The genomic sequence analysis of the left and right species-specific terminal region of a cowpox virus strain reveals unique sequences and a cluster of intact ORFs for immunomodulatory and host range proteins

Virology

Volumn 243, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 432-460

  Shchelkunov, Sergei N ^a   Safronov, Pavel F ^a   Totmenin, Alexei V ^a   Petrov, Nikolai A ^a   Ryazankina, Olga I ^a   Gutorov, Valery V ^a   Kotwal, Girish J ^b  

^a STATE RESEARCH CENTER OF VIROLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY VECTOR   (Russian Federation)

^b University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GAMMA INTERFERON; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS PROTEIN;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ARTICLE; COWPOX; IMMUNOMODULATION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE REPEAT; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; OPEN READING FRAME; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; VIRUS GENOME;

ANIMALIA; COWPOX VIRUS; DNA VIRUSES; GARCIA; ORTHOPOXVIRUS; POXVIRIDAE; VACCINIA; VACCINIA VIRUS; VARIOLA; VARIOLA MAJOR VIRUS; VARIOLA MINOR VIRUS;

EID: 0032502693     PISSN: 00426822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1006/viro.1998.9039     Document Type: Article

References (119)

1. Alcami A., Smith G. L. A soluble receptor for interleukin-1 beta encoded by vaccinia virus: A novel mechanism of viral modulation of the host response to infection. Cell. 71:1992;153-167.
2. Alcami A., Smith G. L. Vaccinia, cowpox, and camelpox viruses encode soluble gamma interferon receptors with novel broad species specificity. J. Virol. 69:1995;4633-4639.
3. Banham A. H., Smith G. L. Vaccinia virus gene B1R encodes a 34-kDa serine/threonine protein kinase that localizes in cytoplasmic factories and is packaged into virions. Virology. 191:1992;803-812.
4. Banham A. H., Smith G. L. Characterization of vaccinia virus gene B12R. J. Gen. Virol. 74:1993;2807-2812.
5. Baroudy B. M., Venkatesan S., Moss B. Incomplemetely base-paired flip-flop terminal loops link the two DNA strands of the vaccinia virus genome into one uninterrupted polynucleotide chain. Cell. 28:1982;315-324.
6. Baroudy B. M., Venkatesan S., Moss B. Structure and replication of vaccinia virus telomeres. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 47:1983;723-729.
7. Beattie E., Tartaglia J., Paoletti E. Vaccinia-virus encoded elF-2 alpha homolog abrogates the antiviral effect of interferon. Virology. 183:1991;419-422.
8. Beutler B., van Huffel C. Unraveling function in the TNF ligand and receptor families. Science. 264:1994;667-668.
9. Blomquist M. C., Hunt L. T., Barker W. C. Vaccinia virus 19-kilodalton protein: Relationship to several mammalian proteins, including two growth factors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;7363-7367.
10. Brown C. K., Turner P. C., Moyer R. W. Molecular characterization of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin gene. J. Virol. 65:1991;3598-3606.
11. Brown J. P., Twardzik D. R., Marquardt H., Todaro G. J. Vaccinia virus encodes a polypeptide homologous to epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor. Nature. 313:1985;491-492.
12. Buller R. M. L., Chakrabarti S., Cooper J. A., Twardzik D. R., Moss B. Cell proliferative response to vaccinia virus is mediated by VGF. Virology. 164:1988a;182-192.
13. Buller R. M. L., Chakrabarti S., Cooper J. A., Twardizik D. R., Moss B. Deletion of the vaccinia virus growth factor gene reduces virus virulence. J. Virol. 62:1988b;866-874.
14. Chen W., Drillien R., Spehner D., Buller R. M. Restricted replication of ectromelia virus in cell culture correlates with mutations in virus-encoded host range gene. Virology. 187:1992;433-442.
15. Davies M. V., Chang H.-W., Jacobs B. L., Kaufman R. J. The E3L and K3L vaccinia virus gene products stimulate translation through inhibition of the double-sranded RNA-dependent protein kinase by different mechanisms. J. Virol. 67:1993;1688-1692.
16. Davies M. V., Elroy-Stein O., Jagus R., Moss B., Kaufman R. J. The vaccinia virus K3L gene product potentiates translation by inhibiting double-stranded-RNAactivated protein kinase and phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2. J. Virol. 66:1991;1943-1950.
