-
1
-
-
0029103986
-
Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil
-
Achtnich C, Bak F & Conrad R (1995) Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil. Biol Fertil Soils 19: 65-72
-
(1995)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.19
, pp. 65-72
-
-
Achtnich, C.1
Bak, F.2
Conrad, R.3
-
2
-
-
77956794182
-
Aeration in higher plants
-
Armstrong W (1979) Aeration in higher plants. Adv Bot Res 7: 226-332
-
(1979)
Adv Bot Res
, vol.7
, pp. 226-332
-
-
Armstrong, W.1
-
3
-
-
0031896822
-
Denitrification coupled to nitrification in the rhizosphere of rice
-
Arth I, Frenzel P and Conrad R (1998) Denitrification coupled to nitrification in the rhizosphere of rice. Soil Biol Biochem 30: 509-515
-
(1998)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.30
, pp. 509-515
-
-
Arth, I.1
Frenzel, P.2
Conrad, R.3
-
4
-
-
0029529739
-
Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat)
-
Asakawa S & Hayano K (1995) Populations of methanogenic bacteria in paddy field soil under double cropping conditions (rice-wheat). Biol Fertil Soils 20: 113-117
-
(1995)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.20
, pp. 113-117
-
-
Asakawa, S.1
Hayano, K.2
-
5
-
-
0001709704
-
Methane emisions from rice fields - Quantification, mechanisms, role of management, and mitigation options
-
Aulakh MS, Wassmann R & Rennenberg H (2001) Methane emisions from rice fields - quantification, mechanisms, role of management, and mitigation options. Adv Agronomy 70: 193-260
-
(2001)
Adv Agronomy
, vol.70
, pp. 193-260
-
-
Aulakh, M.S.1
Wassmann, R.2
Rennenberg, H.3
-
6
-
-
0028164580
-
Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in the lowland rice rhizosphere
-
Begg CBM, Kirk GJD, Mackenzie AF & Neue HU (1994) Root-induced iron oxidation and pH changes in the lowland rice rhizosphere. New Phytol 128: 469-477
-
(1994)
New Phytol
, vol.128
, pp. 469-477
-
-
Begg, C.B.M.1
Kirk, G.J.D.2
Mackenzie, A.F.3
Neue, H.U.4
-
7
-
-
0033805611
-
Effects of ammonium-based fertilisation on microbial processes involved in methane emission from soils planted with rice
-
Bodelier PLE, Hahn AP, Arth IR & Frenzel P (2000a) Effects of ammonium-based fertilisation on microbial processes involved in methane emission from soils planted with rice. Biogeochemistry 51: 225-257
-
(2000)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.51
, pp. 225-257
-
-
Bodelier, P.L.E.1
Hahn, A.P.2
Arth, I.R.3
Frenzel, P.4
-
8
-
-
0034719497
-
Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots
-
Bodelier PLE, Roslev P, Henckel T & Frenzel P (2000b) Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots. Nature 403: 421-424
-
(2000)
Nature
, vol.403
, pp. 421-424
-
-
Bodelier, P.L.E.1
Roslev, P.2
Henckel, T.3
Frenzel, P.4
-
9
-
-
0030613342
-
Activity and distribution of methane-oxidizing bacteria in flooded rice soil microcosms and in rice plants (Oryza sativa)
-
Bosse U & Frenzel P (1997) Activity and distribution of methane-oxidizing bacteria in flooded rice soil microcosms and in rice plants (Oryza sativa). Appl Environ Microbiol 63: 1199-1207
-
(1997)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.63
, pp. 1199-1207
-
-
Bosse, U.1
Frenzel, P.2
-
11
-
-
0031128561
-
Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil. 1. Residue, nitrogen, and water management
-
Bronson KF, Neue HU, Singh U & Abao EB (1997) Automated chamber measurements of methane and nitrous oxide flux in a flooded rice soil. 1. Residue, nitrogen, and water management. Soil Sci Soc Am J 61: 981-987
-
(1997)
Soil Sci Soc Am J
, vol.61
, pp. 981-987
-
-
Bronson, K.F.1
Neue, H.U.2
Singh, U.3
Abao, E.B.4
-
12
-
-
0031084810
-
Understanding the nature of methane emission from rice ecosystems as basis of mitigation strategies
-
Buendia LV, Neue HU, Wassmann R, Lantin RS, Javellana AM, Xu YC, Makarim AK, Corton TM & Charoensilp N (1997) Understanding the nature of methane emission from rice ecosystems as basis of mitigation strategies. Appl Energy 56: 433-444
-
(1997)
Appl Energy
, vol.56
, pp. 433-444
-
-
Buendia, L.V.1
Neue, H.U.2
Wassmann, R.3
Lantin, R.S.4
Javellana, A.M.5
Xu, Y.C.6
Makarim, A.K.7
Corton, T.M.8
Charoensilp, N.9
-
13
-
-
0027516122
-
Possible influence of hydrogen concentration on microbial methane stable hydrogen isotopic composition
-
Burke RA (1993) Possible influence of hydrogen concentration on microbial methane stable hydrogen isotopic composition. Chemosphere 26: 55-67
-
(1993)
Chemosphere
, vol.26
, pp. 55-67
-
-
Burke, R.A.1
-
14
-
-
0030886761
-
Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields
-
Butterbach-Bahl K, Papen H & Rennenberg H (1997) Impact of gas transport through rice cultivars on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Plant, Cell Environ 20: 1175-1183
-
(1997)
Plant, Cell Environ
, vol.20
, pp. 1175-1183
-
-
Butterbach-Bahl, K.1
Papen, H.2
Rennenberg, H.3
-
15
-
-
0030723823
-
Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management
-
Cai ZC, Xing GX, Yan XY, Xu H, Tsuruta H, Yagi K & Minami K (1997) Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from rice paddy fields as affected by nitrogen fertilisers and water management. Plant Soil 196: 7-14
-
(1997)
Plant Soil
, vol.196
, pp. 7-14
-
-
Cai, Z.C.1
Xing, G.X.2
Yan, X.Y.3
Xu, H.4
Tsuruta, H.5
Yagi, K.6
Minami, K.7
-
17
-
-
0033989638
-
Turnover of glucose and acetate coupled to reduction of nitrate, ferric iron and sulfate and to methanogenesis in anoxic rice field soil
-
Chidthaisong A & Conrad R (2000) Turnover of glucose and acetate coupled to reduction of nitrate, ferric iron and sulfate and to methanogenesis in anoxic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31: 73-86
