From the private to the public sphere: The first generation of lady nurses in England

Nursing History Review

Volumn 9, Issue , 2001, Pages 127-140

  Helmstadter, Carol ^a  

^a Ontario Nurses Association   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; FEMALE; HISTORY; HISTORY OF MEDICINE; HUMAN; MILITARY NURSING; RELIGION; SOCIAL CLASS; UNITED KINGDOM;

CHRISTIANITY; ENGLAND; FEMALE; HISTORY OF NURSING; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MILITARY NURSING; SOCIAL CLASS;

EID: 0035219494     PISSN: 10628061     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1891/1062-8061.9.1.127     Document Type: Article

References (66)

1. Susan Mumm, Stolen Daughters, Virgin Mothers: Anglican Sisterhoods in Victorian Britain (Leicester: University of Leicester Press, 1998), 9-10.
2. This introduction is based on F. K. Prochaska, Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London: The King's Fund, 1897-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 1-7; and F. K. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth Century England (Oxford: Faber, 1980), 1-17.
3. This introduction is based on F. K. Prochaska, Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London: The King's Fund, 1897-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 1-7; and F. K. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy in Nineteenth Century England (Oxford: Faber, 1980), 1-17.
4. Benjamim Disraeli (The earl of Beaconsfield) Sibyl or the Two Nations (1845; reprint, London: Longmans, Green, 1920) 76-77.
5. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, 6.
6. Lady nurses could perhaps be considered another exception, but they did not actually earn a regular salary as did governesses and lady companions.
7. Prochaska, Women and Philanthropy, 14.
8. Ibid., 4.
9. J. B. Atlay, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland Bart (London: Smith Elder, 1903), 90; James F. Duncan, God in Disease or the Manifestations of Design in Morbid Phenomena (London: James Nisbet, 1851), 1-7.
10. J. B. Atlay, Sir Henry Wentworth Acland Bart (London: Smith Elder, 1903), 90; James F. Duncan, God in Disease or the Manifestations of Design in Morbid Phenomena (London: James Nisbet, 1851), 1-7.
11. Owen Chadwick, The Victorian Church, vol. I (London: Adam and Charles Black, 1966), 505-9.
12. Mumm, Stolen Daughters, 22-27.
13. Brian Abel-Smith, A History of the Nursing Profession (London: Heineman, 1860), 4-9.
14. Mumm, Stolen Daughters, 22-27.
15. Carol Helmstadter, "Robert Bentley Todd, St. John's House and the Origins of the Modern Trained Nurse," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 67 (1993) : 297-302.
16. Monica E. Baly, Florence Nightingale and the Nursing Legacy (London: Groom Helm, 1986), 14-15.
17. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," 3, London Metropolitan Archives Series H1, Box ST, Folder NC8, File 1 (hereafter cited as LMA); Mary Ellen Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croke: Another Voice From the Crimean War 1854-1856," Nursing History Review 3 (1995), 7-8; Sister Mary Aloysius Doyle, Memories of the Crimea (London: Burns & Oates, 1897), 73-74.
18. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," 3, London Metropolitan Archives Series H1, Box ST, Folder NC8, File 1 (hereafter cited as LMA); Mary Ellen Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croke: Another Voice From the Crimean War 1854-1856," Nursing History Review 3 (1995), 7-8; Sister Mary Aloysius Doyle, Memories of the Crimea (London: Burns & Oates, 1897), 73-74.
19. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," 3, London Metropolitan Archives Series H1, Box ST, Folder NC8, File 1 (hereafter cited as LMA); Mary Ellen Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croke: Another Voice From the Crimean War 1854-1856," Nursing History Review 3 (1995), 7-8; Sister Mary Aloysius Doyle, Memories of the Crimea (London: Burns & Oates, 1897), 73-74.
20. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," LMA, files 3-4.
21. Ibid, 2-3.
22. Thomas Jay Williams, Priscilla Lydia Sellon: The Restorer After Three Centuries of Religious Life in the Church of England (London: SPCK, 1950), 66-76.
23. Fanny Taylor, Eastern Hospitals and English Nurses: The Narrative of Twelve Months Experience in the Hospitals of Koulali and Sccutari by a Lady Volunteer, 2 vols. (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1856), 9-10.
24. Florence Nightingale, "Subsidiary Notes As to the Introduction of Female Nursing Into Military Hospitals in Peace and War," in Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale ed., Lucy Ridgely Seymer (New York" Macmillan, 1954), 29.
25. D. Nicol, Ismeer, or Smyrna and Its British Hospital in 1855, (London: James Madden, 1856), 88.
26. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," LMA, file 6.
27. Ibid., 27.
28. See for example, Anne Summers, Angels and Citizens: British Women As Military Nurses 1854-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 52. Sister Mary Aloysisus Doyle, Memories, 47-48. Journal of Sarah Anne Terrot, ed. Robert G. Richardson, Nurse Sarah Anne: With Florence Nightingale at Scutari (London: John Murray, 1977), 115, 125.