17. Dobbelstein M., Shenk T. Protection against apoptosis by the vaccinia virus SPI-2 (B13R) gene product. J. Virol. 70:1996;6479-6485.
18. Downie A. W. The immunological relationship of the virus of spontaneous cowpox to vaccinia virus. Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 20:1939;158-176.
19. Duerkop H., Latza U., Hummel M., Eitelbach F., Seed B., Stein H. Molecular cloning and expression of a new member of the nerve growth factor receptor family that is characteristic for Hogkin's disease. Cell. 68:1992;421-427.
20. Earl P. L., Moss B. Vaccinia virus. Locus Maps Complex Genomes. 1990;Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor. p. 138-218.
21. Engelstad M., Howard S. T., Smith G. L. A constitutively expressed vaccinia gene encodes a 42-kDa glycoprotein related to complement control factors that forms part of the extracellular virus envelope. Virology. 188:1992;801-810.
22. Engelstad M., Smith G. L. The vaccinia virus 42 kDa envelope protein is required for envelopment and egress of extracellular virus and for virulencve. Virology. 194:1993;627-637.
23. Esposito J. J., Knight J. C. Orthopoxvirus DNA: A comparison of restriction profiles and maps. Virology. 143:1985;230-251.
24. Fenner F. The biological characters of several strains of vaccinia, cowpox, and rabbitpox viruses. Virology. 5:1958;502-529.
25. Fenner F., Wittek R., Dumbell K. R. The Orthopoxviruses. 1989;Academic Press, San Diego.
26. Flynn J. L., Chan J., Triebold K. J., Dalton D. K., Stewart T. A., Bloom B. R. An essential role for interferon gamma in resistance toMycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Exp. Med. 178:1993;2249-2254.
27. Freemont P. S., Hanson I. M., Trowsdale J. A novel cystein-rich sequence motif. Cell. 64:1991;483-484.
28. Gillard S., Spehner D., Drillien R., Kirn A. Localization and sequence of a vaccinia virus gene required for multiplication in human cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;5573-5577.
29. Goebel S. J., Johnson G. P., Perkus M. E., Davis S. W., Winslow J. P., Paoletti E. The complete DNA sequence of vaccinia virus. Virology. 179:1990;247-266.
30. Graham K. A., Lalani A. S., Macen J. L., Ness T. L., Marry M., Liu L-Y., Lukas A., Clark-Lewis I., Moyer R. W., McFadden G. The T1/35 kDa family of poxvirus-secreted proteins bind chemokines and modulate leukocyte influx into virus-infected tissue. Virology. 229:1997;12-24.
31. Havell E. A. Evidence that tumor necrosis factor has an important role in antibacterial resistance. J. Immunol. 143:1989;2894-2899.
32. Howard S. T., Chan Y. S., Smith G. L. Vaccinia virus homologues of the Shope fibroma virus inverted terminal repeat proteins and a discontinious ORF related to the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. Virology. 180:1991;633-647.
33. Hu F. Q., Smith C. A., Pickup D. J. Cowpox virus contains two copies of an early gene encoding a soluble secreted form of the type II TNF receptor. Virology. 204:1994;343-356.
34. Huang Z. B. Effect of corticosteroids on IL-1B and TNF alpha release by alveolar macrophages from patients with AIDS andPneumocystis carinii. Chest. 104:1993;751-755.
35. Isaacs S. N., Kotwal G. J., Moss B. Vaccinia virus complement-control protein prevents antigen-dependent complement-enhanced neutralization of infectivity and contributes to virulence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992a;628-632.
36. Isaacs S. N., Wolffe E. J., Payne L. G., Moss B. Characterization of a vaccinia virus-encoded 42-kilodalton class I membrane glycoprotein component of the extracellular virus envelope. J. Virol. 66:1992b;7217-7224.
37. Jin D., Li Z., Jin Q., Yuwen H., Hou Y. Vaccinia virus hemagglutinin: A novel member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. J. Exp. Med. 170:1989;571-576.
38. Kotwal G. J. A great escape: Immune evasion by pathogens. Immunologist. 4:1996;157-164.
39. Kotwal G. J. Microorganisms and their interactions with the immune system. J. Leukoc. Biol. 62:1997;415-429.
40. Kotwal G. J., Moss B. Vaccinia virus encodes a secretory polypeptide structurally related to complement control proteins. Nature. 335:1988a;176-178.