-
(2000)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.31
, pp. 73-86
-
-
Chidthaisong, A.1
Conrad, R.2
-
18
-
-
0001666769
-
Production potential and emission of methane in flooded rice soil microcosms after continuous application of straws
-
Chidthaisong A, Inubushi K, Muramatsu Y & Watanabe I (1996) Production potential and emission of methane in flooded rice soil microcosms after continuous application of straws. Microbes Environ 11: 73-78
-
(1996)
Microbes Environ
, vol.11
, pp. 73-78
-
-
Chidthaisong, A.1
Inubushi, K.2
Muramatsu, Y.3
Watanabe, I.4
-
19
-
-
0033014926
-
Measurement of monosaccharides and conversion of glucose to acetate in anoxic rice field soil
-
Chidthaisong A, Rosenstock B & Conrad R (1999) Measurement of monosaccharides and conversion of glucose to acetate in anoxic rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 2350-2355
-
(1999)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.65
, pp. 2350-2355
-
-
Chidthaisong, A.1
Rosenstock, B.2
Conrad, R.3
-
20
-
-
0028863159
-
Intermediary metabolism in methanogenic paddy soil and the influence of temperature
-
Chin KJ & Conrad R (1995) Intermediary metabolism in methanogenic paddy soil and the influence of temperature. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 18: 85-102
-
(1995)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.18
, pp. 85-102
-
-
Chin, K.J.1
Conrad, R.2
-
21
-
-
0032752386
-
Characterization and identification of numerically abundant culturable bacteria from the anoxic bulk soil of rice paddy microcosms
-
Chin KJ, Hahn D, Hengstmann U, Liesack W & Janssen PH (1999a) Characterization and identification of numerically abundant culturable bacteria from the anoxic bulk soil of rice paddy microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 5042-5049
-
(1999)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.65
, pp. 5042-5049
-
-
Chin, K.J.1
Hahn, D.2
Hengstmann, U.3
Liesack, W.4
Janssen, P.H.5
-
22
-
-
0033012295
-
Effect of temperature on structure and function of the methanogenic archaeal community in an anoxic rice field soil
-
Chin KJ, Lukow T & Conrad R (1999b) Effect of temperature on structure and function of the methanogenic archaeal community in an anoxic rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 2341-2349
-
(1999)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.65
, pp. 2341-2349
-
-
Chin, K.J.1
Lukow, T.2
Conrad, R.3
-
23
-
-
0019727341
-
Sources of atmospheric methane: Measurements in rice paddies and a discussion
-
Cicerone RJ & Shetter JD (1981) Sources of atmospheric methane: measurements in rice paddies and a discussion. J Geophys Res 86: 7203-7209
-
(1981)
J Geophys Res
, vol.86
, pp. 7203-7209
-
-
Cicerone, R.J.1
Shetter, J.D.2
-
24
-
-
0002986326
-
Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems
-
Andreae MO & Schimel DS (eds). Dahlem Konferenzen. Wiley, Chichester
-
Conrad R (1989) Control of methane production in terrestrial ecosystems. In: Andreae MO & Schimel DS (eds) Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere. Dahlem Konferenzen, pp 39-58. Wiley, Chichester
-
(1989)
Exchange of Trace Gases between Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Atmosphere
, pp. 39-58
-
-
Conrad, R.1
-
25
-
-
0000909179
-
Mechanisms controlling methane emission from wetland rice fields
-
Oremland RS (ed). Chapman & Hall, New York
-
Conrad R (1993) Mechanisms controlling methane emission from wetland rice fields. In: Oremland RS (ed) The Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiative Trace Gases, pp 317-335. Chapman & Hall, New York
-
(1993)
The Biogeochemistry of Global Change: Radiative Trace Gases
, pp. 317-335
-
-
Conrad, R.1
-
26
-
-
0033050621
-
Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments
-
Conrad R (1999) Contribution of hydrogen to methane production and control of hydrogen concentrations in methanogenic soils and sediments [review]. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 28: 193-202
-
(1999)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.28
, pp. 193-202
-
-
Conrad, R.1
-
27
-
-
0032848701
-
Anaerobic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane, acetate and propionate on washed rice roots
-
Conrad R & Klose M (1999) Anaerobic conversion of carbon dioxide to methane, acetate and propionate on washed rice roots. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 30: 147-155
-
(1999)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.30
, pp. 147-155
-
-
Conrad, R.1
Klose, M.2
-
28
-
-
0033772054
-
Selective inhibition of reactions involved in methanogenesis and fatty acid production on rice roots
-
Conrad R & Klose M (2000) Selective inhibition of reactions involved in methanogenesis and fatty acid production on rice roots. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 34: 27-34
-
(2000)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.34
, pp. 27-34
-
-
Conrad, R.1
Klose, M.2
-
29
-
-
0033965364
-
Phosphate inhibits acetotrophic methanogenesis on rice roots
-
Conrad R, Klose M & Claus P (2000) Phosphate inhibits acetotrophic methanogenesis on rice roots. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 828-831
-
(2000)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.66
, pp. 828-831
-
-
Conrad, R.1
Klose, M.2
Claus, P.3
-
30
-
-
0002004315
-
The role of methane in atmospheric chemistry and climate
-
vonEngelhardt W, Leonhardt-Marek S, Breves G & Giesecke D (eds). Enke, Stuttgart
-
