Revision of the II directives of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure;Revisão das II diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para o diagnóstico e tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

Volumn 79, Issue SUPPL. 4, 2002, Pages 1-30

  Guimarães, Jorge Ilha ^a   Mesquita, Evandro Tinoco ^a   Bocchi, Edimar Alcides ^a   Vilas Boas, Fábio ^a   Montera, Marcelo Westerlund ^a   Vieira Moreira, Maria da Consolação ^a   Batlouni, Michel ^a   Pereira Barretto, Antonio Carlos ^a   Neto, Cantídio Drumond ^a   Mady, Charles ^a   De Albuquerque, Denílson Campos ^a   Brindeiro Filho, Djair Falcão ^a   Braile, Domingo Marcolino ^a   Albanesi Filho, Francisco Manes ^a   Feitosa, Gilson Soares ^a   Rocha Dohmann, Hans Fernando ^a   Villacorta Jr , Humberto ^a   Atié, Jacob ^a   Marin Neto, José Antônio ^a   Pachon Mateos, José Carlos ^a   Bodanese, Luiz Carlos ^a   Clausell, Nadine Oliveira ^a   Slud Brofman, Paulo Roberto ^a   Rocha, Ricardo Mourilhe ^a   Rassi, Salvador ^a   Mathias Jr , Wilson ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; AMILORIDE; ANGIOTENSIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIARRHYTHMIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; BENAZEPRIL; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BUMETANIDE; CAPTOPRIL; CHLOROTHIAZIDE; CHLORTALIDONE; DIGITALIS; DIGITOXIN; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; FOSINOPRIL; FUROSEMIDE; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE; INDAPAMIDE; LISINOPRIL; PERINDOPRIL; QUINAPRIL; RAMIPRIL; SPIRONOLACTONE; THIAZIDE DIURETIC AGENT; TRANDOLAPRIL; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASODILATOR AGENT;

CARDIOVERSION; DEFIBRILLATOR; GYNECOMASTIA; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERCALCEMIA; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; HYPERURICEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; NEPHROTOXICITY; PANCREATITIS; PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDER; PURPURA; REVIEW; URTICARIA;

EID: 0036874303     PISSN: 0066782X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (152)

1. Chung N, et al. Measurement of left ventricular dp/dt by simultaneous Doppler echocardiography and cardiac catheterization. J Am Soc Echocardiography 1992; 5: 147-52.
2. Otterstad JE, Froeland G, St John Sutton M, Holme I. Accuracy and reproducibility of biplane two-dimensional echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions and function. Eur. Heart. J 1997; 18: 507-13.
3. Remme WJ, Swedberg K. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1527-60.
4. Cheng V, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 386-91.
5. Cheng VL, Kazanagra R, Garcia A, et al. A rapid bedside test for B-type peptide predicts treatment outcomes in patients admitted for decompensated heart failure: a pilot study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 386-91.
6. Dao Q, et al. Utility of B-type natriuretic peptide in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure in an urgent-care setting. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 37: 379-85.
7. de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Bentley JH, et al. The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1014-21.
8. Harrison A, Morrison LK, Krishnaswamy P, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide predicts future cardiac events in patients presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea. Ann Emerg Med 2002; 39: 131-8.
9. Krishnaswamy P, Lubien E, Clopton P, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide levels in identifying patients with left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction. Am J Med 2001; 111: 274-9.
10. Maisel A, Krishnaswamy P, Nowak RM, et al. Rapid measurement of B-type natriuretic peptide in the emergency diagnosis of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 161-7.
11. Maisel AS, Koon J, Krishnaswamy P, et al. Utility of B-natriuretic peptide as a rapid, point-of-care test for screening patients undergoing echocardiography to determine left ventricular dysfunction. Am Heart J 2001; 141: 367-74.
12. McDonagh, et al. Biochemical detection of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction. Lancet 1998; 351(9095): 9-13.
