Interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean

Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans

Volumn 107, Issue 11, 2002, Pages 20-1---20-26

  Huang, Bohua ^a   Kinter, James L ^a  

^a CENTER FOR OCEAN LAND ATMOSPHERE STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

Air sea coupling; ENSO; Indian Ocean dipole; Interannual variability; Oceanic wave dynamics; Upper ocean heat content

Indexed keywords

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; ANNUAL VARIATION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; HEAT BUDGET; SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WIND STRESS;

INDIAN OCEAN;

EID: 0037113507     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21699291     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (78)

1. Allan, R., D. Chambers, W. Drosdowsky, H. Hendon, M. Latif, N. Smith, N. Nicholls, I, Smith, R. Stone, and Y. Tourre, Is there an Indian Ocean dipole, and it is independent of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, CLIVAR Exch., 6(3), 18-22, 2001.
2. An, S. I., and B. Wang, Interdecadal change of the structure of the ENSO mode and its impact on the ENSO frequency, J. Clim., 13, 2044-2055, 2000.
3. Arpe, K., L. Dümenil, and M. A. Giorgetta, Variability in the Indian Monsoon in the ECHAM3 model: Sensitivity to sea surface temperature, soil moisture, and the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation, J. Clim., 11, 1837-1858, 1998.
4. Baquero-Bernal, A., and M. Latif, On dipole-like variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, Rep. 328, 30 pp., Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 2001.
5. Behera, S. K., S. Krishnan, and T. Yamagata, Unusual ocean-atmosphere conditions in the tropical Indian Ocean during 1994, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 3001-3004, 1999.
6. Birkett, C., R. Murtugudde, and T. Allan, Indian Ocean climate event brings floods to east Africa's lakes and the Sudd Marsh, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 1031-1034, 1999.
7. Bjerknes, J., Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific, Mon. Weather Rev., 97, 163-172, 1969.
8. Cadet, D. L., and B. C. Diel, Interannual variability of surface fields over the Indian Ocean during recent decades, Mon. Weather Rev., 112, 1921-1935, 1983.
9. Chambers, D. P., B. D. Tapley, and R. H. Stewart, Anomalous warming in the Indian Ocean coincident with El Niño, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 3035-3047, 1999.
10. Cheney, R. C., L. Miller, A. Russell, N. Doyle, and J. Lillibridge, TOPEX/ POSEIDON: The 2-cm solution, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 24,555-25,563, 1994.
11. Clark, A. J., X. Liu, and S. V. Gorder, Dynamics of the biennial oscillation in the equatorial Indian and far western Pacific Oceans, J. Clim., 11, 987-1001, 1998.
12. Clark, C. O., J. E. Cole, and P. J. Webster, Indian Ocean SST and Indian Summer Rainfall: Predictive relationships and their decadal variability, J. Clim., 13, 2503-2519, 2000.
13. Conkright, M. E., et al., World Ocean Database 1998: Documentation and Quality Control, NODC Internal Rep. 14, p. 43, NESDIS/NOAA, U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington D. C., 1998.
14. Derber, J., and A. Rosati, A global oceanic data assimilation system, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 19, 1333-1347, 1989.
15. Feng M., G. Meyers, and S. Wijffels, Interannual upper ocean variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4151-4154, 2001.
16. Hamilton, D., GTSPP builds an ocean temperature-salinity database, Earth Syst. Monit., 4(4), 4-5, 1994.
17. Hastenrath, S., A. Nicklis, and L. Greischar, Atmospheric-hydrospheric mechanisms of climate anomalies in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 20,219-20,235, 1993.
18. Hayes, S. P., L. J. Mangum, J. Picaut, A. Sumi, and K. Takeuchi, TOGA-TAO: A moored array for real-time measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 72, 339-347, 1991.
19. Huang, B., and J. L. Kinter III, A global ocean data analysis for 1986-1992, Rep. 48, 62 pp., Cent. for Ocean-Land-Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 1997.
20. Huang, B., and J. L. Kinter III, The interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, paper presented at the 10th Conference on Interaction of the Sea and Atmosphere, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 29 May to 2 June, 2000.
21. Huang, B., and J. L. Kinter III, The interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean and its relations to El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Tech. Rep. 94, 48 pp., Cent. for Ocean-Land-Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 2001.
22. Huang, B., and E. K. Schneider, The response of an ocean general circulation model to surface wind stress produced by an atmospheric general circulation model, Mon. Weather Rev., 123, 3059-3085, 1995.