Crutzen PJ (1995) The role of methane in atmospheric chemistry and climate. In: vonEngelhardt W, Leonhardt-Marek S, Breves G & Giesecke D (eds) Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction, pp 291-315. Enke, Stuttgart
-
(1995)
Ruminant Physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction
, pp. 291-315
-
-
Crutzen, P.J.1
-
31
-
-
0032967599
-
Effect of rice plants on methane production and rhizospheric metabolism in paddy soil
-
Dannenberg S & Conrad R (1999) Effect of rice plants on methane production and rhizospheric metabolism in paddy soil. Biogeochemistry 45: 53-71
-
(1999)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.45
, pp. 53-71
-
-
Dannenberg, S.1
Conrad, R.2
-
32
-
-
0000737747
-
Nitrogen transformations in wetland rice ecosystems
-
DeDatta SK (1995) Nitrogen transformations in wetland rice ecosystems. Fertilizer Res 42: 193-203
-
(1995)
Fertilizer Res
, vol.42
, pp. 193-203
-
-
DeDatta, S.K.1
-
33
-
-
0002820070
-
Influence of organic matter incorporation on the methane emission from a wetland rice field
-
Demer van der Gon HAC and Neue HU (1995) Influence of organic matter incorporation on the methane emission from a wetland rice field. Global Biogeochem Cycles 9: 11-22
-
(1995)
Global Biogeochem Cycles
, vol.9
, pp. 11-22
-
-
Demer Van Der Gon, H.A.C.1
Neue, H.U.2
-
34
-
-
0027208238
-
Effect of redox potential on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri
-
Fetzer S & Conrad R (1993) Effect of redox potential on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri. Arch Microbiol 160: 108-113
-
(1993)
Arch Microbiol
, vol.160
, pp. 108-113
-
-
Fetzer, S.1
Conrad, R.2
-
35
-
-
0027337079
-
Sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria from paddy soil to oxygen and desiccation
-
Fetzer S, Bak F & Conrad R (1993) Sensitivity of methanogenic bacteria from paddy soil to oxygen and desiccation. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 12: 107-115
-
(1993)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.12
, pp. 107-115
-
-
Fetzer, S.1
Bak, F.2
Conrad, R.3
-
36
-
-
0033754494
-
Effect of temperature on carbon and electron flow and on the archaeal community in methanogenic rice field soil
-
Fey A & Conrad R (2000) Effect of temperature on carbon and electron flow and on the archaeal community in methanogenic rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 4790-4797
-
(2000)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.66
, pp. 4790-4797
-
-
Fey, A.1
Conrad, R.2
-
37
-
-
0035208353
-
Thermophilic methanogens in rice field soil
-
Fey A, Chin KJ & Conrad R (2001) Thermophilic methanogens in rice field soil. Environ Microbiol 3: 295-303
-
(2001)
Environ Microbiol
, vol.3
, pp. 295-303
-
-
Fey, A.1
Chin, K.J.2
Conrad, R.3
-
38
-
-
0033060865
-
Rice roots and methanogenesis in a paddy soil: Ferric iron as an alternative electron acceptor in the rooted soil
-
Frenzel P, Bosse U & Janssen PH (1999) Rice roots and methanogenesis in a paddy soil: ferric iron as an alternative electron acceptor in the rooted soil. Soil Biol Biochem 31: 421-430
-
(1999)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.31
, pp. 421-430
-
-
Frenzel, P.1
Bosse, U.2
Janssen, P.H.3
-
39
-
-
0027071339
-
Oxygen profiles and methane turnover in a flooded rice microcosm
-
Frenzel P, Rothfuss F & Conrad R (1992) Oxygen profiles and methane turnover in a flooded rice microcosm. Biol Fertil Soils 14: 84-89
-
(1992)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.14
, pp. 84-89
-
-
Frenzel, P.1
Rothfuss, F.2
Conrad, R.3
-
40
-
-
0032948883
-
Ammoniacal nutrition of transplanted rice fertilized with large urea granules
-
Gaudin R & Dupuy J (1999) Ammoniacal nutrition of transplanted rice fertilized with large urea granules. Agronomy J 91: 33-36
-
(1999)
Agronomy J
, vol.91
, pp. 33-36
-
-
Gaudin, R.1
Dupuy, J.2
-
41
-
-
0028032005
-
Carbon isotope effects associated with aceticlastic methanogenesis
-
Gelwicks JT, Risatti JB & Hayes JM (1994) Carbon isotope effects associated with aceticlastic methanogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 467-472
-
(1994)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.60
, pp. 467-472
-
-
Gelwicks, J.T.1
Risatti, J.B.2
Hayes, J.M.3
-
42
-
-
0032401823
-
4 oxidation - The activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment
-
4 oxidation - the activity of bacteria, their distribution and the microenvironment. Soil Biol Biochem 30: 1903-1916
-
(1998)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.30
, pp. 1903-1916
-
-
Gilbert, B.1
Frenzel, P.2
-
43
-
-
0033987692
-
Fermentation pattern of methanogenic degradation of rice straw in anoxic paddy soil
-
Glissmann K & Conrad R (1999) Fermentation pattern of methanogenic degradation of rice straw in anoxic paddy soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 31: 117-126
-
(1999)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.31
, pp. 117-126
-
-
Glissmann, K.1
Conrad, R.2
-
44
-
-
0036926813
-
Saccharolytic activity and its role as a limiting step in methane formation during the anaerobic degradation of rice straw in rice paddy soil
-
Glissmann K & Conrad R (2002) Saccharolytic activity and its role as a limiting step in methane formation during the anaerobic degradation of rice straw in rice paddy soil. Biol Fertil Soils, 35: 62-67
-
(2002)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.35
, pp. 62-67
-
-
Glissmann, K.1
Conrad, R.2
-
45
-
-
2542508293
-
Diversity and structure of the methanogenic community in anoxic rice paddy soil microcosms as examined by cultivation and direct 16S rRNA gene sequence retrieval
-