13. McDonagh TA, et al. Left ventricular dysfunction, natriuretic peptides, and mortality in an urban population. Heart 2001; 86(1): 21-6.
14. Morrison LK, Harrison A, Krishnaswamy P, Kazanegra R, Clopton P, Maisel AS. Utility of a rapid B-natriuretic peptide assay in differentiating congestive heart failure from lung disease in patients presenting with dyspnea. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 202-9.
15. Murdoch DR, et al. Titration of vasodilator therapy in chronic heart failure according to plasma brain natriuretic peptide concentration: randomized comparison of the hemodynamic and neuroendocrine effects of tailored versus empirical therapy. Am Heart J 1999; 138(6 pt 1): 1005-6.
16. Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, Rogers WJ, McIntyre KM, Bangdiwala S, Kronenberg MW, Kostis JB, Kohn RM, Guillotte M, Greenberg B, Woods PA, Bourassa MG, for the SOLVD Investigators: Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. JAMA 1993; 270: 1702-7.
17. Bunner-La Rocca HP, Weilenmann D, Schalcher C, et al. Prognostic significance of oxygen uptake kinetics during low level exercise in patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1999;
18. Opasich C, Pinna GD, Mazza A, et al. Six-minute walking performance in patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure. Is it a useful indicator in clinical practice? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 488-496.
19. Zugck C, Krüger C, DUrr S, et al. Is the 6-minute walk test a reliable substitute for peak oxygen uptake in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy? Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 540-549.
20. Chua T, Ponikowski P, Harrington D, et al. Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of the ventilatory response to exercise in chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 29:
21. Clark AL, Cleland JGF. How do you measure exercise capacity in chronic heart failure? Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 627-28.
22. Clark AL, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats A. Exercise limitation in chronic heart failure; central role of the periphery. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 1092-102.
23. Cohen-Solal A, Logeart D, Guiti C, et al. Cardiac and peripheral responses to exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 931-45.
24. De Groote P, Millaire A, Decoulx E, et al. Kinetics of oxygen consumption during and after exercise in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 28: 168-75.
25. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1527-1560.
26. Harringhton D, Coats A. Mechanisms of exercise intolerance in congestive heart failure. Current Opinion in Cardiology 1997; 12: 224-32.
27. Kao W, Winkel E, Johnson M, Piccione W, Lichtemberg R, Costanzo MT. Role of maximal oxygen consumption in establishment of heart transplant candidacy for heart failure patients with intermediate exercise tolerance. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1124-7.
28. Kleber FX, Vietzke G, Wernecke KD, Bauer U, Opitz C, Wensel R, Sperfeld A, Glaser S. Impairment of ventilatory efficiency in heart failure: prognostic impact. Circ 2000; 101(24): 2803-9.
29. Larsen AI, Aarsland T, Kristiansen PT, et al. Assessing the effect of exercise training in men with heart failure; comparison of maximal, submaximal and endurance exercise protocols. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 684-92.
30. Lipkin DP, Canepa-Anson R, Stephens MR, Poole-Wilson PA. Factors determining symptoms in heart failure: Comparison of fast and slow exercise tests. Br Heart J 1986; 55: 439-45.
31. Mancini DM, Eisen H, Kussmaul W, Mull R, Edmunds LH, Wilson JR. Value of peak exercise oxygen consumption for optimal timing of cardiac transplantation in ambulatory patients with heart failure. Circulation 1991; 83: 778-86.
32. McGowan G, Janosko K, Cecchetti A, et al. Exercise-related ventilatory abnormality and survival in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 1264-6.
33. Myers J, Buchanan N, Walsh D, et al. Comparison of the ramp versus standard exercise protocols. J Am Coll Cardiol 1991; 17: 1334-42,
34. Myers J, Gullestad L, Vagelos R, et al. Clinical, hemodynamic and cardiopulmonary exercise test determinants of survival in patient referred for evaluation of heart failure. Ann Int Med 1998; 129: 286-93.