23. Huang, B., J. L. Kinter III, and P. S. Schopf, An ocean data assimilation system with intermittent analyses and continous model error correction, Rep. 72, 60 pp., Cent. for Ocean-Land-Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 1999.
24. Iizuka, S., T. Matsuura, and T. Yamagata, The Indian Ocean SST dipole simulated in a coupled general circulation model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3369-3372, 2000.
25. Kalnay, E., et al., The NCEP-NCAR 40 year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meterol. Soc., 77, 437-471, 1996.
26. Kawamura, R., A rotated EOF analysis of global sea surface temperature variability with interannual and decadal scales, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 24, 707-715, 1994.
27. Klein, S. A., B. J. Soden, and N. C. Lau, Remote sea surface temperature variations during ENSO: Evidence for a tropical atmospheric bridge, J. Clim., 12, 917-932, 1999.
28. Krishnamurthy, V., and B. P. Kirtman, Variability of the Indian Ocean: Relation to monsoon and ENSO, Tech. Rep. 107, p. 40, Cent. for Ocean-Land-Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 2001.
29. Kushnir, Y., Interdecadal variations in North Atlantic sea surface temperature and associated atmosphere conditions, J. Clim., 7, 141-157, 1994.
30. Lanzante, J. R., Lag relationships involving tropical sea surface temperatures, J. Clim., 9, 2568-2578, 1996.
31. Latif, M., D. Dommenget, M. Dima, and A. Grötzner, The role of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature in forcing east African rainfall anomalies during December-January 1997/98, J. Clim., 12, 3497-3504, 1999.
32. Lau, K.-H., and N.-C. Lau, Observed structure and propagation characteristics of tropical summertime synoptic scale disturbances, Mon. Weather Rev., 118, 1888-1913, 1989.
33. Lau, N. C., and M. J. Nath, The role of the atmospheric bridges in linking tropical Pacific ENSO events to extratropical SST anomalies, J. Clim., 9, 2036-2507, 1996.
34. Le Blanc, J. L., and J. P. Boulanger, Propagation and reflection of long equatorial waves in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON data during the 1993-1998 period, Clim. Dyn., 17, 547-557, 2001.
35. Levitus, S., Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA Prof. Pap. No. 13, 173 pp., 17 fiches, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, D. C., 1982.
36. Makarau, A., and M. R. Jury, Predictability of Zimbabwe summer rainfall, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 1421-1432, 1997.
37. Masumoto, Y., and G. Meyer, Forced Rossby waves in the southern tropical Indian Ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 27,598-27,602, 1998.
38. McCreary, J. P., P. K. Kundu, and R. L. Molinari, A numerical investigation of dynamics, thermodynamics and mixed-layer processes in the Indian Ocean, Prog. Oceanogr., 31, 181-244, 1993.
39. McPhaden, M. J., et al., The Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere observing system: A decade of progress, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 14,169-14,240, 1998.
40. Meehl, G. A., The annual cycle and interannual variability in the tropical Indian and Pacific Ocean regions, Mon. Weather Rev., 115, 27-50, 1987.
41. Meehl, G. A., A coupled air-sea biennial mechanism in the tropical Indian and Pacific regions: Role of the ocean, J. Clim., 6, 31-41, 1993.
42. Moron, V., R. Vautard, and M. Ghil, Trends, interdecadal and interannual oscillations in global sea-surface temperatures, Clim. Dyn., 14, 545-569, 1998.
43. Murtugudde, R., R. Seager, and A. Busalacchi, Interannual variability in the dynamics and thermodynamics of the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Clim., 12, 2300-2326, 1999.
44. Murtugudde, R., J. P. McCreary, and Busalacchi, Oceanic processes associated with anomalous events in the Indian Ocean with relevance to 1997-1998, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 3295-3306, 2000.
45. Nicholls, N., Sea surface temperatures and Australian winter rainfall, J. Clim., 2, 965-973, 1989.
46. Nicholson, S. E., An analysis of the ENSO signal in the tropical Atlantic and western Indian Oceans, Int. J. Climatol., 17, 345-375, 1997.
47. NODC, World Ocean Atlas 1998: CD-ROM Documentation. Version 1.0, NODC Internal Rep. 15, p. 16, NESDIS/NOAA, U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington D. C., 1999.
48. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, and R. F. Cahalan, Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 699-706, 1982.
49. Oberhuber, J. M., An atlas based on the COADS data set: Budgets of heat buoyuancy and turbulent kinetic energy at the surface of the global ocean, Rep. 15, 1999 pp., Max-Planck-Inst. für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1988.
50. Pacanowski R. C., K. Dixon, and A. Rosati, The GFDL modular ocean model user guide, version 1.0, Tech. Rep. 2, p. 16, Geophys. Fluid Dyn. Lab., Natl. Oceanic and Atmos. Admin., Princeton, N. J., 1993.
51. Pan, Y.-H., and A. Oort, Correlation analyses between sea surface temperature anomalies in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the world ocean, Clim. Dyn., 4, 191-205, 1990.