Großkopf R, Janssen PH & Liesack W (1998a) Diversity and structure of the methanogenic community in anoxic rice paddy soil microcosms as examined by cultivation and direct 16S rRNA gene sequence retrieval. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 960-969
-
(1998)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.64
, pp. 960-969
-
-
Großkopf, R.1
Janssen, P.H.2
Liesack, W.3
-
46
-
-
0040336333
-
Novel euryarchaeotal lineages detected on rice roots and in the anoxic bulk soil of flooded rice microcosms
-
Großkopf R, Stubner S & Liesack W (1998b) Novel euryarchaeotal lineages detected on rice roots and in the anoxic bulk soil of flooded rice microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 64: 4983-4989
-
(1998)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.64
, pp. 4983-4989
-
-
Großkopf, R.1
Stubner, S.2
Liesack, W.3
-
47
-
-
0032705563
-
Comparative phylogenetic assignment of environmental sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA and numerically abundant culturable bacteria from an anoxic rice paddy soil
-
Hengstmann U, Chin KJ, Janssen PH & Liesack W (1999) Comparative phylogenetic assignment of environmental sequences of genes encoding 16S rRNA and numerically abundant culturable bacteria from an anoxic rice paddy soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 5050-5058
-
(1999)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.65
, pp. 5050-5058
-
-
Hengstmann, U.1
Chin, K.J.2
Janssen, P.H.3
Liesack, W.4
-
49
-
-
0012591666
-
-
Bracknell, UK: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
-
Houghton JT, Meira Filho LG, Lira B, Treanton K, Mamaty I, Bonduki Y, Griggs DJ & Callander BA (1997) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual, vol 3. Bracknell, UK: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
-
(1997)
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual
, vol.3
-
-
Houghton, J.T.1
Meira Filho, L.G.2
Lira, B.3
Treanton, K.4
Mamaty, I.5
Bonduki, Y.6
Griggs, D.J.7
Callander, B.A.8
-
51
-
-
0031859626
-
A semi-empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils
-
Huang Y, Sass RL & Fisher FM (1998) A semi-empirical model of methane emission from flooded rice paddy soils [review]. Global Change Biology 4: 247-268
-
(1998)
Global Change Biology
, vol.4
, pp. 247-268
-
-
Huang, Y.1
Sass, R.L.2
Fisher, F.M.3
-
52
-
-
0033826534
-
Suppression of methane emission from rice paddies by ferric iron fertilization
-
Jäckel U & Schnell S (2000) Suppression of methane emission from rice paddies by ferric iron fertilization. Soil Biol Biochem 32: 1811-1814
-
(2000)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.32
, pp. 1811-1814
-
-
Jäckel, U.1
Schnell, S.2
-
53
-
-
0025198904
-
Acetate threshold and acetate activating enzymes in methanogenic bacteria
-
Jetten MSM, Stams AJM & Zehnder AJB (1990) Acetate threshold and acetate activating enzymes in methanogenic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 73: 339-344
-
(1990)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.73
, pp. 339-344
-
-
Jetten, M.S.M.1
Stams, A.J.M.2
Zehnder, A.J.B.3
-
54
-
-
0032463093
-
Effects of production and oxidation processes on methane emissions from rice fields
-
Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA & Shearer MJ (1998a) Effects of production and oxidation processes on methane emissions from rice fields. J Geophys Res 103: 25233-25239
-
(1998)
J Geophys Res
, vol.103
, pp. 25233-25239
-
-
Khalil, M.A.K.1
Rasmussen, R.A.2
Shearer, M.J.3
-
55
-
-
0032454134
-
Emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases from rice fields in China
-
Khalil MAK, Rasmussen RA, Shearer MJ, Chen ZL, Yao H & Yang J (1998b) Emissions of methane, nitrous oxide, and other trace gases from rice fields in China. J Geophys Res 103: 25241-25250
-
(1998)
J Geophys Res
, vol.103
, pp. 25241-25250
-
-
Khalil, M.A.K.1
Rasmussen, R.A.2
Shearer, M.J.3
Chen, Z.L.4
Yao, H.5
Yang, J.6
-
56
-
-
0002891608
-
Anaerobic microbiology in waterlogged rice fields
-
Bollag JM & Stotzky G (eds). Marcel Dekker, New York
-
Kimura M (2000) Anaerobic microbiology in waterlogged rice fields. In: Bollag JM & Stotzky G (eds) Soil Biochemistry, vol 10, pp 35-138. Marcel Dekker, New York
-
(2000)
Soil Biochemistry
, vol.10
, pp. 35-138
-
-
Kimura, M.1
-
57
-
-
0344603560
-
Microscopic observation of the decomposition process of leaf sheath of rice straw and colonizing microorganisms during the cultivation period of paddy rice
-
Kimura M & Tun CC (1999) Microscopic observation of the decomposition process of leaf sheath of rice straw and colonizing microorganisms during the cultivation period of paddy rice. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 45: 427-437
-
(1999)
Soil Sci Plant Nutr
, vol.45
, pp. 427-437
-
-
Kimura, M.1
Tun, C.C.2
-
58
-
-
0032031349
-
2O on methanogenesis and other redox processes in anoxic rice field soil
-
2O on methanogenesis and other redox processes in anoxic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 25: 301-318
-
(1998)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.25
, pp. 301-318
-
-
Klüber, H.D.1
Conrad, R.2
-
59
-
-
0031958945
-
2O on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium bryantii
-
2O on methanogenesis by Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium bryantii. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 25: 331-339
-
(1998)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.25
, pp. 331-339
-
-
Klüber, H.D.1
Conrad, R.2
-
61
-
-
0035727220
-
Microbial processes influencing methane emission from rice fields
-
Krüger M, Frenzel P & Conrad R (2001) Microbial processes influencing methane emission from rice fields. Global Change Biol 7: 49-63.
