Perspective: Purging the genetic load: A review of the experimental evidence

Evolution

Volumn 56, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 2347-2358

  Crnokrak, Peter ^a   Barrett, Spencer C H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

Deleterious alleles; Fitness; Inbreeding depression; Mating system; Overdominance; Purging

Indexed keywords

FITNESS; INBREEDING DEPRESSION;

ANIMAL; EVOLUTION; GENETIC LOAD; GENETICS; INBREEDING; PLANT; POPULATION GENETICS; REVIEW; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ANIMALS; DATA INTERPRETATION, STATISTICAL; EVOLUTION; GENETIC LOAD; GENETICS, POPULATION; INBREEDING; PLANTS;

ANIMALIA; INSECTA; MAMMALIA; MOLLUSCA;

EID: 0036961288     PISSN: 00143820     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00160.x     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. Arnqvist, G., and D. Wooster. 1995. Meta-analysis: synthesising research findings in ecology and evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 10:236-240.
2. Ballou, J. D. 1997. Ancestral inbreeding only minimally affects inbreeding depression in mammalian populations. J. Hered. 88:169-178.
3. Barrett, S. C. H., and D. Charlesworth. 1991. Effects of a change in the level of inbreeding on the genetic load. Nature 352:522-524.
4. Barrett, S. C. H., and L. D. Harder. 1996. Ecology and evolution of plant mating. Trends Ecol. Evol. 11:73-79.
5. Bruce, A. B. 1910. The Mendelian theory of heredity and the augmentation of vigor. Science 32:627-628.
6. Byers, D. L., and D. M. Waller. 1999. Do plant populations purge their genetic load? Effects of population size and mating history on inbreeding depression. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 30:479-513.
7. Charlesworth, B., and D. Charlesworth. 1999. The genetic basis of inbreeding depression. Genet. Res. Camb. 74:329-340.
8. Charlesworth, B., M. Nordborg and D. Charlesworth. 1997. The effect of local selection, balanced polymorphism and background selection on equilibrium patterns of genetic diversity in subdivided populations. Genet. Res. Camb. 70:155-174.
9. Charlesworth, D., and B. Charlesworth. 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:237-268.
10. Charlesworth, D., M. T. Morgan, and B. Charlesworth. 1990. Inbreeding depression, genetic load and the evolution of outcrossing rates in a multi-locus system with no linkage. Evolution 44:1469-1489.
11. Crnokrak, P., and D. A. Roff. 1999. Inbreeding depression in the wild. Heredity 83:260-270.
12. Crow, J. F. 1970. Genetic loads and the cost of natural selection. Pp. 128-177 in K. I Kojima, ed. Mathematical topics in population genetics. Springer, Berlin.
13. _. 1999. The rise and fall of overdominance. Plant Breed. Rev. 17:225-257.
14. Crow, J. F., and M. Kimura. 1970. An introduction to population genetics theory. Harper and Row, New York.
15. Crow, J. F., and M. J. Simmons. 1983. The mutation load in Drosophila. Pp. 1-35 in H. L. C. M. Ashburner and J. N. Thomson, eds. The genetics and biology of Drosophila. Academic Press, London.
16. Darwin, C. 1868. The variation of animals and plants under domestication. Vol. 1. Appleton, New York.
17. _. 1876. The effects of cross and self-fertilization in the vegetable kingdom. John Murray, London.
18. Davenport, C. B. 1908. Degeneration, albinism and inbreeding. Science 28:454-455.
19. DeRose, M. A., and D. A. Ruff. 1999. A comparison of inbreeding depression in life-history and morphological traits in animals. Evolution 53:1288-1292.
20. de Vienne, D., B. Bost, J. Fievet, M. Zivy, and C. Dillmann. 2001. Genetic variability of proteome expression and metabolic control. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 39:271-283.
21. Dudash, M. R. 1990. Relative fitness of selfed and outcrossed progeny in a self-compatible, protandrous species, Sabatia angularis L. (Gentianaceae): a comparison in three environments. Evolution 44:1129-1139.
22. East, E. M. 1908. Inbreeding in corn. Rep. Conn. Agric. Exp. Stn. 1907:419-429.
23. East, E. M., and D. F. Jones. 1919. Inbreeding and outbreeding: their genetic and sociological significance 147. Lippincott, Philadelphia, PA.
24. Falconer, D. S., and T. MacKay. 1996. Introduction to quantitative genetics. 4th ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
25. Hedges, L. V., and I. Olkin. 1985. Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Academic Press, Orlando, FL.
26. Hedges, L. V., J. Gurevitch, and P. S. Curtis. 1999. The meta-analysis of response ratios in experimental ecology. Ecology 80:1150-1156.
27. Hedrick, P. W. 1994. Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction: full-sib mating. Heredity 73:363-372.
28. Husband, B. C., and D. W. Schemske. 1995. Evolution of the magnitude and timing of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50:54-70.
29. Jones, D. F. 1917. Dominance of linked factors as a means of accounting for heterosis. Genetics 46:465-479.
30. Kalinowski, S. T., and P. W. Hedrick. 2001. Inbreeding depression in captive bighorn sheep. Anim. Conserv. 4:319-324.
