Square Rooms, 13 July 1848 (London, 1849), 4-9, Archives of the Sisters of St. John the Divine, Birmingham, England.
34. Brian Abel-Smith, A History of the Nursing Profession (London: Heinemann, 1960), 4-5; Sally Alexander, Women's Work in Nineteenth-Century London: A Study of the Years 1820-50 (London: Journeyman Press, 1983), 20-21, 49-51.
35. Brian Abel-Smith, A History of the Nursing Profession (London: Heinemann, 1960), 4-5; Sally Alexander, Women's Work in Nineteenth-Century London: A Study of the Years 1820-50 (London: Journeyman Press, 1983), 20-21, 49-51.
36. John F. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London: Richardson Brothers, 1857), 9-11; Duties of Nurses, Minutes of Board of Governors (1834-45), 78-79, Archives of Charing Cross Hospital (hereafter cited as CCH).
37. John F. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London: Richardson Brothers, 1857), 9-11; Duties of Nurses, Minutes of Board of Governors (1834-45), 78-79, Archives of Charing Cross Hospital (hereafter cited as CCH).
38. Webb, Modern England, 159, 265-66; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England 1750-1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 263; Thompson, Respectable Society, 139-45.
39. Webb, Modern England, 159, 265-66; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England 1750-1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 263; Thompson, Respectable Society, 139-45.
40. Webb, Modern England, 159, 265-66; Hans-Joachim Voth, Time and Work in England 1750-1830 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000), 263; Thompson, Respectable Society, 139-45.
41. See, for example, unsigned letter of St. John's House nurse to Mary Jones, 4 December 1854, and Mary Ann Coyle to Mary Jones, 5 December 1854, ST/NC/SU15-16.
42. Report of Results of Conference between St. Thomas's Hospital and the Nightingale Fund Council, 17 March 1860, ST/NTS.A1/2.
43. Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, 2 vols. (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1966), 1:1-2, 476-79.
44. This operating theater is now a museum, open to the public.
45. R. K. Webb, "Southwood Smith: The Intellectual Sources of Public Service," in Doctors, Politics, and Society in England 1790-1850, ed. Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter (New York: Schocken, 1973), 2-4; A. O. J. Cockshut, ed., Religious Controversies of the Nineteenth Century: Selected Documents (London: Methuen, 1966), 1-14.
46. R. K. Webb, "Southwood Smith: The Intellectual Sources of Public Service," in Doctors, Politics, and Society in England 1790-1850, ed. Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter (New York: Schocken, 1973), 2-4; A. O. J. Cockshut, ed., Religious Controversies of the Nineteenth Century: Selected Documents (London: Methuen, 1966), 1-14.
47. Florence Nightingale, Notes on Morality and the Duties of Sisters and Superiors, British Library Additional Manuscripts (hereafter cited as BL ADD MSS) 43402, ff 103-04.
48. Fanny Taylor, Eastern Hospitals and English Nurses: The Narrative of Twelve Months' Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali and Scutari, 2 vols. (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1856), 1:264-65, 2:229.
49. Euan Cameron, "'Civilized Religion' From Renaissance to Reformation and Counter-Reformation," in Civil Histories: Essays Presented to Sir Keith Thomas, ed. Peter Burke, Brian Harrison, and Paul Slack (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), 49-66.
50. Thomson, England in the Nineteenth Century, 114-15.
51. See, for example, Standing Orders 1874, GY/A53/1, 97-101; [A. L. Pringle], "Nurses and Doctors. Systems of Nursing. By a Nurse," Edinburgh Medical Journal (May 1880): 1048-50; Geoffrey Yeo, Nursing at Bart's (Oxford: Alden Press, 1995), 24-27.
52. See, for example, Standing Orders 1874, GY/A53/1, 97-101; [A. L. Pringle], "Nurses and Doctors. Systems of Nursing. By a Nurse," Edinburgh Medical Journal (May 1880): 1048-50; Geoffrey Yeo, Nursing at Bart's (Oxford: Alden Press, 1995), 24-27.
53. See, for example, Standing Orders 1874, GY/A53/1, 97-101; [A. L. Pringle], "Nurses and Doctors. Systems of Nursing. By a Nurse," Edinburgh Medical Journal (May 1880): 1048-50; Geoffrey Yeo, Nursing at Bart's (Oxford: Alden Press, 1995), 24-27.
54. A. L. Pringle to Florence Nightingale, 23 September 1875, BL ADD MSS 47734, ff 35-36.
55. Mary Jones to Florence Nightingale, 16 June 1863, BL ADD MSS 47743, ff 202-06.
56. For the best discussion of this point of view, see Anne-Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1996), 1-5; Anne Summers, "The Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp: The Domiciliary Nurse and Her Detractors, c. 1830-60," Victorian Studies (Spring 1989): 385-86; Anne Summers, "The Costs and Benefits of Caring: Nursing Charities, c. 1830-c. 1860," in Medicine and Charity Before the Welfare State, ed. J. Barry and C. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991), 140-45.
