메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 652-657

Comparative neurobiology of postural control

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY POSTURE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN STEM; CELL TYPE; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CEREBELLUM; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; MOTOR CORTEX; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NEUROBIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; SPINAL REFLEX;

EID: 0036902785     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-4388(02)00376-8     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (40)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 0031947543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postural control systems in developmental perspective
    • Massion J. Postural control systems in developmental perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 22:1998;465-472.
    • (1998) Neurosci Biobehav Rev , vol.22 , pp. 465-472
    • Massion, J.1
  • 3
    • 0001335064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of body orientation and equilibrium in vertebrates
    • P.S.G. Stein, S. Grillner, A.I. Selverston, & D.G. Stuart. Cambridge: MIT Press
    • Macpherson J.M., Deliagina T.G., Orlovsky G.N. Control of body orientation and equilibrium in vertebrates. Stein P.S.G., Grillner S., Selverston A.I., Stuart D.G. Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior. 1997;257-267 MIT Press, Cambridge.
    • (1997) Neurons, Networks, and Motor Behavior , pp. 257-267
    • Macpherson, J.M.1    Deliagina, T.G.2    Orlovsky, G.N.3
  • 5
    • 0002189681 scopus 로고
    • Coordination between posture and movement: Why and how?
    • Massion J., Dufosse M. Coordination between posture and movement: why and how? News Physiol Sci. 3:1988;88-93.
    • (1988) News Physiol Sci , vol.3 , pp. 88-93
    • Massion, J.1    Dufosse, M.2
  • 7
    • 0019129901 scopus 로고
    • The postural support of movement in the cat and dog
    • Gahery Y., Ioffe M., Masion J., Polit A. The postural support of movement in the cat and dog. Acta Neurobiol Exp. 40:1980;741-756.
    • (1980) Acta Neurobiol Exp , vol.40 , pp. 741-756
    • Gahery, Y.1    Ioffe, M.2    Masion, J.3    Polit, A.4
  • 8
    • 0004285285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • W.S. Levine. New York: CRC Press
    • Levine W.S. The Control Handbook. 1996;CRC Press, New York.
    • (1996) The Control Handbook
  • 9
    • 0002946193 scopus 로고
    • Posture
    • E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz, & T.M. Jessell. New York: Elsevier
    • Ghez C. Posture. Kandel E.R., Schwartz J.H., Jessell T.M. Principles in Neural Science. 1991;567-607 Elsevier, New York.
    • (1991) Principles in Neural Science , pp. 567-607
    • Ghez, C.1
  • 10
    • 0028578111 scopus 로고
    • Postural control system
    • Massion J. Postural control system. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 4:1994;877-888.
    • (1994) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.4 , pp. 877-888
    • Massion, J.1
  • 11
    • 0030902652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is the erect posture in microgravity based on the control of trunk orientation or center of mass position?
    • Massion J., Popov K., Fabre J., Rage P., Gurfinkel V. Is the erect posture in microgravity based on the control of trunk orientation or center of mass position? Exp Brain Res. 114:1997;384-389.
    • (1997) Exp Brain Res , vol.114 , pp. 384-389
    • Massion, J.1    Popov, K.2    Fabre, J.3    Rage, P.4    Gurfinkel, V.5
  • 13
    • 0000439061 scopus 로고
    • Ber den Lichtrückenreflex bei Fischen
    • Von Holst E. ber den Lichtrückenreflex bei Fischen. Pubbl Stn Zool Napoli. 15:1935;143-158.
    • (1935) Pubbl Stn Zool Napoli , vol.15 , pp. 143-158
    • Von Holst, E.1
  • 14
    • 0032516148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Control of spatial orientation in a mollusc
    • Deliagina T.G., Arshavsky Y.I., Orlovsky G.N. Control of spatial orientation in a mollusc. Nature. 393:1998;172-175.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.393 , pp. 172-175
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Arshavsky, Y.I.2    Orlovsky, G.N.3
  • 15
    • 0032800408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal mechanisms for the control of body orientation in Clione. 1. Spatial zones of activity of different neuron groups
    • Deliagina T.G., Orlovsky G.N., Selverston A., Arshavsky Y. Neuronal mechanisms for the control of body orientation in Clione. 1. Spatial zones of activity of different neuron groups. J Neurophysiol. 82:1999;687-699.