41. Kotwal G. J., Moss B. Analysis of a large cluster of nonessential genes deleted from a vaccinia virus terminal transposition mutant. Virology. 167:1988b;524-537.
42. Kotwal G. J., Moss B. Vaccinia virus encodes two proteins that are structurally related to members of the plasma serine protease inhibitor superfamily. J. Virol. 63:1989;600-606.
43. Kotwal G. J., Hugin A. W., Moss B. Mapping and insertional mutagenesis of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a 13,800-Da secreted protein. Virology. 171:1989;579-587.
44. Kotwal G. J., Isaacs S. N., McKenzie, Frank M. M., Moss B. Inhibition of the complement cascade by the major secretory protein of vaccinia virus. Science. 250:1990;827-830.
45. Law K. M., Smith G. L. A vaccinia serine protease inhibitor which prevents virus-induced cell fusion. J. Gen. Virol. 73:1992;549-557.
46. Lin S., Chen W., Broyles S. S. The vaccinia virus B1R gene product is a serine/threonine protein kinase. J. Virol. 66:1992;2717-2723.
47. Lovering R., Hanson I. M., Borden K. L. B., Martin S., O'Reilly N. J., Evan G. I., Rahman D., Pappin D. J. C., Trowsdale J., Freemont P. S. Identification and preliminary characterization of a protein motif related to the zinc finger. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;2112-2116.
48. Lux S. E., John K. M., Bennett V. Analysis of cDNA for human erythrocyte ankyrin indicates a repeated structure with homology to tissue-differentiation and cell-cycle control proteins. Nature. 344:1990;36-42.
49. Marennikova S. S., Shelukhina E. M., Efremova E. V. New outlook on the biology of cowpox virus. Acta Virol. 57:1984;461-464.
50. Marennikova S. S., Gashnikov P. V., Zhukova O. A., Ryabchikova E. I., Streltsov V. V., Ryazankina O. I., Chekunova E. V., Yanova N. N., Shchelkunov S. N. Biotype and genetic characterization of the isolate of cowpox virus having caused infection in a child. Zh. Mikrobiol. 4:1996;6-10.
51. Martinez-Pomares L., Stern R. J., Moyer R. W. The ps/hr gene (B5R open reading frame homolog) of rabbitpox virus controls pock color, is a component of extracellular enveloped virus, and is secreted into the medium. J. Virol. 67:1993;5450-5462.
52. Martinez-Pomares L., Thompson J. P., Moyer R. W. Mapping and investigation of the role in pathogenesis of the major unique secreted 35-kDa protein of rabbitpox virus. Virology. 206:1995;591-600.
53. Massague J., Pandiella A. Membrane-anchored growth factors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:1993;515-541.
54. Massung R. F., Liu L.-I., Qi J., Knight J. C., Yuran T. E., Kerlavage A. R., Parsons J. M., Venter J. C., Esposito J. J. Analysis of the complete genome of smallpox variola major virus strain Bangladesh-1975. Virology. 201:1994;215-240.
55. Massung R. F., Knight J. C., Esposito J. J. Topography of variola smallpox virus inverted terminal repeats. Virology. 211:1995;350-355.
56. Massung R. F., Loparev V. N., Knight J. C., Totmenin A. V., Chizhikov V. E., Parsons J. M., Safronov P. F., Gutorov V. V., Shchelkunov S. N., Esposito J. J. Terminal region sequence variations in variola virus DNA. Virology. 221:1996;291-300.
57. McGeoch D. J. Protein sequence comparisons show that 'pseudoproteases' encoded by the poxviruses and certain retroviruses belong to the deoxyuridine triphosphatase family. Nucleic Acids Res. 18:1990;4105-4110.
58. Miller C. G., Shchelkunov S. N., Kotwal G. J. The cowpox virus homolog of the vaccinia virus complement control protein is an inflammation modulatory protein. Virology. 229:1997;126-133.
59. Morikawa S., Ueda J. Characterization of vaccinia surface antigen expressed by recombinant baculovirus. Virology. 193:1993;753-761.
60. Moyer R. W., Graves R. L. IV. The late white pock (mu) host range (hr) mutants of rabbit poxvirus are blocked in morphogenesis. Virology. 119:1982;332-346.