52. Philander, S. G. H., W. J. Hurlin, and A. D. Seigel, A model of the seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 117, 1986-2002, 1987.
53. Plaut, G., and R. Vautard, Spells of low-frequency oscillations and weather regimes in the northern hemisphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 210-236, 1994.
54. Rao, R. R., R. L. Monlinari, and J. F. Festa, Evolution of the climatological near-surface thermal structure of the tropical Indian Ocean, 1, Description of mean monthly mixed layer depth, and sea surface temperature, surface current, and surface meteorological fields, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 10,801-10,815, 1989.
55. Rao, S. A., S. K. Behera, Y. Masumoto, and T. Yamagata, Interannual subsurface variability in the tropical Indian Ocean with a special emphasis on the Indian Ocean dipole, Deep Sea Res., Part II, 49, 1549-1572, 2002a.
56. Rao, S. A., V. V. Gopalakrishna, S. R. Sherye, and T. Yamagata, Why were cool SST anomalies absent in the Bay of Bengal during the 1997 Indian Ocean Dipole event?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(11), 1555, doi:10,1029/ 2001GLO14645, 2002b.
57. Rasmusson E. M., and T. H. Carpenter, Variations in the tropical sea surface temperature and surface wind fields associated with the Southern Oscilliation/El Niño, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 354-384, 1982.
58. Rasmusson, E. M., X. Wang, and C. F. Ropelewski, The biennial component of ENSO variability, J. Mar. Syst., 1, 71-96, 1990.
59. Reynolds, R. W., and T. M. Smith, Improved global sea surface temperature analyses using optimum interpolation, J. Clim., 7, 929-948, 1994.
60. Rosati, A., and K. Miyakoda, A general circulation model for upper ocean circulation, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 18, 1601-1626, 1988.
61. Saji, N. H., B. N. Goswami, P. N. Vinayachandran, and T. Yamagata, A dipole mode in the tropical Indian Ocean. Nature, 401, 360-363, 1999.
62. Schneider, E. K., B. Huang, Z. Zhu, D. G. DeWitt, J. L. Kinter III, B. P. Kirtman, and J. Shukla, Ocean data assimilation, initialization, and predictions of ENSO with a coupled GCM, Mon. Weather Rev., 127, 1187-1207, 1999.
63. Shukla, J., Interannual variability of monsoons, in Monsoons, edited by J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens, pp. 399-463, John Wiley, New York, 1987.
64. Smith T. M., R. W. Reynolds, R. E. Livezey, and D. C. Stokes, Reconstruction of historical sea surface temperatures using emperical orthogonal functions, J. Clim., 9, 1403-1420, 1996.
65. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, ENSO signals in global upper-ocean temperature, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 25, 1317-1332, 1995.
66. Tourre, Y. M., and W. B. White, Evolution of the ENSO signal over the Indo-Pacific Domain, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 27, 683-696, 1997.
67. Trenberth, K. E., and J. W. Hurrel, Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific, Clim. Dyn., 9, 303-319, 1994.
68. Venzke, S., M. Latif, and A. Villwock, The coupled GCM ECHO-2, 2, Indian Ocean response to ENSO, J. Clim., 13, 1371-1383, 2000.
69. Wacongne, S., and R. Pacanowski, Seasonal heat transport in a primitive equations model of the tropical Indian Ocean, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 12, 2666-2699, 1996.
70. Wang, B., Interdecadal changes in El Niño onset in the last four decades, J. Clim., 8, 267-285, 1995.
71. Weare, B. C., and J. S. Nasstrom, Examples of extended empirical orthogonal function analysis, Mon. Weather Rev., 110, 481-485, 1982.
72. Webster, P. J., and S. Yang, Monsoon and ENSO: Selectively interactive systems, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 118, 877-926, 1992.
73. Webster, P. J., A. M. Moore, J. P. Loschnigg, and R. R. Leben, Coupled ocean-atmosphere dynamics in the Indian Ocean during 1997-98, Nature, 401, 356-360, 1999.
74. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, Global precipitations: A 17-year monthly analysis based on gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model outputs, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 78, 2539-2558, 1997.
75. Xie, S. P., H. Annamalai, F. A. Schott, and J. P. McCreary Jr., Structure and mechanisms of South Indian Ocean climate variability, J. Clim., 15, 864-878, 2002.
76. Yang, J., L. Yu, C. J. Koblinsky, and D. Adamec, Dynamics of the seasonal variations in the Indian Ocean from TOPEX/POSEIDON sea surface height and an ocean model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1915-1918, 1998.
77. Yu, L., and M. M. Reinecker, Mechanisms for the Indian Ocean Warming during the 1997-1998 El Niño, Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 735-738, 1999.
78. Zhang, R.-H., and S. Levitus, Structure and cycle of decadal variability of upper ocean temperature in the North Pacific, J. Clim., 10, 710-727, 1997.