-
(2001)
Global Change Biol
, vol.7
, pp. 49-63
-
-
Krüger, M.1
Frenzel, P.2
Conrad, R.3
-
62
-
-
0031904671
-
Thermodynamics of propionate degradation in methanogenic paddy soil
-
Krylova NI & Conrad R (1998) Thermodynamics of propionate degradation in methanogenic paddy soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 26: 281-288
-
(1998)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.26
, pp. 281-288
-
-
Krylova, N.I.1
Conrad, R.2
-
64
-
-
0001199156
-
Stable carbon isotope fractionation by Methanosarcina barkeri during methanogenesis from acetate, methanol, or carbon dioxide-hydrogen
-
Krzycki JA, Kenealy WR, DeNiro MJ & Zeikus JG (1987) Stable carbon isotope fractionation by Methanosarcina barkeri during methanogenesis from acetate, methanol, or carbon dioxide-hydrogen. Appl Environ Microbiol 53: 2597-2599
-
(1987)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.53
, pp. 2597-2599
-
-
Krzycki, J.A.1
Kenealy, W.R.2
DeNiro, M.J.3
Zeikus, J.G.4
-
65
-
-
0029782668
-
Physiological ecology of Methanobrevibacter cuticularis sp nov and Methanobrevibacter curvatus sp nov, isolated from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes
-
Leadbetter JR & Breznak JA (1996) Physiological ecology of Methanobrevibacter cuticularis sp nov and Methanobrevibacter curvatus sp nov, isolated from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 3620-3631
-
(1996)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.62
, pp. 3620-3631
-
-
Leadbetter, J.R.1
Breznak, J.A.2
-
68
-
-
0032868367
-
Impact of phosphorus supply on root exudation, aerenchyma formation and methane emission of rice plants
-
Lu Y, Wassmann R, Neue HU & Huang C (1999) Impact of phosphorus supply on root exudation, aerenchyma formation and methane emission of rice plants. Biogeochemistry 47: 203-218
-
(1999)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.47
, pp. 203-218
-
-
Lu, Y.1
Wassmann, R.2
Neue, H.U.3
Huang, C.4
-
69
-
-
0033933786
-
Archaeal population dynamics during sequential reduction processes in rice field soil
-
Lueders T & Friedrich M (2000) Archaeal population dynamics during sequential reduction processes in rice field soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 2732-2742
-
(2000)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.66
, pp. 2732-2742
-
-
Lueders, T.1
Friedrich, M.2
-
70
-
-
0025198352
-
Factors influencing the population of methanogenic bacteria and the initiation of methane production upon flooding of paddy soil
-
Mayer HP & Conrad R (1990) Factors influencing the population of methanogenic bacteria and the initiation of methane production upon flooding of paddy soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 73: 103-112
-
(1990)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.73
, pp. 103-112
-
-
Mayer, H.P.1
Conrad, R.2
-
71
-
-
0001534798
-
Methane from rice production
-
Minami K (1994) Methane from rice production. Fertil Res 37: 167-179
-
(1994)
Fertil Res
, vol.37
, pp. 167-179
-
-
Minami, K.1
-
72
-
-
0031670544
-
Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane
-
Mosier AR, Duxbury JM, Freney JR, Heinemeyer O, Minami K & Johnson DE (1998) Mitigating agricultural emissions of methane [review]. Climatic Change 40: 39-80
-
(1998)
Climatic Change
, vol.40
, pp. 39-80
-
-
Mosier, A.R.1
Duxbury, J.M.2
Freney, J.R.3
Heinemeyer, O.4
Minami, K.5
Johnson, D.E.6
-
74
-
-
0022700333
-
14C-labeled rice straw in aerobic and submerged rice soils of the Philippines
-
14C-labeled rice straw in aerobic and submerged rice soils of the Philippines. Sci Total Environ 62: 431-434
-
(1987)
Sci Total Environ
, vol.62
, pp. 431-434
-
-
Neue, H.U.1
Scharpenseel, H.W.2
-
75
-
-
0000353445
-
Mechanism of methane transport by rice plants
-
Oremland RS (ed). Chapman & Hall, New York
-
Nouchi I & Mariko S (1993) Mechanism of methane transport by rice plants. In: Oremland RS (ed) Biogeochemistry of Global Change, pp 336-352. Chapman & Hall, New York
-
(1993)
Biogeochemistry of Global Change
, pp. 336-352
-
-
Nouchi, I.1
Mariko, S.2
-
76
-
-
0031410584
-
An ecosystem simulation model for methane production and emission from wetlands
-
Potter CS (1997) An ecosystem simulation model for methane production and emission from wetlands. Global Biogeochem Cycles 11: 495-506
-
(1997)
Global Biogeochem Cycles
, vol.11
, pp. 495-506
-
-
Potter, C.S.1
-
77
-
-
0034079104
-
Effect of soil aggregate size on methanogenesis and archaeal community structure in anoxic rice field soil
-
Ramakrishnan B, Lueders T, Conrad R & Friedrich M (2000) Effect of soil aggregate size on methanogenesis and archaeal community structure in anoxic rice field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 32: 261-270
-
(2000)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.32
, pp. 261-270
-
-
Ramakrishnan, B.1
Lueders, T.2
Conrad, R.3
Friedrich, M.4
-
78
-
-
0031852982
-
Effects of short-term drainage and aeration on the production of methane in submerged rice soil
-