    • (1999) J Neurophysiol , vol.82 , pp. 687-699
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2    Selverston, A.3    Arshavsky, Y.4
  • 16
    • 0033976839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of reticulospinal neurons in intact lamprey to vestibular and visual inputs
    • Deliagina T.G., Fagerstedt P. Responses of reticulospinal neurons in intact lamprey to vestibular and visual inputs. J Neurophysiol. 83:2000;864-878.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 864-878
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Fagerstedt, P.2
  • 17
    • 0036085688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modifications of vestibular responses of individual reticulospinal neurons in the lamprey caused by a unilateral labyrinthectomy
    • By using the novel technique of recording from the same neurones before and after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), it was shown that UL caused a large asymmetry in the responses of left and right groups of reticulospinal neurones to vestibular input. This asymmetry in supraspinal commands presents the main cause for postural disturbances elicited by UL. Asymmetrical visual input resulted in restoration of symmetry in supraspinal commands, and in recovery of postural stability. These data supported the model of postural control, on the basis of two antagonistic vestibular reflexes
    • Deliagina T.G., Pavlova E.L. Modifications of vestibular responses of individual reticulospinal neurons in the lamprey caused by a unilateral labyrinthectomy. J Neurophysiol. 87:2002;1-14. By using the novel technique of recording from the same neurones before and after unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL), it was shown that UL caused a large asymmetry in the responses of left and right groups of reticulospinal neurones to vestibular input. This asymmetry in supraspinal commands presents the main cause for postural disturbances elicited by UL. Asymmetrical visual input resulted in restoration of symmetry in supraspinal commands, and in recovery of postural stability. These data supported the model of postural control, on the basis of two antagonistic vestibular reflexes.
    • (2002) J Neurophysiol , vol.87 , pp. 1-14
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Pavlova, E.L.2
  • 18
    • 0036715025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of reticulospinal neurons in intact lamprey to pitch tilt
    • Pavlova E.L., Deliagina T.G. Responses of reticulospinal neurons in intact lamprey to pitch tilt. J Neurophysiol. 88:2002;1136-1146.
    • (2002) J Neurophysiol , vol.88 , pp. 1136-1146
    • Pavlova, E.L.1    Deliagina, T.G.2
  • 19
    • 0000399584 scopus 로고
    • Intermittent head stabilization during postural and locomotory tasks in humans
    • B. Amblard, A. Berthoz, & F. Clarac. Amsterdam: Exerpta Medica
    • Berthoz A., Pozzo T. Intermittent head stabilization during postural and locomotory tasks in humans. Amblard B., Berthoz A., Clarac F. Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation and Modulation. 1988;189-198 Exerpta Medica, Amsterdam.
    • (1988) Posture and Gait: Development, Adaptation and Modulation , pp. 189-198
    • Berthoz, A.1    Pozzo, T.2
  • 21
    • 0031708885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of head position on postural orientation and equilibrium
    • Barberini C.L., Macpherson J.M. Effect of head position on postural orientation and equilibrium. Exp Brain Res. 122:1998;175-184.
    • (1998) Exp Brain Res , vol.122 , pp. 175-184
    • Barberini, C.L.1    Macpherson, J.M.2
  • 22
    • 0034750272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestibular control of reflex and voluntary head movement
    • Boyle R. Vestibular control of reflex and voluntary head movement. Ann New York Acad Sci. 942:2001;364-380.