35. Myers J, Gullestad L. The role of exercise and gas exchange measurement in the prognostic assessment of patients with heart failure. Curr Opin Cardiol 1998; 13: 145-55.
36. Opasich C, Pinna G, Bobbio M, et al. Peak exercise oxygen consumption in chronic heart failure: toward e.cient use in the individual patient. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998; 31: 766-75.
37. Osada N, Chaitman B, Miller L, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing identified low risk patients with heart failure and severely impaired exercise capacity considered for heart
38. Pina IL, Karalis DG. Comparison of four exercise protocols using anaerobic threshold measurement of functional capacity in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1990; 65: 1269-71.
39. Pollock ML, Bohannon RL, Cooper KH, et al. A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing. Am Heart J 1976; 92: 39-46.
40. Ponikowski P, Francis DP, Piepoli MMF, et al. Enhanced Ventilatory Response to Exercise in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure and Preserved Exercise Tolerance. Marker of Abnormal Cardiorespiratory Reflex Control and Predictor of Poor Prognosis. Circulation 2001; 103: 967-972.
41. Green CP, Porter CB, Bresnahan DR, Spertus JA. Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: a new health status measure for heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35(5): 1245-55.
42. Recommendations for exercise testing in chronic heart failure patients. Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation & Exercise Physiology and Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 37-45.
43. Recommendations for exercise training in chronic heart failure patients. Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation & Exercise Physiology and Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 125-35.
44. Rector TS, Cohn JN. Assessment of patient outcome with the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure questionnaire: reliability and validity during a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pimobendan. Pimobendan Multicenter Research Group. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 1017-25.
45. Rector TS, Kubo SH, Cohn J. Patients' self-assessment of their heart failure. Part 2: Content, reliability and validity of a new measure, The Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire. Heart Failure 1987; 3: 198-209.
46. Rector TS, Tschumperlin LK, Kubo SH, et al. Use of the Living with Heart Failure questionnaire to ascertain patients' perspectives on improvement in quality of life versus risk of drug-induced death. J Card Fail 1995; 1: 201-6.
47. Redwood DR, Rosing DR, Goldstein RE, et al. Importance of the design of an exercise protocol in the evaluation of patients with angina pectoris. Circulation 1971; 43: 618-28.
48. Robbins M, Francis G, Pashkow F, et al. Ventilatory and heart rate responses to exercise. Circulation 1999; 100: 2411-7.
49. Rondon MU, Forjaz CL, Nunes N, do Amaral SL, Barretto AC, Negrao CE. Comparison between the prescription of physical training intensity based on the standard ergometric test and on the ergospirometric test. Arq Bras Cardiol 1998; 70(3): 159-66.
50. Roul G, Germain P, Bareiss P. Does the 6-minute walk test predict the prognosis in patients with NYHA class II or III chronic heart failure? Am Heart J 1998; 136: 449-57.
51. Stevenson LW, Steimle AE, Fonarow G, et al. Improvement exercises capacity of candidates awaiting heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 25: 163-70.
52. rd ed., 1999.
53. Weber KT, Janicki JS. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing for evaluation of chronic cardiac failure. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55(2): 22A-31A.
54. Wilson JR, Balady G, Froelicher S, Chomsky DB, Davis SF. Relationship between exertional symptoms and functional capacity in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1943-7.
55. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1659-67.
56. Baruch L, Anand I, Cohen IS, Ziesche S, Judd D, Cohn JN. Augmented short-and-long term hemodynamic and hormonal effects of an angiotensin receptor blocker added to angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure. Vasodilator Heart Failure Trial (V-HeFT) Study Group. Circulation 1999; 99: 2658-64.
57. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Cianci G, Purcaro A. Randomized controlled trial of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure. Effects on functional capacity, quality of life, and clinical outcome. Circulation 1999; 99: 1173-82.
58. Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. JAMA 1993; 270: 1702-7.
59. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl Med 1999; 341: 1882-90.
60. Connolly SJ, Gent M, Roberts RS, et al. Canadian implantable defibrillator study (CIDS): a randomized trial of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator against amiodarone. Circulation 2000; 101: 1297-302.