Ratering S & Conrad R (1998) Effects of short-term drainage and aeration on the production of methane in submerged rice soil. Global Change Biol 4: 397-407
-
(1998)
Global Change Biol
, vol.4
, pp. 397-407
-
-
Ratering, S.1
Conrad, R.2
-
79
-
-
0033950593
-
Localization of iron-reducing activity in paddy soil by profile studies
-
Ratering S & Schnell S (2000) Localization of iron-reducing activity in paddy soil by profile studies. Biogeochemistry 48: 341-365
-
(2000)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.48
, pp. 341-365
-
-
Ratering, S.1
Schnell, S.2
-
80
-
-
0032951653
-
Methane production in unamended and rice-straw-amended soil at different moisture levels
-
Rath AK, Mohanty SR, Mishra S, Kumaraswamy S, Ramakrishnan B & Sethunathan N (1999) Methane production in unamended and rice-straw-amended soil at different moisture levels. Biol Fertil Soils 28: 145-149
-
(1999)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.28
, pp. 145-149
-
-
Rath, A.K.1
Mohanty, S.R.2
Mishra, S.3
Kumaraswamy, S.4
Ramakrishnan, B.5
Sethunathan, N.6
-
81
-
-
0024940682
-
Nitrification-denitrification at the plant root-sediment interface in wetlands
-
Reddy KR, Patrick Jr. WH & Lindau CW (1989) Nitrification-denitrification at the plant root-sediment interface in wetlands. Limnol Oceanogr 34: 1004-1013
-
(1989)
Limnol Oceanogr
, vol.34
, pp. 1004-1013
-
-
Reddy, K.R.1
Patrick W.H., Jr.2
Lindau, C.W.3
-
82
-
-
0032818834
-
Microsensor analysis of oxygen and pH in the rice rhizosphere under field and laboratory conditions
-
Revsbech NP, Pedersen O, Reichardt W & Briones A (1999) Microsensor analysis of oxygen and pH in the rice rhizosphere under field and laboratory conditions. Biol Fertil Soils 29: 379-385
-
(1999)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.29
, pp. 379-385
-
-
Revsbech, N.P.1
Pedersen, O.2
Reichardt, W.3
Briones, A.4
-
83
-
-
0032812280
-
Culturable populations of Sporomusa spp. and Desulfovibrio spp. in the anoxic bulk soil of flooded rice microcosms
-
Rosencrantz D, Rainey FA & Janssen PH (1999) Culturable populations of Sporomusa spp. and Desulfovibrio spp. in the anoxic bulk soil of flooded rice microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 3526-3533
-
(1999)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.65
, pp. 3526-3533
-
-
Rosencrantz, D.1
Rainey, F.A.2
Janssen, P.H.3
-
84
-
-
0344447077
-
Early initiation of methane production in anoxic rice soil despite the presence of oxidants
-
Roy R, Klüber HD & Conrad R (1997) Early initiation of methane production in anoxic rice soil despite the presence of oxidants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 24: 311-320
-
(1997)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.24
, pp. 311-320
-
-
Roy, R.1
Klüber, H.D.2
Conrad, R.3
-
85
-
-
0000208675
-
Methane emissions from rice paddies - A process study summary
-
Sass RL & Fisher FM (1997) Methane emissions from rice paddies - a process study summary. Nutrient Cycling Agroecosyst 49: 119-127
-
(1997)
Nutrient Cycling Agroecosyst
, vol.49
, pp. 119-127
-
-
Sass, R.L.1
Fisher, F.M.2
-
86
-
-
84977372600
-
Mitigation of methane emissions from rice fields: Possible adverse effects of incorporated rice straw
-
Sass RL, Fisher FM, Harcombe PA & Turner FT (1991) Mitigation of methane emissions from rice fields: Possible adverse effects of incorporated rice straw. Global Biogeochem Cycles 5: 275-287
-
(1991)
Global Biogeochem Cycles
, vol.5
, pp. 275-287
-
-
Sass, R.L.1
Fisher, F.M.2
Harcombe, P.A.3
Turner, F.T.4
-
87
-
-
0030871461
-
Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation
-
Schink B (1997) Energetics of syntrophic cooperation in methanogenic degradation. Microbiol Molec Biol Rev 61: 262-280
-
(1997)
Microbiol Molec Biol Rev
, vol.61
, pp. 262-280
-
-
Schink, B.1
-
88
-
-
0033916430
-
Energetics of syntrophic propionate oxidation in defined batch and chemostat cocultures
-
Scholten JCM & Conrad R (2000) Energetics of syntrophic propionate oxidation in defined batch and chemostat cocultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 66: 2934-2942
-
(2000)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.66
, pp. 2934-2942
-
-
Scholten, J.C.M.1
Conrad, R.2
-
89
-
-
0024900585
-
A 3-year continuous record on the influence of daytime, season, and fertilizer treatment on methane emission rates from an Italian rice paddy
-
Schütz H, Holzapfel-Pschorn A, Conrad R, Rennenberg H & Seiler W (1989) A 3-year continuous record on the influence of daytime, season, and fertilizer treatment on methane emission rates from an Italian rice paddy. J Geophys Res 94: 16405-16416
-
(1989)
J Geophys Res
, vol.94
, pp. 16405-16416
-
-
Schütz, H.1
Holzapfel-Pschorn, A.2
Conrad, R.3
Rennenberg, H.4
Seiler, W.5
-
90
-
-
0003156470
-
Role of plants in regulating the methane flux to the atmosphere
-
Sharkey TD, Holland EA, Mooney HA (eds). Academic Press, San Diego
-
Schütz H, Schröder P & Rennenberg H (1991) Role of plants in regulating the methane flux to the atmosphere. In: Sharkey TD, Holland EA, Mooney HA (eds) Trace Gas Emissions by Plants, pp 29-63. Academic Press, San Diego