57. For the best discussion of this point of view, see Anne-Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1996), 1-5; Anne Summers, "The Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp: The Domiciliary Nurse and Her Detractors, c. 1830-60," Victorian Studies (Spring 1989): 385-86; Anne Summers, "The Costs and Benefits of Caring: Nursing Charities, c. 1830-c. 1860," in Medicine and Charity Before the Welfare State, ed. J. Barry and C. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991), 140-45.
58. For the best discussion of this point of view, see Anne-Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London: Routledge, 1996), 1-5; Anne Summers, "The Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp: The Domiciliary Nurse and Her Detractors, c. 1830-60," Victorian Studies (Spring 1989): 385-86; Anne Summers, "The Costs and Benefits of Caring: Nursing Charities, c. 1830-c. 1860," in Medicine and Charity Before the Welfare State, ed. J. Barry and C. Jones (London: Routledge, 1991), 140-45.
59. Lytton Strachey, Florence Nightingale (London: Penguin Books, 1996), 79.
60. Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East [1856], 10, 11, 17, ST/NC8/1.
61. List of Sisters and Nurses Who Left, November 1855, ST/NC8/4, 2. See also Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 2:15-18.
62. List of Sisters and Nurses Who Left, November 1855, ST/NC8/4, 2. See also Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 2:15-18.
63. Nurses Sent to the East, 4, 17, 23, 27-28, 31-32, ST/NC8/1; List of Nurses and Sisters, ST/NC8/4, 6-7; Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses (at the end of the war), [undated but probably 1856], BL ADD MSS 43402, ff 2-3, 5-7, 10-12.
64. Nurses Sent to the East, 4, 17, 23, 27-28, 31-32, ST/NC8/1; List of Nurses and Sisters, ST/NC8/4, 6-7; Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses (at the end of the war), [undated but probably 1856], BL ADD MSS 43402, ff 2-3, 5-7, 10-12.
65. Nurses Sent to the East, 4, 17, 23, 27-28, 31-32, ST/NC8/1; List of Nurses and Sisters, ST/NC8/4, 6-7; Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses (at the end of the war), [undated but probably 1856], BL ADD MSS 43402, ff 2-3, 5-7, 10-12.
66. Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 116.
67. Ibid., 1: 278, 2: 119-23; Nurses Sent to the East, 21, ST/NC8/1.
68. Ibid., 1: 278, 2: 119-23; Nurses Sent to the East, 21, ST/NC8/1.
69. Elizabeth Drake to Miss Jones, 4 December 1854, ST/NC3/SU9; Florence Nightingale to Miss Gipps, 5 December 1854, ST/NC3/SU9 and 13.
70. Elizabeth Drake to Miss Jones, 4 December 1854, ST/NC3/SU9; Florence Nightingale to Miss Gipps, 5 December 1854, ST/NC3/SU9 and 13.
71. Mary Ann Coyle to Mary Jones, 5 December 1854, ST/NC3/SU16.
72. Mrs. Bracebridge to Dear Sir [probably Shepherd, the chaplain of St. John's House], 22 January [probably 1855], ST/NC3/SU24.
73. Lady Superintendent's Diary (1852-54), 30 January 1853, 31 May 1854, ST/SJ/A20/2; Register of Nurses 1849-55, 53, 104, ST/SJ/C3/1.
74. Lady Superintendent's Diary (1852-54), 30 January 1853, 31 May 1854, ST/SJ/A20/2; Register of Nurses 1849-55, 53, 104, ST/SJ/C3/1.
75. Nurses Sent to the East, 16, ST/NC8/1.
76. Ibid., 17, ST/NC8/1; BLADD MSS 3, 7.
77. Ibid., 17, ST/NC8/1; BLADD MSS 3, 7.
78. Ibid., 28, ST/NC8/1; Note from Parkes regarding dismissal of nurses, c. 30 April 1856, BL ADD MSS 43402, 2.
79. Ibid., 28, ST/NC8/1; Note from Parkes regarding dismissal of nurses, c. 30 April 1856, BL ADD MSS 43402, 2.
80. Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses, ADD MSS 43402, ff 4, 7; Nurses Sent to the East, 23, ST/NC8/1.
81. Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses, ADD MSS 43402, ff 4, 7; Nurses Sent to the East, 23, ST/NC8/1.