29. See for example, Anne Summers, Angels and Citizens: British Women As Military Nurses 1854-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 52. Sister Mary Aloysisus Doyle, Memories, 47-48. Journal of Sarah Anne Terrot, ed. Robert G. Richardson, Nurse Sarah Anne: With Florence Nightingale at Scutari (London: John Murray, 1977), 115, 125.
30. See for example, Anne Summers, Angels and Citizens: British Women As Military Nurses 1854-1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1988), 52. Sister Mary Aloysisus Doyle, Memories, 47-48. Journal of Sarah Anne Terrot, ed. Robert G. Richardson, Nurse Sarah Anne: With Florence Nightingale at Scutari (London: John Murray, 1977), 115, 125.
31. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," LMA, file 20; Doyle, Memories, 45-48.
32. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," LMA, file 20; Doyle, Memories, 45-48.
33. Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croket," 7-8; Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 261-62; Doyle, Memories, 36-37.
34. Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croket," 7-8; Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 261-62; Doyle, Memories, 36-37.
35. Doona, "Sister Mary Joseph Croket," 7-8; Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 261-62; Doyle, Memories, 36-37.
36. Doyle, Memories, 45-46, 53-54; Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 202-03, 229, 261-65.
37. Doyle, Memories, 45-46, 53-54; Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, 1: 202-03, 229, 261-65.
38. "Nurses Sent to Military Hospitals in the East," LMA, file 20.
39. Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, I: 224-46.
40. Doyle, Memories, 45-46, 53-54.
41. For example, see letter from all the medical men at the Smyrna Hospital to Miss LeMesurier, Smyrna, 3 May 1856, Nightingale Papers, Boston University Nursing Archives, Boston Mass.
42. Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, II: 267-73.
43. Doyle, Memories, 54-55.
44. Helmstadter, "Origins of the Modern Trained Nurse," 299-302.
45. Minutes of Public Meeting Held at Hanover Square, 13 July 1848, Archives of the Community of the Sisters of St. John the Divine, Birmingham, England, pp. 1-4, 10-14.
46. Traditionally, hospital matrons hired the nurses but did not superintend the nursing care of the patients. The sisters called themselves "Lady Superintendents" rather than matrons to indicate first, that they were ladies, as the matrons were not, and second, that they superintended patient care.
47. "Proposed Rules for the Training Institution for Nurses for Hospitals, Families and the Poor 1848," Archives of the Nursing Sisterhood of St. John the Divine, Birmingham, England; Diary of Lady Superintendent 1852-61, LMA, H1/ ST/SJ/A20/2-5.
48. Letter of Elizabeth Frere, Lady Superintendent, 7 October 1848, Lady Superintendent's Letters and Reports 1848-49, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A19/1.
49. Sir Edward Cook, The Life of Florence Nightingale, 2 vols. (London: Macmillan, 1913), I: 158.
50. Taylor, Eastern Hospitals, II: 13-20.
51. "Training Institution for Nurses for Hospitals, Families and the Sick Poor," ca. 1848, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A17/1.
52. Minutes of Council, 17 March 1855, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A2/1.
53. Helmstadter, "Origins of the Modern Trained Nurse," 304-307.
54. Minutes of Council, 21 April 1855, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A2/1.
55. See, for example, Lady Superintendent's Diary 1854-57, 2 June 1856, LMA/ H1/ST/SJ/A20/3.
56. "Consultation, Master and Sisters," Vigil of St. Matthias, [22 February] 1856," LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A24, 1-4.
57. Francis F. Cartwright, "Miss Nightingale's Dearest Friend," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69(1976): 170-71; Minutes of the Board of Governors, vol. 5 (1865-68); Meeting of sub-committee to confer with St. John's House, 14 March 1865, Archives of Charing Cross Hospital, London.
58. Francis F. Cartwright, "Miss Nightingale's Dearest Friend," Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69(1976): 170-71; Minutes of the Board of Governors, vol. 5 (1865-68); Meeting of sub-committee to confer with St. John's House, 14 March 1865, Archives of Charing Cross Hospital, London.
59. "Disputes 1856," LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A26/2, three pages, first page missing, no date.
60. "Consultation, Master and Sisters," Vigil of St. Matthias, [22 February] 1856," LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A24, single unnumbered sheet, different handwriting, presumably Jones's.
61. "Memoranda for Council: June 9 1856," LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A26/3.
62. "Memoranda for Committee, June 13 1856," LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A26/4.
63. Minutes of Council, 9 May 1856, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A2/1.
64. Letter of C. P. Shepherd to W. Bowman, 18 June 1856, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/ P35/1; Minutes of Council, 7, and 21 July 1856, LMA, H1/ST/SJ/A2/1.
65. Margaret Goodman, preface to Sisterhoods in the Church of England: With Notices of Some Charitable Sisterhoods in the Romish Church, 3rd ed. (London: Smith Elder, 1864).
66. Lady Superintendent's Report, Minutes of Committee of Management, 25 July 1856, King's College Archives, London, KH/CM/M5 (1855-59).