메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 11, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 379-393

Lightning and thunderstorms, Part I: Observational data and model results

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIRCRAFT EMISSION; EMISSION; LIGHTNING; NITROGEN OXIDES; THUNDERSTORM;

EID: 0036953215     PISSN: 09412948     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2002/0011-0379     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (17)

References (49)
  • 3
    • 0035104722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined satellite- and surface-based estimation of the intracloud-cloud-to-ground lightning ratio over the continental United States
    • BOCCIPPIO, D.J., K.L. CUMMINS, H.J. CHRISTIAN, S.J. GOODMAN, 2001: Combined Satellite- and Surface-Based Estimation of the Intracloud-Cloud-to-ground Lightning Ratio over the Continental United States. - Mon. Wea. Rev. 129, 108-122.
    • (2001) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.129 , pp. 108-122
    • Boccippio, D.J.1    Cummins, K.L.2    Christian, H.J.3    Goodman, S.J.4
  • 4
    • 0003701191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified mass-flux scheme for convection which maintains positive tracer concentrations
    • Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Report 25 pp
    • BRINKOP, S., R. SAUSEN, 1996: A modified mass-flux scheme for convection which maintains positive tracer concentrations. - DLR, Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Report 67, 25 pp.
    • (1996) DLR , vol.67
    • Brinkop, S.1    Sausen, R.2
  • 5
  • 6
    • 0001229033 scopus 로고
    • Effect of variable energy input on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges
    • CHAMEIDES, W.L., 1979: Effect of variable energy input on nitrogen fixation in instantaneous linear discharges. - Nature 277, 123-125.
    • (1979) Nature , vol.277 , pp. 123-125
    • Chameides, W.L.1
  • 7
    • 0030839553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diurnal variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool
    • CHEN, S.S., R.A. HOUZE JR., 1997: Diurnal variation and life-cycle of deep convective systems over the tropical Pacific warm pool. - Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. 123, 357-388.
    • (1997) Quart. J. Roy. Met. Soc. , vol.123 , pp. 357-388
    • Chen, S.S.1    Houze R.A., Jr.2
  • 9
    • 0032534158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significant changes between the ISCCP C and D cloud climatologies
    • DOUTRIAUX-BOUCHER, M., G. SÈZE, 1998: Significant changes between the ISCCP C and D cloud climatologies. - Geophys. Res. Lett. 25, 4193-4196.
    • (1998) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.25 , pp. 4193-4196
    • Doutriaux-Boucher, M.1    Sèze, G.2
  • 10
    • 0033666820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesoskalige modellierung der Produktion und des dreidimensionalen Transports von Stickoxiden in Gewittern
    • 126 pp
    • FEHR, T., 2000: Mesoskalige Modellierung der Produktion und des dreidimensionalen Transports von Stickoxiden in Gewittern. - DLR Forschungsbericht 2000-15, 126 pp.
    • (2000) DLR Forschungsbericht , vol.15-2000
    • Fehr, T.1
  • 11
    • 0000814760 scopus 로고
    • Behavior of deep convective clouds in the tropical pacific deduced from ISCCP radiances
    • FU, R., A.D.D. GENIO, W.B. ROSSOW, 1990: Behavior of Deep Convective Clouds in the Tropical Pacific Deduced from ISCCP Radiances. - J. Climate 3, 1129-1152.
    • (1990) J. Climate , vol.3 , pp. 1129-1152
    • Fu, R.1    Genio, A.D.D.2    Rossow, W.B.3
  • 13
  • 14
    • 0035995264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic-chemical coupling of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region
    • GREWE, V., C. REITHMEIER, D.T. SHINDELL, 2001b: Dynamic-chemical coupling of the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere region. - Chemosphere: Global Change Science 47, 851-861.
    • (2001) Chemosphere: Global Change Science , vol.47 , pp. 851-861
    • Grewe, V.1    Reithmeier, C.2    Shindell, D.T.3
  • 15
    • 0002914829 scopus 로고
    • 2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-1980
    • J.G. Goldammer (Ed.), Ecological Studies Springer, New York
    • 2 and other trace gases to the atmosphere from fires in the tropics, based on the FAO statistics for the period 1975-1980. - In: Fire in the Tropical Biota, J.G. Goldammer (Ed.), Ecological Studies 84, Springer, New York, 440-462.