    • (2001) Ann New York Acad Sci , vol.942 , pp. 364-380
    • Boyle, R.1
  • 24
    • 0001806727 scopus 로고
    • On the mathematical modeling of mechanisms of the central nervous system
    • I.M. Gelfand, S.V. Fomin, & M.L. Zetlin. Cambridge MA: MIT Press
    • Gelfand I.M., Zetlin M.L. On the mathematical modeling of mechanisms of the central nervous system. Gelfand I.M., Fomin S.V., Zetlin M.L. Models of Structural-Functional Organization of Certain Biological Systems. 1971;2-23 MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
    • (1971) Models of Structural-Functional Organization of Certain Biological Systems , pp. 2-23
    • Gelfand, I.M.1    Zetlin, M.L.2
  • 25
    • 0002769980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The behavior of chronically decerebrate cat
    • G.E.W. Wolstenholme, & C.M. O'Connor. London: Churchill
    • Bard P., Macht M.B. The behavior of chronically decerebrate cat. Wolstenholme G.E.W., O'Connor C.M. Neurological Basis of Behavior. 1998;55-71 Churchill, London.
    • (1998) Neurological Basis of Behavior , pp. 55-71
    • Bard, P.1    Macht, M.B.2
  • 26
    • 0023247942 scopus 로고
    • Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, freely moving cats
    • Mori S. Integration of posture and locomotion in acute decerebrate cats and in awake, freely moving cats. Prog Neurobiol. 28:1987;161-195.
    • (1987) Prog Neurobiol , vol.28 , pp. 161-195
    • Mori, S.1
  • 27
    • 0024950251 scopus 로고
    • Contribution of postural muscle tone to full expression of posture and locomotor movements: Multi-faceted analyses of its setting brainstem-spinal cord mechanisms in the cat
    • Mori S. Contribution of postural muscle tone to full expression of posture and locomotor movements: multi-faceted analyses of its setting brainstem-spinal cord mechanisms in the cat. Jpn J Physiol. 39:1989;759-809.
    • (1989) Jpn J Physiol , vol.39 , pp. 759-809
    • Mori, S.1
  • 28
    • 0032033415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation of postural muscle tone induced by the stimulation of the descending fibers in the midline area of the cerebellar white matter in the acute decerebrate cat
    • Asanome M., Matsuyama K., Mori S. Augmentation of postural muscle tone induced by the stimulation of the descending fibers in the midline area of the cerebellar white matter in the acute decerebrate cat. Neurosci Res. 30:1998;257-269.
    • (1998) Neurosci Res , vol.30 , pp. 257-269
    • Asanome, M.1    Matsuyama, K.2    Mori, S.3
  • 29
    • 0033740748 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal neuronal activity during locomotion in the intact cat. II. Walking on an inclined plane
    • Matsuyama K., Drew T. Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal neuronal activity during locomotion in the intact cat. II. Walking on an inclined plane. J Neurophysiol. 84:2000;2257-2276.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.84 , pp. 2257-2276
    • Matsuyama, K.1    Drew, T.2
  • 30
    • 0028100801 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance
    • Horak F., Diener H.C. Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance. J Neurophysiol. 72:1994;479-493.
    • (1994) J Neurophysiol , vol.72 , pp. 479-493
    • Horak, F.1    Diener, H.C.2
  • 32
    • 0033381558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Weight support and balance during perturbed stance in the chronic spinal cat
    • Macpherson J.M., Fung J. Weight support and balance during perturbed stance in the chronic spinal cat. J Neurophysiol. 82:1999;3066-3081.
    • (1999) J Neurophysiol , vol.82 , pp. 3066-3081
    • Macpherson, J.M.1    Fung, J.2
  • 33
    • 0033394914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attributes of quiet stance in the chronic spinal cat
    • Fung J., Macpherson J.M. Attributes of quiet stance in the chronic spinal cat. J Neurophysiol. 82:1999;3056-3065.