61. Moyer R. W., Brown G. D., Graves R. L. The white pock mutants of rabbit poxvirus. II. The early white pock (mu) host range (hr) mutants of rabbit poxvirus uncouple transcription and translation in nonpermissive cells. Virology. 106:1980a;234-249.
62. Moyer R. W., Graves R. L., Rothe C. T. The white pock (mu) mutants of rabbit poxvirus III. Terminal DNA sequence duplication and transposition in rabbit poxvirus. Cell. 22:1980b;545-553.
63. Murphy P. M. Molecular mimicry and the generation of host-defense protein diversity. Cell. 72:1993;823-826.
64. Oie M., Shida H., Ichihashi Y. The function of the vaccinia hemagglutinin in the proteolytic activation of infectivity. Virology. 176:1990;494-504.
65. Opgenorth A., Nation N., Graham K., McFadden G. Transforming growth factor alpha, Shope fibroma growth factor, and vaccinia growth factor can replace myxoma growth factor in the induction of myxomatosis in rabbits. Virology. 192:1993;701-709.
66. Palumbo G. J., Glasgow W. C., Buller R. M. L. Poxvirus-induced alteration of arachidonate metabolism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:1993;2020-2024.
67. Patel A. H., Gaffney D. F., Subak-Sharpe J. H., Stow N. D. DNA sequence of the gene encoding a major secreted protein of vaccinia virus, strain Lister. J. Gen. Virol. 71:1990;2013-2021.
68. Pearson W. R., Lipman D. J. Improved tools for biological sequence comparison. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:1988;2444-2448.
69. Perkus M. E., Goebel S. J., Davis S. W., Johnson G. P., Limbach K., Norton E. K., Paoletti E. Vaccinia virus host range genes. Virology. 179:1990;276-286.
70. Perkus M. E., Goebel S. J., Davis S. W., Johnson G. P., Norton E. K., Paoletti E. Deletion of 55 open reading frames from the termini of vaccinia virus. Virology. 180:1991;406-410.
71. Pfeffer K., Matsuyama T., Kundig T. M., Wakeham A., Kishihara K., Shahinian A., Wiegmann K., Ohashi P. S., Kronke M., Mak T. W. Mice deficient for the 55 kDa tumor necrosis factor receptor are resistant to endotoxic shock, yet succumb toL. monocytogenes. Cell. 73:1993;457-467.
72. Pickup D. J., Bastia D., Stone H. O., Joklik W. K. Sequence of terminal regions of cowpox virus DNA: Arrangement of repeated and unique sequence elements. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 79:1982;7112-7116.
73. Pickup D. J., Ink B. S., Hu W., Ray C. A., Joklik W. K. Hemorrhage in lesions caused by cowpox virus is induced by a viral protein that is related to plasma protein inhibitors of serine proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83:1986;7698-7702.
74. Pickup D. J., Ink B. S., Parsons B. L., Hu W., Joklik W. K. Spontaneous deletions and duplications of sequences in the genome of cowpox virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 81:1984;6817-6821.
75. Ramsey-Ewing A., Moss B. Restriction of vaccinia virus replication in CHO cells occurs at the stage of viral intermediate protein synthesis. Virology. 206:1995;984-993.
76. Ray C. A., Black R. A., Kronheim S. R., Greenstreet T. A., Sleath P. R., Salvesen G. S., Pickup D. J. Viral inhibition of inflammation: Cowpox virus encodes an inhibitor of the interleukin-1β converting enzyme. Cell. 69:1992;597-604.
77. Rempel R. E., Traktman P. Vaccinia virus B1 kinase: Phenotypic analysis of temperature-sensitive mutants and enzymatic characterization of recombinant proteins. J. Virol. 66:1992;4413-4426.
78. Resenchuk S. M., Blinov V. M. ALIGNMENT SERVICE: Creation and processing of alignment of sequences of unlimited length. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 11:1995;7-11.
79. Rosales R., Sutter G., Moss B. A cellular factor is required for transcription of vaccinia viral intermediate-stage genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91:1994;3794-3798.
80. Safronov P. F., Petrov N. A., Ryazankina O. I., Totmenin A. V., Shchelkunov S. N., Sandakhchiev L. S. Host range genes of cowpox virus. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 349:1996;829-833.