-
(1991)
Trace Gas Emissions by Plants
, pp. 29-63
-
-
Schütz, H.1
Schröder, P.2
Rennenberg, H.3
-
91
-
-
0025634764
-
Influence of soil temperature on methane emission from rice paddy fields
-
Schütz H, Seiler W & Conrad R (1990) Influence of soil temperature on methane emission from rice paddy fields. Biogeochemistry 11: 77-95
-
(1990)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.11
, pp. 77-95
-
-
Schütz, H.1
Seiler, W.2
Conrad, R.3
-
93
-
-
0031943516
-
Methane production and methane consumption - A review of processes underlying wetland methane fluxes
-
Segers R (1998) Methane production and methane consumption - a review of processes underlying wetland methane fluxes [review]. Biogeochemistry 41: 23-51
-
(1998)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.41
, pp. 23-51
-
-
Segers, R.1
-
94
-
-
0002854938
-
Rice agriculture: Emissions
-
Khalil MAK (ed). Springer, Berlin
-
Shearer MJ & Khalil MAK (1993) Rice agriculture: emissions. In: Khalil MAK (ed) Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change, pp 230-253. Springer, Berlin
-
(1993)
Atmospheric Methane: Sources, Sinks, and Role in Global Change
, pp. 230-253
-
-
Shearer, M.J.1
Khalil, M.A.K.2
-
95
-
-
0031460011
-
Effects of field drainage on soil parameters related to methane production and emission from rice paddies
-
Sigren LK, Lewis ST, Fisher FM & Sass RL (1997) Effects of field drainage on soil parameters related to methane production and emission from rice paddies. Global Biogeochem Cycles 11: 151-162
-
(1997)
Global Biogeochem Cycles
, vol.11
, pp. 151-162
-
-
Sigren, L.K.1
Lewis, S.T.2
Fisher, F.M.3
Sass, R.L.4
-
96
-
-
0032485825
-
Carbon isotope fractionation associated with methylotrophic methanogenesis
-
Summons RE, Franzmann PD & Nichols PD (1998) Carbon isotope fractionation associated with methylotrophic methanogenesis. Org Geochem 28: 465-475
-
(1998)
Org Geochem
, vol.28
, pp. 465-475
-
-
Summons, R.E.1
Franzmann, P.D.2
Nichols, P.D.3
-
97
-
-
0032434499
-
Nitrous oxide flux from irrigated rice fields in West Java
-
Suratno W, Murdiyarso D, Suratmo FG, Anas I, Saeni MS & Rambe A (1998) Nitrous oxide flux from irrigated rice fields in West Java. Environ Pollut 102: 159-166
-
(1998)
Environ Pollut
, vol.102
, pp. 159-166
-
-
Suratno, W.1
Murdiyarso, D.2
Suratmo, F.G.3
Anas, I.4
Saeni, M.S.5
Rambe, A.6
-
98
-
-
0001856362
-
Behavior of anaerobic decomposition products in submerged soils. Effects of organic material amendment, soil properties, and temperature
-
Tsutsuki K & Ponnamperuma FN (1987) Behavior of anaerobic decomposition products in submerged soils. Effects of organic material amendment, soil properties, and temperature. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 33: 13-33
-
(1987)
Soil Sci Plant Nutr
, vol.33
, pp. 13-33
-
-
Tsutsuki, K.1
Ponnamperuma, F.N.2
-
99
-
-
0032718598
-
Temperature effects on soil methane production: An explanation for observed variability
-
vanHulzen JB, Segers R, vanBodegom PM & Leffelaar PA (1999) Temperature effects on soil methane production: an explanation for observed variability. Soil Biol Biochem 31: 1919-1929
-
(1999)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.31
, pp. 1919-1929
-
-
VanHulzen, J.B.1
Segers, R.2
VanBodegom, P.M.3
Leffelaar, P.A.4
-
100
-
-
0031003742
-
Effect of cultivar difference ('IR72', 'IR65598' and 'Dular') on methane emission
-
Wang B, Neue HU & Samonte HP (1997) Effect of cultivar difference ('IR72', 'IR65598' and 'Dular') on methane emission. Agric Ecosyst Environ 62: 31-40
-
(1997)
Agric Ecosyst Environ
, vol.62
, pp. 31-40
-
-
Wang, B.1
Neue, H.U.2
Samonte, H.P.3
-
102
-
-
0032552261
-
4 emission from paddy soils grown with different rice cultivars - A pot experiment
-
4 emission from paddy soils grown with different rice cultivars - a pot experiment. J Geophys Res 103: 18947-18952
-
(1998)
J Geophys Res
, vol.103
, pp. 18947-18952
-
-
Watanabe, A.1
Kimura, M.2
-
103
-
-
0032858510
-
Influence of chemical properties of soils on methane emission from rice paddies
-
Watanabe A & Kimura M (1999) Influence of chemical properties of soils on methane emission from rice paddies. Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal 30: 2449-2463
-
(1999)
Comm Soil Sci Plant Anal
, vol.30
, pp. 2449-2463
-
-
Watanabe, A.1
Kimura, M.2
-
104
-
-
0027138475
-
4 emission from paddy fields. 2. Contribution of organic constituents in rice straw
-
4 emission from paddy fields. 2. contribution of organic constituents in rice straw. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 39: 707-712
-
(1993)
Soil Sci Plant Nutr
, vol.39
, pp. 707-712
-
-
Watanabe, A.1
Katoh, K.2
Kimura, M.3
-
106
-
-
0035293037
-
Bacterial populations colonizing and degrading rice straw in anoxic paddy soil
-
Weber S, Stubner S & Conrad R (2001) Bacterial populations colonizing and degrading rice straw in anoxic paddy soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 1318-1327