31. Kalinowski, S. T., P. W. Hedrick, and P. S. Miller. 2000. Inbreeding depression in the Speke's gazelle captive breeding program. Conserv. Biol. 14:1375-1384.
32. Karkkainen, K., H. Kuittinen, R. van Treuren, C. Vogl, S. Oikarinen, and O. Savolainen. 1999. Genetic basis of inbreeding depression in Arabis petraea. Evolution 53:1354-1365.
33. Keeble, F., and C. Pellew. 1910. The mode of inheritance of stature and of time of flowering in peas (Pisum sativum). J. Genet. 1:47-56.
34. Keller, L., and D. M. Waller. 2002. Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17:230-241.
35. Knight, T. 1799. An account of some experiments on the fecundation of vegetables. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. 89:195-204.
36. Lacy, R. C., A. Petric, and M. Warneke. 1993. Inbreeding and outbreeding in captive populations of wild animals. Pp. 352-374 in N.W. Thornhill, ed. The natural history of inbreeding and outbreeding: theoretical and empirical perspectives. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
37. Lacy, R. C., and J. D. Ballou. 1998. Effectiveness of selection in reducing the genetic load in populations of Peromyscus polionotus during generations of inbreeding. Evolution 52:900-909.
38. Lande, R., and D. W. Schemske. 1985. The evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in plants. I. Genetic models. Evolution 39:24-40.
39. Li, Z.-K., L. J. Luo, H. W. Mei, D. L. Wang, Q. Y. Shu, R. Tabien, D. B. Zhong, C. S. Ying, J. W. Stansel, G. S. Khush, and A. H. Paterson. 2001. Overdominant epistatic loci are the primary genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis in rice. I. Biomass and grain yield. Genetics 158:1737-1753.
40. Luo, L. J., Z.-K. Li, H. W. Mei, Q. Y. Shu, R. Tabien, D. B. Zhong, C. S. Ying, J. W. Stansel, G. S. Khush, and A. H. Paterson. 2001. Overdominant epistatic loci are the primary genetic basis of inbreeding depression and heterosis in rice. II. Grain yield components. Genetics 158:1755-1771.
41. Lynch, M., and B. Walsh. 1998. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
42. Omholt, S. W., E. Plahte, L. Oyehaug, and K. Xiang. 2000. Gene regulatory networks generating the phenomena of additivity, dominance and epistasis. Genetics 155:969-980.
43. Ralls, K., and J. Ballou. 1986. Captive breeding programs for populations with a small number of founders. Trends Ecol. Evol. 1:19-22.
44. Rao, P. S. S., and S. G. Inbaraj. 1977. Inbreeding effects on human reproduction in Tamil Nadu of South India. Ann. Hum. Genet. Lond. 41:87-98.
45. Ritland, K. 1990. Inferences about inbreeding depression based on changes of the inbreeding coefficient. Evolution 44:1230-1241.
46. _. 1996. Inferring the genetic basis of inbreeding depression in plants. Genome 39:1-8.
47. Roff, D. A. 2002. Inbreeding depression: tests of the overdominance and partial dominance hypotheses. Evolution 56:768-775.
48. Rosenberg, M. S., D. C. Adams, and J. Gurevitch. 2000. MetaWin. Statistical software for conducting meta-analysis: fixed effect models, mixed effect models, and resampling tests. Ver. 2.0. Sinauer, Sunderland, MA.
49. Schultz, S. T., and J. H. Willis. 1995. Individual variation in inbreeding depression: the roles of inbreeding history and mutation. Genetics 141:1209-1223.
50. Shields, W. M. 1987. Dispersal and mating systems: investigating their causal connections. Pp. 156-213 in B. D. Chepko-Sade and Z. T. Halpin, eds. Mammalian dispersal patterns: the effects of social structure on population genetics. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
51. Shull, G. H. 1908. The composition of a field of maize. Ann. Breed. Assoc. 4:296-301.
52. Simmons, M. J., and J. F. Crow. 1977. Mutations effecting fitness in Drosophila populations. Annu. Rev. Genet. 11:49-78.
53. Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 2000. Biometry. 3rd ed. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York.
54. Uyenoyama, M. K., K. E. Holsinger, and D. M. Waller. 1993. Ecological and genetic factors directing the evolution of self-fertilization. Oxf. Surv. Evol. Biol. 9:327-381.
55. Visscher, P. M., D. Smith, S. J. G. Hall, and J. L. Williams. 2001. A viable herd of genetically uniform cattle. Nature 409:303.
56. Waller, D. M. 1986. Is there disruptive selection for self-fertilization? Am. Nat. 128:421-426.
57. Wang, J., W. G. Hill, D. Charlesworth, and B. Charlesworth. 1999. Dynamics of inbreeding depression due to deleterious mutations in small populations: mutation parameters and inbreeding rate. Genet. Res. Camb. 74:165-178.
58. Willis, J. H. 1993. Effects of different levels of inbreeding on fitness components in Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 47:864-876.
59. _. 1999. The role of genes of large effect on inbreeding depression in Mimulus guttatus. Evolution 53:1678-1691.
60. Wright, S. 1977. Evolution and the genetics of populations. Vol. 3. Experimental results and evolutionary deductions. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.