81. Seki M., Oie M., Ichihashi Y., Shida H. Hemadsorption and fusion inhibition activities of hemagglutinin analyzed by vaccinia virus mutants. Virology. 175:1990;372-384.
82. Senkevich T. G., Muravnik G. L., Pozdnyakov S. G., Chizhikov V. E., Ryazankina O. I., Shchelkunov S. N., Koonin E. V., Chernos V. I. Nucleotide sequence ofXho. Virus Res. 30:1993;73-88.
83. Senkevich T. G., Koonin E. V., Buller R. M. L. A poxvirus protein with a RING zinc finger motif is of crucial importance for virulence. Virology. 198:1994;118-128.
84. Seregin S. V., Babkina I. N., Nesterov A. E., Sinyakov A. N., Shchelkunov S. N. Comparative studies of gamma-interferon receptor-like proteins of variola major and variola minor viruses. FEBS Lett. 382:1996;79-83.
85. Shchelkunov S. N. Functional organization of variola major and vaccinia virus genomes. Virus Genes. 10:1995;53-71.
86. Shchelkunov S. N., Totmenin A. V. Two types of deletions in orthopoxvirus genomes. Virus Genes. 9:1995;231-245.
87. Shchelkunov S. N., Massung R. F., Esposito J. J. Comparison of the genome DNA sequences of Bangladesh-1975 and India-1967 variola viruses. Virus Res. 36:1995;107-118.
88. Shchelkunov S. N., Marennikova S. S., Totmenin A. V., Blinov V. M., Chizhikov V. V., Gutorov V. V., Safronov P. F., Pozdnyakov S. G., Shelukhina E. M., Gashnikov P. V., Andzhaparidze O. G., Sandakhchiev L. S. Construction of clonoteques of fragments of smallpox virus DNA and structure-function investigation of viral host range genes. Dokl. Akad. Nauk. 321:1991;402-406.
89. Shchelkunov S. N., Blinov V. M., Sandakhchiev L. S. Genes of variola and vaccinia viruses necessary to overcome the host protective mechanisms. FEBS Lett. 319:1993a;80-83.
90. Shchelkunov S. N., Blinov V. M., Sandakhchiev L. S. Ankyrin-like proteins of variola and vaccinia viruses. FEBS Lett. 319:1993b;163-165.
91. Shchelkunov S. N., Blinov V. M., Totmenin A. V., Marennikova S. S., Kolykhalov A. A., Frolov I. V., Chizhikov V. E., Gutorov V. V., Gashnikov P. V., Belanov E. F., Belavin P. A., Resenchuk S. M., Andzhaparidze O. G., Sandakhchiev L. S. Nucleotide sequence analysis of variola virusHin. Virus Res. 27:1993c;25-35.
92. Shchelkunov S. N., Resenchuk S. M., Totmenin A. V., Blinov V. M., Marennikova S. S., Sandakhchiev L. S. Comparison of the genetic maps of variola and vaccinia viruses. FEBS Lett. 327:1993d;321-324.
93. Shchelkunov S. N., Blinov V. M., Resenchuk S. M., Totmenin A. V., Olenina L. V., Chirikova G. B., Sandakhchiev L. S. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 53 kbp from the right terminus of the genome of variola major virus strain India-1967. Virus Res. 34:1994;207-236.
94. Shchelkunov S. N., Totmenin A. V., Sandakhchiev L. S. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 23.8 kbp from the left terminus of the genome of variola major virus strain India-1967. Virus Res. 40:1996;169-183.
95. Shida H. Nucleotide sequence of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin gene. Virology. 150:1986;451-462.
96. Slabaugh M. B., Roseman N., Davis R., Matthews C. Vaccinia virus encoded ribonucleotide reductase: Sequence conservation of the gene for the small subunit and its amplification in hydroxyurea-resistant mutants. J. Virol. 62:1988;519-527.
97. Smith C. A., Farrah T., Goodwin R. G. The TNF receptor superfamily of cellular and viral proteins: Activation, costimulation, and death. Cell. 76:1994;959-962.
98. Smith C. A., Goodwin R. G. Tumor necrosis factor receptors in the poxvirus family: Biological and genetic implications. Viroceptors, Virokines and Related Immune Modulators Ecoded by DNA Viruses. 1994;R. G. Landes, Austin. p. 29-40.