61. Connolly SJ, Krahn A, Klein G. Long term management of the survivor of ventricular fibrillation or sustained ventricular tachycardia. Can J Cardiol 2000; 16(suppl C): 2C-20C.
62. Cook DG, Shaper AG. Breathlessness, lung function and the risk of heart attack. Eur Heart J 1988; 9; 1215-22.
63. Dargie HJ. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1385-90.
64. Di Lenarda A, Sabbadini G, Salvatore L, et al. Long-term effects of carvedilol in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy with persistent left ventricular dysfunction despite chronic metropolol. The Heart-Muscle Disease Study Group. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 33: 1926-34.
65. Diamopoulon I, Tsintzas OK, Daganou M, Cokkinos D, Tzelepis GE. Contribution of lung function to exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Respiration 1999; 66: 144-9.
66. Effect of metropolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet 1999; 353: 2001-7.
67. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 2000; 355: 253-9.
68. Hamroff G, Katz SD, Mancini D, et al. Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitons improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 1999; 99: 990-2.
69. Hirsh J, Dalen J, Anderson DR,et al. Oral anticoagulants: mechanism of action, clinical effectiveness, and optimal therapeutic range. Chest 2001; 199(1 Suppl): 8S-21S.
70. Kannel WB, D'agostino RB, Silbershatz H. Use of vital capacity for cardiac failure risk estimation in persons with 1556 Task Force Report Eur Heart J. Vol. 22, issue 17, September 2001 coronary disease and left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol 1996; 77: 1155-8.
71. Klein AL, Grimm RA, Murray RD, et al. Use of transesophageal echocardiography to guide cardioversion in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1411-20.
72. Kuhlkamp V, Schirdewan A, Stangl K, Homberg M, Ploch M, Beck OA. Use of metoprolol CR/XL to maintain sinus rhythm after conversion from persistent atrial fibrillation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 139-46.
73. Kukin M, Kalman J, Charney RH,et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of effect of long-term treatment with metropolol or carvedilol on symptoms, exercise, ejection fraction, and oxidative stress in heart failure. Circulation 1999; 99: 2645-51.
74. Kukin ML, Mannino MM, Freudenberger RS, Kalman J, Buchholz-Varley C, Ocampo O. Hemodynamic comparison of twice daily metropolol succinate in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 45-50.
75. Mamas S, Nanas J, Kassiotis C, et al. Respiratory muscle performance is related to oxygen kinetics during maximal exercise and early recovery in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1999; 100: 503-8.
76. McKelvie RS, Benedict CR, Yusuf S. Evidence based cardiology: prevention of congestive heart failure and management of symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction. Br Med J 1999; 318: 1400-2.
77. McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, et al. Comparison of candersatan, enalapril and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. Circulation 1999; 100: 1056-64.
78. McKelvie RS. Exercise training in heart failure: How? Heart Fail Rev 1999; 3: 263-71.
79. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al. Effect of carvedilol on survivalin severe chronic heart failure. N Eng J Med 2001; 344: 1651-8.
80. Packer M, Poole-Wilson P, Armstrong PW, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. ATLAS Study Group. Circulation 1999; 100: 2312-8.
81. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomised trial - the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355: 1582-7.
82. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 709-17.
83. Rose EA, Moskowitz AJ, Packer M, et al. The REMATCH trial: rationale, design, and end points. Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure. Ann Thorac Surg 1999; 67: 723-30.
84. Roy D, Talajic M, Dorian P, et al. Amiodarone to prevent recurrence of atrial fibrillation. Canadian Trial of Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. N Engl J med 2000; 342: 913-20.
85. Swedberg K, Pfeffer M, Granger C, et al. Candesartan in heart failure-assessment of reduction in mortality and morbidity (CHARM): rationale and design. CHARM-Programme Investigators. J Card Fail 1999; 5: 276-82.
86. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 9-13.
87. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in highrisk patients. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 145-33.
88. Weber KT. Aldosterone and spironolactone in heart failure. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 753-5. (Edit).
89. Working Group on Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology and Working group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. Recommendations for Exercise Testing in Chronic Heart Failure patients. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 37-45.
90. Burnier M, Brunner HR. Angiotensina II receptor antagonists. Lancet 2000; 355: 637-645.
91. Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Glazer RD, et al. A Rationale and design of the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial: a large multinational trial to assess the effects of valsartan, na angiotensin-receptor blocker, on morbidity and mortality in chronic congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 1999; 5: 155-160.
92. McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D, et al. Effects of candersatan enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure: Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction. RESOLVD Pilot Study. Circulation 1999; 1056-64.
93. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomized trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355: 1582-7.
94. Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure: randomized trial-The Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study, ELITE II. Lancet 2000; 355: 1582-1587.
95. Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. ELITE Study(Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study). Lancet 1997; 349: 745-752.
96. Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA, et al. Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 1997; 349: 747-51.
97. Cazeau S, Ritter P, Bakdach S, et al. Four chamber pacing in dilated cardiomyopathy. PACE 1994; 17(11): 1974-9.
98. Abrabam WT. Rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial to assess the safety and efficacy of cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with advanced heart failure: the Multicenter InSync Randomized Clinical Evaluation (MIRACLE). J Card Fail 2000; 6(4): 369-80.
99. Auricchio A, Stellbrink C, Block M, et al. E.ect of pacing chamber and atrioventricular delay on acute systolic function of patients with congestive heart failure. The Pacing Therapies for Congestive Heart Failure Study Group. The Guidant Congestive Heart Failure Research Group. Circulation 1999; 99: 2993-3001.
100. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Harley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Task Force Report 1559 Eur Heart J, Vol.22, issue 17, September 2001 Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1882-90.
101. Cazeau S, Leclercq C, Lavergne T, et al. Effects of Multisite Biventricular Pacing in Patients with Heart Failure and Intraventricular Conduction Delay. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 873-80.
102. Gras D, Mabo P, Tang T, et al. Multisite pacing as a supplemental treatment of congetsive heart failure: preliminary results of the Medtronic Inc. InSync Study. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 1998; 21(PT 2): 2249-55.
103. Leclercq JF, De Sisti A, Fiorello P, Halimi F, Manot S, Attuel P. Is dual site better than single site atrial pacing in the prevention of atrial fibrillation? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2000;23(12): 2101-7.
104. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1933-40.
105. Ozcan C, Jahangir A, Friedman PA, et al. Long-Term Survival after Ablation of the Atrioventricular Node and Implantation of a Permanent Pacemaker in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(14): 1043-1051.
106. Pina IL. Optimal candidates for heart transplantation: Is 14 the magic number? J Am Coll Cardiol 1995; 26: 436-7.
107. Saxon LA, Boehmer JP, Hummel J, et al. Biventricular pacing in patients with congestive heart failure: two prospective randomized trials. The VIGOR CHF and VENTAK CHF Investigators. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83(5B): 120D-123D.
108. The Antiarrhythmics versus Implantable Defibrillators. A comparison of antiarrhythmic-drug therapy with implantable defibrillators in patients resuscitated from near-fatal ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 1576-83.
109. Xiao HB, Brecker SJ, Gibson DG. Effects of abnormal activation on the time course of the left ventricular pressure pulse in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1992; 68(4): 403-7.
110. Xiao HB, Lee CH, Gibson DG. Effect of left bundle branch block on diastolic function in dilated cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J 1991; 66(6): 443-7.
111. Yu WC, Chen AS, Tai CT, Feng NA, Chang MS. Effects of different atrial pacing modes on atrial electrophysiology: implicating the mechanism of biatrial pacing in prevention of atrial fibrillation. Circulation 1997; 96(9): 2992-6.
112. Bristow MR, Shakar SF, Linseman JV, Lowes BD. Inotropes and beta-blockers: is there a need for new guidelines? Journal of Cardiac Failure 2001; 7(2) (Suppl 1): 8-13.