    • (1990) Fire in the Tropical Biota , vol.84 , pp. 440-462
    • Hao, W.M.1    Liu, M.-H.2    Crutzen, P.J.3
  • 17
    • 4244052732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EULINOX (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project) final report 1998-1999
    • (Eds.), 240 pp
    • HÖLLER, H., U. SCHUMANN (Eds.), 2000: EULINOX (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project) Final Report 1998-1999. - DLR Forschungsbericht 2000-28, 240 pp.
    • (2000) DLR Forschungsbericht , vol.28-2000
    • Höller, H.1    Schumann, U.2
  • 18
    • 0033589855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes
    • x in electrified thunderstorms: Survey of previous studies and new observations at midlatitudes. - J. Geophys. Res. 103, 28,247-28,264.
    • (1998) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.103 , pp. 28247-28264
    • Huntrieser, H.1    Schlager, H.2    Feigl, C.3    Höller, H.4
  • 21
    • 0025691053 scopus 로고
    • Radiative forcing of climate by changes in the vertical distribution of ozone
    • LACIS, A.W., D.J. WUEBBLES, J.A. LOGAN, 1990: Radiative Forcing of Climate by Changes in the Vertical Distribution of Ozone. - J. Geophys. Res. 95, 9971-9981.
    • (1990) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.95 , pp. 9971-9981
    • Lacis, A.W.1    Wuebbles, D.J.2    Logan, J.A.3
  • 22
    • 0343517538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ECHAM4.L39(DLR) atmosphere GCM - Technical description and model climatology
    • 45 pp
    • LAND, C., M. PONATER, R. SAUSEN, E. ROECKNER, 1999: The ECHAM4.L39(DLR) atmosphere GCM - Technical description and model climatology. - DLR Forschungsbericht 1999-31, 45 pp.
    • (1999) DLR Forschungsbericht , vol.31-1999
    • Land, C.1    Ponater, M.2    Sausen, R.3    Roeckner, E.4
  • 23
    • 0028873643 scopus 로고
    • Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds, Part 2: Locating cloud tops
    • LIAO, X., W.B. ROSSOW, D. RIND, 1995: Comparison between SAGE II and ISCCP high-level clouds, Part 2: Locating cloud tops. - J. Geophys. Res. 100, 1137-1147.
    • (1995) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.100 , pp. 1137-1147
    • Liao, X.1    Rossow, W.B.2    Rind, D.3
  • 24
    • 0024253351 scopus 로고
    • On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production
    • LIN, X., M. TRAINER, S.C. LIU, 1988: On the nonlinearity of the tropospheric ozone production. - J. Geophys. Res. 93, 15,879-15,888.
    • (1988) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.93 , pp. 15879-15888
    • Lin, X.1    Trainer, M.2    Liu, S.C.3
  • 26
    • 4243765946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of new lightning parameterizations using data from the European lightning nitrogen oxides project
    • DLR Forschungsbericht 240 pp
    • MEIJER, E., P. VAN VELTHOVEN, 2000: Development of new lightning parameterizations using data from the European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project. - EULINOX (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project) Final Report 1998-1999, DLR Forschungsbericht 2000-28, 240 pp.
    • (2000) EULINOX (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project) Final Report 1998-1999 , vol.28-2000
    • Meijer, E.1    Van Velthoven, P.2
  • 28
    • 0033740898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x production by lightning estimated from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD)
    • x production by lightning estimated from the Optical Transient Detector (OTD). - Tellus 52B, 1206-1215.
    • (2000) Tellus , vol.52 B , pp. 1206-1215
    • Nesbitt, S.W.1    Zhang, R.2    Orville, R.E.3
  • 31
    • 0000117198 scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal variation of lightning parameters
    • PIERCE, E.T., 1970: Latitudinal variation of lightning parameters. - J. Appl. Meteor. 9, 194-195.