82. Nurses Sent to the East, 21, ST/NC8/1.
83. Nurses Returning, Report I, May 1856, BL ADD MSS 43402, ff 11mm, 13-14.
84. Summers, "Mysterious Demise of Sarah Gamp," 372-73.
85. Nurses Sent to the East, 7, ST/NC8/1
86. Nightingale's Notes on Character and Dismissal of Nurses, BL ADD MSS 43402, f 13.
87. Victor Bonham-Carter, Surgeon in the Crimea: The Experiences of George Lawson, (London: Constable and Co., 1968), 179-80.
88. Nurses Sent to the East, 10, ST/NC8/1; Florence Nightingale to?, 4 June 1860, ST/NC1/60.
89. Nurses Sent to the East, 10, ST/NC8/1; Florence Nightingale to?, 4 June 1860, ST/NC1/60.
90. Matron's Ward Register, Sisters 1848, ST/C2/1, no pagination; Cash Book 1852-58, 150, ST/D7/21; John F. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London: Richardson Brothers, 1857), 14-15.
91. Matron's Ward Register, Sisters 1848, ST/C2/1, no pagination; Cash Book 1852-58, 150, ST/D7/21; John F. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London: Richardson Brothers, 1857), 14-15.
92. Matron's Ward Register, Sisters 1848, ST/C2/1, no pagination; Cash Book 1852-58, 150, ST/D7/21; John F. South, Facts Relating to Hospital Nurses (London: Richardson Brothers, 1857), 14-15.
93. Nightingale's Notes on Nuns, Nurses, and Ladies Returning, 24 June 1856, BL ADD MSS 43402, f 23; Sir Edward Cook, The Life of Florence Nightingale, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1913), 1:185.
94. Nightingale's Notes on Nuns, Nurses, and Ladies Returning, 24 June 1856, BL ADD MSS 43402, f 23; Sir Edward Cook, The Life of Florence Nightingale, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1913), 1:185.
95. Nurses Sent to the East, 4, ST/NC8/1.
96. I. B. O'Malley, Florence Nightingale 1820-56: A Study of Her Life Down to the End of the Crimean War (London: Thornton, Butterworth, 1932), 344-46.
97. Ibid., 352.
98. Register of Salaries, London Hospital Archives (hereafter cited as LH), F11/4, 38; Nurses Sent to the East, 31, ST/NC8/1.
99. Register of Salaries, London Hospital Archives (hereafter cited as LH), F11/4, 38; Nurses Sent to the East, 31, ST/NC8/1.
100. Report of Ladies and Nurses Returning, BL ADD MSS 43402, f 16.
101. Susan Cator to Florence Nightingale, 19 October 1856, ST/NC1/V48/56; Matron's Register 1858-66, Sisters, ST/C2/2, no pagination. Nurses Sent to the East, 17, ST/NC8/1.
102. Susan Cator to Florence Nightingale, 19 October 1856, ST/NC1/V48/56; Matron's Register 1858-66, Sisters, ST/C2/2, no pagination. Nurses Sent to the East, 17, ST/NC8/1.
103. See, for example, By-laws 1810, LH/A1/5; Standing Orders 1868, Rule #9, p. 73, LH/A1/16; Minutes of Weekly Board, vol. 1 (1846-50), 11 May 1850, RFH.
104. See, for example, By-laws 1810, LH/A1/5; Standing Orders 1868, Rule #9, p. 73, LH/A1/16; Minutes of Weekly Board, vol. 1 (1846-50), 11 May 1850, RFH.
105. See, for example, By-laws 1810, LH/A1/5; Standing Orders 1868, Rule #9, p. 73, LH/A1/16; Minutes of Weekly Board, vol. 1 (1846-50), 11 May 1850, RFH.
106. Minutes of Board of Governors (1834-38), 8 April 1836, Rules for Nurses #7; 5 October 1836, Revised rules for nurses, Rules #3 & 5; 27 September 1837, Archives of St. George's Hospital (hereafter cited as SGH).
107. Minutes of Board of Governors (1834-38), 8 April 1836, Rules for Nurses #7; 5 October 1836, Revised rules for nurses, Rules #3 & 5; 27 September 1837, Archives of St. George's Hospital (hereafter cited as SGH).
108. Minutes of Board of Governors (1834-38), 8 April 1836, Rules for Nurses #7; 5 October 1836, Revised rules for nurses, Rules #3 & 5; 27 September 1837, Archives of St. George's Hospital (hereafter cited as SGH).