113. Califf RM, Vidaillet H, Goldman L. Advanced congestive heart failure: What do patients want? Am Heart J 1998; 135: S320-6
114. Capomolla S, Febo O, Opasich C, et al. Chronic infusion of dobutamine and nitroprusside in patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting heart transplantation: safety and clinical outcome. Eur J Heart Fail 2001; 3(5): 601-10.
115. Cleland JG, McGowan J. Levosimendan: a new era for inodilator therapy for heart failure? Curr Opin Cardiol 2002; 17(3): 257-65.
116. Cody RI. Do positive inotropic agents adversely affect the survival of patients with chronic congestive heart failure? I: introduction. J Am Coll Cardiol 1988; 12: 559-561.
117. Dies F, Krell MJ, Whitlow P, et al. Intermittent dobutamine in ambulatory outpatients with chronic cardiac failure. Circulation 1986; 74: 11-38.
118. Follath F, Cleland JGF, Just H, et al. Efficacy and safety of intravenous levosimendan compared with dobutamine in severe low-output heart failure (the LIDO study): a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 196-202.
119. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure. Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure, European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2001; 22: 1527-1560.
120. Hampton JR, van Veldhuisen DJ, Kleber FX, et al. Randomised study of effect of ibopamine on survival in patients with advanced severe failure: Second Prospective Randomised Study of Ibopamine on Mortality and Efficacy (PRIME II). Lancet 1997; 349: 971-77.
121. Holubarsch C. New inotropic concepts: rationale for and differences between calcium sensitizers and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Cardiology 1997; 88(suppl 2): 12-20.
122. Jaussen PM, Datz N, Zeitz O, Hasenfuss G, Levosimendan improves diastolic and systolic function in failing human myocardium. Eur J Pharmacol 2000; 404(1-2): 191-9.
123. Jones CG, Cleland JG. Meeting report - The LIDO, HOPE, MOXCON and WASH studies. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation. The Warfarin/Aspirin Study of Heart Failure. Eur J Heart Fail 1999; 1: 425-31.
124. Kieso HA, Silver MA. Newer Inotropic Agents for Decompensated Heart Failure. ACC Current Journal Review. July/August 1999
125. Krumholz HM, Phillips RS, Hammal MB, et al. Resuscitation preferences among patients with severe congestive heart failure: Results from the SUPPORT project. Circulation 1998; 98: 648-55.
126. Leier CV, Binkley PF. Parenteral inotropic support for advanced congestive heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1998; 41: 207-224.
127. Lewis EF, Johnson PA, Johnson W, Collins CM, Flavell CM, Griffin LM, Stevenson LW. Heart failure patients express strong polarity of preference for either quality of life or survival. J Card Fail 1998; 4(suppl 1): 42.
128. Loh E. Overview: old and new controversies in the treatment of advanced congestive heart failure. J Card Fail 2001; 7(2)Suppl 1: 1-7.
129. Lowes BD, Simon MA, Tsvetkova TO, Bristow MR. Inotropes in the beta-blocker era. Clin Cardiol 2000; 23(3 Suppl): III11-6.
130. Marius-Nunez AL, Heaney L, Fernandez RN, et al. Intermittent inotropic therapy in an outpatient setting: a cost-effective therapeutic modality in patients with refractory heart failure. Am Heart J 1996; 132: 805-8.
131. Metra M, Nodari S, Boldi E, Bontempi, L et al. Different responses to inotropic agents after long term beta-blockade with either metoprolol or carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2000; 2: 57.
132. Moiseyev VS, Poder P, Andrejevs N, et al. Randomized study on safety and effectiveness of levosimendan in patients with left ventricular failure after an acute myocardial infarction (RUSSLAN). Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1422-1432.