99. Smith G. L., Chan Y. S., Howard S. T. Nucleotide sequence of 42 kbp of vaccinia virus strain WR from near the right inverted terminal repeat. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1991;1349-1376.
100. Smith G. L., Howard S. T., Chan Y. S. Vaccinia virus encodes a family of genes with homology to serine proteinase inhibitors. J. Gen. Virol. 70:1989;2333-2343.
101. Spehner D., Gillard S., Drillien R., Kirn A. A cowpox virus gene required for multiplication in chinese hamster ovary cells. J. Virol. 62:1988;1297-1304.
102. Spriggs M. K., Hruby D. E., Maliszewski C. R., Pickup D. J., Sims J. E., Buller R. M. L., VanSlyke J. Vaccinia and cowpox viruses encode a novel secreted interleukin-1-binding protein. Cell. 71:1992;145-152.
103. Stuart D. T., Ellison K., Graham K., McFadden G. In vitro resolution of poxvirus replicative intermediates into linear minichromosomes with hairpin termini by a virally induced Holliday junction endonuclease. J. Virol. 66:1992;1551-1563.
104. Symons J. A., Alcami A., Smith G. L. Vaccinia virus encodes a soluble type I interferon receptor of novel structure and broad species specificity. Cell. 81:1995;551-560.
105. Tamin A., Esposito J., Hruby D. A single nucleotide substitution in the 5′-untranslated region of the vaccinia N2L gene is responsible for both (-amanitin-resistant and temperature-sensitive phenotypes. Virology. 182:1991;393-396.
106. Tracey K. J., Cerami A. Tumor necrosis factor: A pleiotropic cytokine and therapeutic target. Ann. Rev. Med. 45:1994;491-503.
107. Traktman P., Anderson M. K., Rempel R. E. Vaccinia virus encodes an essential gene with strong homology to protein kinases. J. Biol. Chem. 264:1989;21458-21461.
108. Turner P. C., Moyer R. W. An orthopoxvirus serpin-like gene controls the ability of infected cells to fuse. J. Virol. 66:1992;2076-2085.
109. Turner P. C., Musy P. Y., Moyer R. W. Poxvirus serpins. McFadden Grant. Viroceptors, Virokines and Related Immune Modulators Encoded by DNA Viruses. 1994;67-88 Landes, Austin.
110. Ueda Y., Morikawa S., Matsuura Y. Identification and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding a surface antigen induced by vaccinia virus. Virology. 177:1990;588-594.
111. Upton C., Macen J. L., McFadden G. Mapping and sequencing of a gene from myxoma virus that is related to those encoding epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor alpha. J. Virol. 61:1987;1271-1275.
112. Upton C., Macen J. L., Maranchuk R. A., DeLange A. M., McFadden G. Tumorigenic poxviruses: Fine analysis of the recombination junctions in malignant rabbit fibroma virus, a recombinant between Shope fibroma virus and myxoma virus. Virology. 166:1988;229-239.
113. Upton C., Macen J. L., Schreiber M., McFadden G. Myxoma virus expresses secreted protein with homology to the tumor necrosis factor receptor gene family that contributes to viral virulence. Virology. 184:1991;370-382.
114. Upton C., Mossman K., McFadden G. Encoding of a homolog of IFN-gamma receptor by myxoma virus. Science. 258:1992;1369-1372.
115. Upton C., Schiff L., Rice S. A., Dowdeswell T., Yang X., McFadden G. A poxvirus protein with a RING finger motif binds zinc and localizes in virus factories. J. Virol. 68:1994;4186-4195.
116. Wolffe E. J., Isaacs S. N., Moss B. Deletion of the vaccinia virus B5R gene encoding a 42 kilodalton membrane glycoprotein inhibits extracellular virus envelope formation and dissemination. J. Virol. 67:1993;4732-4741.
117. Xue F., Cooley L. Kelch encodes a component of intercellular bridges inDrosophila. Cell. 72:1993;681-693.
118. Yanisch-Perron C., Vieira J., Messing J. Improved M13 Phage cloning vectors and host strains: Nucleotide sequence of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors. Gene. 33:1985;103-109.
119. Zhou J., Sun X.-Y., Fernando G. J. P., Frazer I. H. The vaccinia virus K2L gene encodes a serine protease inhibitor which inhibits cell fusion. Virology. 189:1992;678-686.