    • (1999) J Neurophysiol , vol.82 , pp. 3056-3065
    • Fung, J.1    Macpherson, J.M.2
  • 34
    • 0001338336 scopus 로고
    • Locomotion in the spinal cat
    • R.B. Stein, K.G. Pearson, R.S. Smith, & J.B. Redford. New York: Plenum Press
    • Grillner S. Locomotion in the spinal cat. Stein R.B., Pearson K.G., Smith R.S., Redford J.B. Control of Posture and Locomotion. 1973;515-535 Plenum Press, New York.
    • (1973) Control of Posture and Locomotion , pp. 515-535
    • Grillner, S.1
  • 35
    • 17844401985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retraining the injured spinal cord
    • A review of current evidence to indicate that specific postural training promotes restoration of the anti-gravity muscle tone in spinal cats, whereas locomotor training does not. Possible nervous mechanisms responsible for retraining the spinal cord are discussed
    • Edgerton V.R., de Leon R.D., Harkema S.J., Hodgson J.A., London N., Reinkensmeyer D.J., Roy R.R., Talmadge R.J., Tillakaratne N.J., Timoszyk W., Tobin A. Retraining the injured spinal cord. J Physiol. 533:2001;15-22. A review of current evidence to indicate that specific postural training promotes restoration of the anti-gravity muscle tone in spinal cats, whereas locomotor training does not. Possible nervous mechanisms responsible for retraining the spinal cord are discussed.
    • (2001) J Physiol , vol.533 , pp. 15-22
    • Edgerton, V.R.1    De Leon, R.D.2    Harkema, S.J.3    Hodgson, J.A.4    London, N.5    Reinkensmeyer, D.J.6    Roy, R.R.7    Talmadge, R.J.8    Tillakaratne, N.J.9    Timoszyk, W.10    Tobin, A.11
  • 36
    • 0031813917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Full weight-bearing hindlimb standing following stand training in the adult spinal cat
    • De Leon R.D., Hodgson J.A., Roy R.R., Edgerton V.R. Full weight-bearing hindlimb standing following stand training in the adult spinal cat. J Neurophysiol. 80:1998;83-91.
    • (1998) J Neurophysiol , vol.80 , pp. 83-91
    • De Leon, R.D.1    Hodgson, J.A.2    Roy, R.R.3    Edgerton, V.R.4
  • 37
    • 0037092438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use-dependent modulation of inhibitory capacity in the feline lumbar spinal cord
    • 67, the enzyme involved in GABA synthesis. It is suggested that retraining of the two motor tasks (posture and locomotion) is associated with different participation of GABA-mediated inhibitory spinal mechanisms
    • 67, the enzyme involved in GABA synthesis. It is suggested that retraining of the two motor tasks (posture and locomotion) is associated with different participation of GABA-mediated inhibitory spinal mechanisms.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 3130-3143
    • Tillakaratne, N.J.T.1    De Leon, R.D.2    Hoang, T.X.3    Roy, R.R.4    Edgerton, V.R.5    Tobin, A.J.6
  • 38
    • 0029940783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recovery of locomotion after spinal cord hemisection: An X-ray study of the cat hindlimb
    • Kuhtz J.P., Boczek-Funcke A., Mautes A., Nacimiento W., Weinhardt C. Recovery of locomotion after spinal cord hemisection: an X-ray study of the cat hindlimb. Exp Neurol. 137:1996;212-224.
    • (1996) Exp Neurol , vol.137 , pp. 212-224
    • Kuhtz, J.P.1    Boczek-Funcke, A.2    Mautes, A.3    Nacimiento, W.4    Weinhardt, C.5
  • 39
    • 0027437507 scopus 로고
    • The recovery of postural reflexes and locomotion following low thoracic hemisection in adult cats involves compensation by undamaged primary afferent pathways
    • Helgren M.E., Goldberger M.E. The recovery of postural reflexes and locomotion following low thoracic hemisection in adult cats involves compensation by undamaged primary afferent pathways. Exp Neurol. 123:1993;17-34.