    • (1970) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.9 , pp. 194-195
    • Pierce, E.T.1
  • 32
    • 0000692446 scopus 로고
    • The ratio of cloud to cloud-ground lightning flashes in thunderstorms
    • PRENTICE, S.A., D. MACKERRAS, 1977: The ratio of cloud to cloud-ground lightning flashes in thunderstorms. - J. Appl. Meteor. 16, 545-549.
    • (1977) J. Appl. Meteor. , vol.16 , pp. 545-549
    • Prentice, S.A.1    MaCkerra, D.2
  • 33
    • 0027101680 scopus 로고
    • A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions
    • PRICE, C., D. RIND, 1992: A simple lightning parameterization for calculating global lightning distributions. - J. Geophys. Res. 97, 9919-9933.
    • (1992) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.97 , pp. 9919-9933
    • Price, C.1    Rind, D.2
  • 34
    • 0027510851 scopus 로고
    • What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms?
    • PRICE, C., D. RIND, 1993: What determines the cloud-to-ground lightning fraction in thunderstorms? - Geophys. Res. Lett. 20, 463-466.
    • (1993) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.20 , pp. 463-466
    • Price, C.1    Rind, D.2
  • 35
    • 0031455432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x from lightning, Part I: Global distributions based on lightning physics
    • x from lightning, Part I: Global distributions based on lightning physics. - J. Geophys. Res. 102, 5929-5941.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.102 , pp. 5929-5941
    • Price, C.1    Penner, J.2    Prather, M.3
  • 36
    • 0031468506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • x from lightning, Part 2: Constraints from the global atmospheric electric circuit
    • x from lightning, Part 2: Constraints from the global atmospheric electric circuit. - J. Geophys. Res, 102, 5943-5951.
    • (1997) J. Geophys. Res, , vol.102 , pp. 5943-5951
    • Price, C.1    Penner, J.2    Prather, M.3
  • 38
    • 0027789430 scopus 로고
    • Cloud detection using satellite measurements of infrared and visible radiances for ISCCP
    • ROSSOW, W.B., L.C. GARDER, 1993: Cloud Detection Using Satellite Measurements of Infrared and Visible Radiances for ISCCP. - J. Climate 6, 2341-2369.
    • (1993) J. Climate , vol.6 , pp. 2341-2369
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Garder, L.C.2
  • 40
    • 0042323504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP
    • ROSSOW, W.B., R.A. SCHIFFER, 1999: Advances in understanding clouds from ISCCP. - Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 80, 2261-2287.
    • (1999) Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , vol.80 , pp. 2261-2287
    • Rossow, W.B.1    Schiffer, R.A.2
  • 41
    • 4243639953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emissions from aviation and their development over time pollutants from air traffic
    • DLR-Mitteilung 301 pp
    • SCHMITT, A., B. BRUNNER, 1997: Emissions from aviation and their development over time, Pollutants from Air Traffic - Results of Atmospheric Research 1992-1997. - DLR-Mitteilung 97-04, 301 pp.
    • (1997) Results of Atmospheric Research 1992-1997 , vol.4-97
    • Schmitt, A.1    Brunner, B.2
  • 43
    • 0000824734 scopus 로고
    • Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms
    • TAKAHASHI, T., 1978: Riming electrification as a charge generation mechanism in thunderstorms. - J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1536-1548.
    • (1978) J. Atmos. Sci. , vol.35 , pp. 1536-1548
    • Takahashi, T.1
  • 44
    • 0025668270 scopus 로고
    • Near absence of lightning in torrential rainfall producing Micronesian thunderstorms
    • TAKAHASHI, T., 1990: Near absence of lightning in torrential rainfall producing Micronesian thunderstorms. - Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 2381-2384.
    • (1990) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.17 , pp. 2381-2384
    • Takahashi, T.1
  • 45
    • 0024907516 scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models
    • TIEDTKE, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. - Mon. Wea. Rev. 117, 1779-1800.
    • (1989) Mon. Wea. Rev. , vol.117 , pp. 1779-1800
    • Tiedtke, M.1
  • 47
    • 0019308741 scopus 로고
    • 3 on the Earth's climate
    • 3 on the Earth's climate. - Nature 286, 589-590.
    • (1980) Nature , vol.286 , pp. 589-590
    • Wang, W.-C.1    Sze, N.D.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.