109. Ibid., (1838-42), 7 August 1839, SGH.
110. Ibid., 23 December 1840 and 3 February 1841, SGH.
111. Ibid., 29 May and 24 July 1844, SGH.
112. Ibid., 26 March 1845, SGH.
113. House Committee Reports 1822-37, 2 June 1824, LH/A4/9.
114. Minutes of Board of Governors, 14 July 1840, WH/A1/32.
115. Minutes of General Committee, 5 July 1854, UCH A1/2/1.
116. Ibid., 8 April 1857, UCH A1/2/1.
117. Minutes of General Committee, 6 May 1857, UCH A1/2/1.
118. Minutes of Weekly Board, 4 September 1866, CCH.
119. Minutes of Board of Governors, 3 July 1821, Archives of St. Bartholomew's Hospital (hereafter cited as SBH), Ha1/17.
120. Minutes of Board of Governors, 19 October 1847, WH/A1/35. This was an ongoing problem at the Westminster, as at the other teaching hospitals. See, for example, Minutes of Board of Governors, I7 January and 24 April 1816, WH/A1/25; Minutes of Board of Governors, vol. 1 (1839-60), Rule #13, 9 July 1844, RFH.
121. Minutes of Board of Governors, 19 October 1847, WH/A1/35. This was an ongoing problem at the Westminster, as at the other teaching hospitals. See, for example, Minutes of Board of Governors, I7 January and 24 April 1816, WH/A1/25; Minutes of Board of Governors, vol. 1 (1839-60), Rule #13, 9 July 1844, RFH.
122. Minutes of Board of Governors, 19 October 1847, WH/A1/35. This was an ongoing problem at the Westminster, as at the other teaching hospitals. See, for example, Minutes of Board of Governors, I7 January and 24 April 1816, WH/A1/25; Minutes of Board of Governors, vol. 1 (1839-60), Rule #13, 9 July 1844, RFH.
123. Recollections of Miss M. E. G. Fowler of a Nurse at St. Thomas's Hospital, 1853, ST/Y4.
124. Report on the Medical and Surgical Management of the Hospital, 27 April 1858, ST/A50.
125. Minutes of Hospital Committee, 3 October 1849, UCH/A1/2/1.
126. Minutes of Board of Governors and Weekly Board, 4 October 1853, WH/A1/37.
127. Ibid., 3 and 10 July 1860, WH/A1/39.
128. Minutes of Committee of Management, 8 June 1855, King's College Archives, KH/CM/M5.
129. Mrs. Wardroper to Florence Nightingale, 19 April 1866, BL ADD MSS 47729, ff 182-85.
130. Mrs. Wardroper to Florence Nightingale, 3 February 1869, BL ADD MSS 47731, ff 22-23.
131. Judith Godden, "A Lamentable Failure? The Founding of Nightingale Nursing in Australia," Australian Historical Studies (in press for April 2002).
132. Mr. Lushington's Statement, 12 July 1880, GY/A224/3, 10-16; Minutes of General Court, 11 March 1880, LMA/H9/GY/A225/2, 161, 196-97.
133. Mr. Lushington's Statement, 12 July 1880, GY/A224/3, 10-16; Minutes of General Court, 11 March 1880, LMA/H9/GY/A225/2, 161, 196-97.
134. Probationers' Admission and Discharge Register, 1866, ST/NTS.C1/1.
135. Nightingale Probationers' Records 1860-71, ST/NTS/C4/1, 105.
136. Admission and Discharge Book, 1860-73, ST/NTS/C1/1, 6.
137. Monica Baly, "Profiles of Pioneers: Lees, Florence, Sarah (Mrs. Dacre Craven), 1840-1922," History of Nursing Journal 3, no. 1 (1990): 79-84; Florence Lees to Florence Nightingale, 24 February 1868 and 1 June 1868, BL ADD MSS 47756, ff 2-5, ff 28-29.
138. Monica Baly, "Profiles of Pioneers: Lees, Florence, Sarah (Mrs. Dacre Craven), 1840-1922," History of Nursing Journal 3, no. 1 (1990): 79-84; Florence Lees to Florence Nightingale, 24 February 1868 and 1 June 1868, BL ADD MSS 47756, ff 2-5, ff 28-29.
139. Report on Trained Nursing for the Sick Poor, ST/NC15/13b, 22-26.
140. Jose Harris, Private Lives: Public Spirit: Britain 1870-1914 (London: Penguin Books, 1994) 6-7.
141. F. Lees, "Nursing in the London Hospitals," Rough Draft, 53-56, ST/A/NFC/22/4.
142. Monica Baly, "The Nightingale Nurses: The Myth and the Reality," in Nursing History: The State of the Art ed. Christopher Maggs,(London: Croom Helm, 1987), 44-45.
143. Carol Helmstadter, "Doctors and Nurses in the London Teaching Hospitals: Class, Gender, Religion, and Professional Expertise, 1850-1890, " Nursing History Review 5 (1997): 181-88.