    • (1993) Exp Neurol , vol.123 , pp. 17-34
    • Helgren, M.E.1    Goldberger, M.E.2
  • 40
    • 0022371015 scopus 로고
    • Recovery of postural control following chronic bilateral hemisections at different spinal cord levels in adult cats
    • Kato M., Murakami S., Hirayama H., Hikino K. Recovery of postural control following chronic bilateral hemisections at different spinal cord levels in adult cats. Exp Neurol. 90:1985;350-364.
    • (1985) Exp Neurol , vol.90 , pp. 350-364
    • Kato, M.1    Murakami, S.2    Hirayama, H.3    Hikino, K.4
  • 41
    • 0028100801 scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance
    • Horak F.B., Diener H.C. Cerebellar control of postural scaling and central set in stance. J Neurophysiology. 72:1994;479-493.
    • (1994) J Neurophysiology , vol.72 , pp. 479-493
    • Horak, F.B.1    Diener, H.C.2
  • 43
    • 0012016106 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of different classes of neurons in the rabbit motor cortex related to postural corrections
    • Deliagina T.G., Beloozerova I.N., Sirota M.G., Swadlow H., Orlovsky G.N. Activity of different classes of neurons in the rabbit motor cortex related to postural corrections. Soc Neurosci Abstr. 26:2000;1484.
    • (2000) Soc Neurosci Abstr , vol.26 , pp. 1484
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Beloozerova, I.N.2    Sirota, M.G.3    Swadlow, H.4    Orlovsky, G.N.5
  • 44
    • 0033636348 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Postural control in the lamprey - A study with a neuro-mechanical model
    • The intact lamprey was deprived of the ability to change its postural orientation by itself. Instead, the orientation was changed by an electromechanical system ('robot') driven by biological signals, that is, the activity of reticulospinal neurones (which normally elicit postural corrections). The system maintained a normal orientation of the animal, and reproduced several other behavioral phenomena. These results strongly support the idea of counteracting reflexes as a base for postural stabilization
    • Zelenin P.V., Deliagina T.G., Grillner S., Orlovsky G.N. Postural control in the lamprey - a study with a neuro-mechanical model. J Neurophysiol. 84:2000;2880-2887. The intact lamprey was deprived of the ability to change its postural orientation by itself. Instead, the orientation was changed by an electromechanical system ('robot') driven by biological signals, that is, the activity of reticulospinal neurones (which normally elicit postural corrections). The system maintained a normal orientation of the animal, and reproduced several other behavioral phenomena. These results strongly support the idea of counteracting reflexes as a base for postural stabilization.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.84 , pp. 2880-2887
    • Zelenin, P.V.1    Deliagina, T.G.2    Grillner, S.3    Orlovsky, G.N.4
  • 45
    • 0033981172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuronal mechanisms for the control of body orientation in Clione. II. Modifications in the activity of postural control system
    • Deliagina T.G., Orlovsky G.N., Selverston A., Arshavsky Y.I. Neuronal mechanisms for the control of body orientation in Clione. II. Modifications in the activity of postural control system. J Neurophysiol. 83:2000;367-373.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.83 , pp. 367-373
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2    Selverston, A.3    Arshavsky, Y.I.4
  • 46
    • 0033812524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asymmetrical effect of GABA on the postural orientation in Clione
    • Injection of GABA into the marine mollusc Clione causes the tilt of the animal to the left. This is due to a change of the gain in one of the two antagonistic gravitational reflex pathways, as demonstrated by recording the activity of different neurones constituting the postural network. These results support the idea of counteracting reflexes as a base for postural stabilization
    • Deliagina T.G., Orlovsky G.N., Selverston A., Arshavsky Y.I. Asymmetrical effect of GABA on the postural orientation in Clione. J Neurophysiol. 84:2000;1673-1676. Injection of GABA into the marine mollusc Clione causes the tilt of the animal to the left. This is due to a change of the gain in one of the two antagonistic gravitational reflex pathways, as demonstrated by recording the activity of different neurones constituting the postural network. These results support the idea of counteracting reflexes as a base for postural stabilization.