-
(2001)
Appl Environ Microbiol
, vol.67
, pp. 1318-1327
-
-
Weber, S.1
Stubner, S.2
Conrad, R.3
-
107
-
-
0034010663
-
Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane
-
Whiticar MJ (1999) Carbon and hydrogen isotope systematics of bacterial formation and oxidation of methane. Chem Geology 161: 291-314
-
(1999)
Chem Geology
, vol.161
, pp. 291-314
-
-
Whiticar, M.J.1
-
108
-
-
0030613612
-
Localization of sulfate reduction in planted and unplanted rice field soil
-
Wind T & Conrad R (1997) Localization of sulfate reduction in planted and unplanted rice field soil. Biogeochemistry 37: 253-278
-
(1997)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.37
, pp. 253-278
-
-
Wind, T.1
Conrad, R.2
-
109
-
-
0034918309
-
Functional patterns and temperature response of cellulose-fermenting microbial cultures containing different methanogenic communities
-
Wu XL, Chin KJ, Stubner A & Conrad R (2001) Functional patterns and temperature response of cellulose-fermenting microbial cultures containing different methanogenic communities. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65: 212-219
-
(2001)
Appl Microbiol Biotechnol
, vol.65
, pp. 212-219
-
-
Wu, X.L.1
Chin, K.J.2
Stubner, A.3
Conrad, R.4
-
110
-
-
0036257072
-
Effect of temperature stress on structure and function of the methanogenic archaeal community in a rice field soil
-
Wu XL, Chin KJ, Conrad R (2002) Effect of temperature stress on structure and function of the methanogenic archaeal community in a rice field soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 32: 211-218.
-
(2002)
FEMS Microbiol Ecol
, vol.32
, pp. 211-218
-
-
Wu, X.L.1
Chin, K.J.2
Conrad, R.3
-
111
-
-
0035210523
-
Functional and structural response of a cellulose-degrading methanogenic microbiol community to multiple aeration stress at two different temperatures
-
Wu XL, Conrad R (2001) Functional and structural response of a cellulose-degrading methanogenic microbiol community to multiple aeration stress at two different temperatures. Environ Microbiol 3: 355-362.
-
(2001)
Environ Microbiol
, vol.3
, pp. 355-362
-
-
Wu, X.L.1
Conrad, R.2
-
112
-
-
84950450552
-
Effect of organic matter application on methane emission from some Japanese paddy fields
-
Yagi K & Minami K (1990) Effect of organic matter application on methane emission from some Japanese paddy fields. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 36: 599-610
-
(1990)
Soil Sci Plant Nutr
, vol.36
, pp. 599-610
-
-
Yagi, K.1
Minami, K.2
-
113
-
-
0031410678
-
Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation
-
Yagi K, Tsuruta H & Minami K (1997) Possible options for mitigating methane emission from rice cultivation. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 49: 213-220
-
(1997)
Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst
, vol.49
, pp. 213-220
-
-
Yagi, K.1
Tsuruta, H.2
Minami, K.3
-
114
-
-
0030423377
-
Effect of water management on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field: Automated methane monitoring
-
Yagi K, Tsuruta H, Kanda K & Minami K (1996) Effect of water management on methane emission from a Japanese rice paddy field: Automated methane monitoring. Global Biogeochem Cycles 10: 255-267
-
(1996)
Global Biogeochem Cycles
, vol.10
, pp. 255-267
-
-
Yagi, K.1
Tsuruta, H.2
Kanda, K.3
Minami, K.4
-
115
-
-
0033060122
-
Thermodynamics of methane production in different rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines and Italy
-
Yao H & Conrad R (1999) Thermodynamics of methane production in different rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines and Italy. Soil Biol Biochem 31: 463-473
-
(1999)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.31
, pp. 463-473
-
-
Yao, H.1
Conrad, R.2
-
117
-
-
0034483115
-
Effect of temperature on reduction of iron and production of carbon dioxide and methane in anoxic wetland rice soils
-
Yao H & Conrad R (2000b) Effect of temperature on reduction of iron and production of carbon dioxide and methane in anoxic wetland rice soils. Biol Fertil Soils 32: 135-141
-
(2000)
Biol Fertil Soils
, vol.32
, pp. 135-141
-
-
Yao, H.1
Conrad, R.2
-
118
-
-
0035112021
-
Thermodynamics of propionate degradation in anoxic paddy soil from different rice-growing regions
-
Yao H & Conrad R (2001) Thermodynamics of propionate degradation in anoxic paddy soil from different rice-growing regions. Soil Biol Biochem 33: 359-364
-
(2001)
Soil Biol Biochem
, vol.33
, pp. 359-364
-
-
Yao, H.1
Conrad, R.2
-
119
-
-
0032821626
-
Effect of soil characteristics on sequential reduction and methane production in sixteen rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines, and Italy
-
Yao H, Conrad R, Wassmann R & Neue HU (1999) Effect of soil characteristics on sequential reduction and methane production in sixteen rice paddy soils from China, the Philippines, and Italy. Biogeochemistry 47: 269-295
-
(1999)
Biogeochemistry
, vol.47
, pp. 269-295
-
-
Yao, H.1
Conrad, R.2
Wassmann, R.3
Neue, H.U.4
|