133. MS Cuffe, et al. Rationale and design of the OPTIME CHF trial. Am Heart J 2000; 139: 15-22.
134. Nieminen MS, Akkila J, Hasenfuss G, et al. Hemodynamic and neurohumoral effects of continuous infusion of levosimendan in patients with congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36(6): 1903-12.
135. O'Connor CM, Gattis WA, Uretsky BF, et al. Continuous intravenous dobutamine is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with advanced heart failure: insights from the Flolan International Randomized Survival Trial (FIRST). Part 1. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 78-86.
136. Oliva F, Latini R, Politi A, et al. Intermittent 6-month low-dose dobutamine infusion in severe heart failure: DICE multicenter trial. Am Heart J 1999; 138: 247-53.
137. Pereira-Barretto AC. Inotrópicos, anticoagulantes e outras opções terapêuticas. In: Pereira-Barretto AC, Insuficiência Cardíaca no Terceiro Milênio. São Paulo: Lemos Editorial, 2000: 141-165.
138. Silver MA, Horton DP, Ghali JK, Elkayam U. Effect of nesiritide versus dobutamine on short-term outcomes in the treatment of patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39(5): 798-803.
139. Singh BN, Lilleberg J, Sandell EP, et al. Effects of levosimendan on cardiac arrhythmia: electrophysiologic and ambulatory electrocardiographic findings in phase II and phase III clinical studies in cardiac failure. Am J Cardiol 1999; 83: 16-20.
140. Slawsky MT, Colucci WS, Gottlieb SS, et al. Acute hemodynamic and clinical effects of levosimendan in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation 2000; 102: 2222-27.
141. Stanek EI, Melanie B. Oates, William F, McGhan, David DeNofrio, Evan Loh. Preferences for treatment outcomes in patients with heart failure: Symptoms versus survival. J Card Fail 2000; 6(3): 225-232.
142. Stevenson LW, Colucci WS. Management of patients hospitalized with heart failure. In: Smith TW, ed. Cardiovascular Therapeutics. Philadelphia, Penna: Saunders, 1996: 199-209.
143. Swedberg K, Hjalmarson A, Waagstein F, Wallentim I. Adverse effects of beta-blockade withdrawal in patients with congestive heart failure. Br Heart J 1980; 44: 134-142.
144. Thackray S, Witte K, Clark AL, Cleland JG. Clinical trials update: OPTIME-CHF, PRAISE-2, ALL-HAT. Eur J Heart Fail 2000; 2: 209-12.
145. Tsvetkova TO, Farber DJ, Abraham WT, et al. Comparative hemodynamic effects of milrinone and dobutamine in heart failure patients treated chronically with carvedilol. (abstr.) J Card Fail 1998; 4(suppl 1): 36.
146. I Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia para Transplante Cardíaco. Arq Bras Cardiol, Hosenpud JD, Bennet LE, Keck BM, Fiol B, Boucek MM, Novick RJ. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: sixteenth o.cial report - 1999. J Heart Lung Transplant 1999; 18: 611-26.
147. Argenziano M, Spotnitz HM, Whang W, Bigger JT, Parides M, Rose EA. Risk stratification for coronary bypass surgery in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Analysis of the Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patch Trial Database. Circulation 1999; 100: II-119-II-124.
148. Antunes PE, Ferrao de Oliveira J, Antunes MJ. Noncardioplegic coronary surgery in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1999; 16: 331-6.
149. Bolling SF, Deeb GM, Brunsting LA, Bach DS. Early outcome of mitral valve reconstruction in patients with end-stage cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1195; 109: 676-83.
150. Bolling SF, Pagani FD, Deeb GM, Bach DS. Intermediateterm outcome of mitral reconstruction in cardiomyopathy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 381-6.
151. Franco-Cereceda A, McCarthy PM, Blackstone EH, et al. Partial left ventriculectomy for dilated cardiomyopathy: is this an altenative to transplantation? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg; 2001; 121: 879-93.
152. McCarthy JF, McCarthy PM, Starling RC, et al. Partial left ventriculectomy and mitral valve repair for end-stage congestive heart failure. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1998; 13: 337-43.