    • (2000) J Neurophysiol , vol.84 , pp. 1673-1676
    • Deliagina, T.G.1    Orlovsky, G.N.2    Selverston, A.3    Arshavsky, Y.I.4
  • 47
    • 0030948815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vestibular compensation in lampreys: Impairment and recovery of equilibrium control during locomotion
    • Deliagina T.G. Vestibular compensation in lampreys: impairment and recovery of equilibrium control during locomotion. J Exp Biol. 200:1997;1459-1471.
    • (1997) J Exp Biol , vol.200 , pp. 1459-1471
    • Deliagina, T.G.1
  • 48
    • 0026300069 scopus 로고
    • Gravistatic postural control in simpler systems
    • Orlovsky G.N. Gravistatic postural control in simpler systems. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 1:1991;621-627.
    • (1991) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.1 , pp. 621-627
    • Orlovsky, G.N.1
  • 49
    • 0028915730 scopus 로고
    • Bilateral labyrinthectomy in the cat: Effects on the postural response to translation
    • Inglis J.T., Macpherson J.M. Bilateral labyrinthectomy in the cat: effects on the postural response to translation. J Neurophysiol. 73:1995;1181-1191.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.73 , pp. 1181-1191
    • Inglis, J.T.1    Macpherson, J.M.2
  • 50
    • 0033963205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Load-regulating mechanisms in gait and posture: Comparative aspects
    • A thorough overview of nervous mechanisms responsible for load compensation by the limb musculature. These mechanisms constitute an essential part of the postural control system
    • Duysens J., Clarac F., Cruse H. Load-regulating mechanisms in gait and posture: comparative aspects. Physiol Rev. 80:2000;83-133. A thorough overview of nervous mechanisms responsible for load compensation by the limb musculature. These mechanisms constitute an essential part of the postural control system.
    • (2000) Physiol Rev , vol.80 , pp. 83-133
    • Duysens, J.1    Clarac, F.2    Cruse, H.3
  • 51
    • 0028344932 scopus 로고
    • Transmission in a locomotor-related group 1b pathway from hindlimb extensor muscles in the cat
    • Gossard J.P., Brownstone R.M., Barajon I., Hultborn H. Transmission in a locomotor-related group 1b pathway from hindlimb extensor muscles in the cat. Exp Brain Res. 98:1994;213-228.
    • (1994) Exp Brain Res , vol.98 , pp. 213-228
    • Gossard, J.P.1    Brownstone, R.M.2    Barajon, I.3    Hultborn, H.4
  • 52
    • 0000398239 scopus 로고
    • Reflex reversal in the walking systems of mammals and arthropods
    • W.R. Ferrell, & U. Proske. London: Plenum Press
    • Pearson K.G. Reflex reversal in the walking systems of mammals and arthropods. Ferrell W.R., Proske U. Neural Control of Movements. 1995;135-141 Plenum Press, London.
    • (1995) Neural Control of Movements , pp. 135-141
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 53
    • 0035866988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Could enhanced reflex function contribute to improving locomotion after spinal cord repair?
    • A review of current evidence to indicate that plastic changes in the reflex pathways are important for recovery of extensor activity in spinal animals
    • Pearson K.G. Could enhanced reflex function contribute to improving locomotion after spinal cord repair? J Physiol. 533:2001;75-81. A review of current evidence to indicate that plastic changes in the reflex pathways are important for recovery of extensor activity in spinal animals.
    • (2001) J Physiol , vol.533 , pp. 75-81
    • Pearson, K.G.1
  • 54
    • 0029015797 scopus 로고
    • Evidence of positive force feedback among hindlimb extensors in the intact cat
    • Pratt C.A. Evidence of positive force feedback among hindlimb extensors in the intact cat. J Neurophysiol. 73:1995;2578-2583.
    • (1995) J Neurophysiol , vol.73 , pp. 2578-2583
    • Pratt, C.A.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.