Functional magnetic resonance imaging and its clinical utility in patients with visual disturbances

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 47, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 562-579

  Miki, Atsushi ^a   Haselgrove, John C ^a   Liu, Grant T ^a,b,c  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OF PHILADELPHIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^c HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Functional MRI; Human visual system; Lateral geniculate nucleus; Visual cortex

Indexed keywords

AMBLYOPIA; ARTICLE; BLINKING; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN INJURY; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN REGION; DEGENERATIVE DISEASE; DRY EYE; EVENT RELATED POTENTIAL; EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN; EYE MOVEMENT; HOMONYMOUS HEMIANOPIA; HUMAN; LATERAL GENICULATE NUCLEUS; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; MENTAL DISEASE; NON INVASIVE MEASUREMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OPTIC CHIASM; OPTIC NERVE DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STRIATE CORTEX; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VISUAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; VISUAL STIMULATION;

EID: 0036867181     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00356-9     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. Altman N.R., Bernal B. Brain activation in sedated children. auditory and visual functional MR imaging Radiology. 221:2001;56-63.
2. Barbur J.L., Sahraie A., Simmons A.et al. Residual processing of chromatic signals in the absence of a geniculostriate projection. Vision Res. 38:1998;3447-3453.
3. Barnes G.R., Hess R.F., Dumoulin S.O.et al. The cortical deficit in humans with strabismic amblyopia. J Physiol. 533:2001;281-297.
4. Barton J.J.S., Simpson T., Kiriakopoulos E.et al. Functional MRI of lateral occipitotemporal cortex during pursuit and motion perception. Ann Neurol. 40:1996;387-398.
5. Baseler H.A., Morland A.B., Wandell B.A. Topographic organization of human visual areas in the absence of input from primary cortex. J Neurosci. 19:1999;2619-2627.
6. Beauchamp M.S., Haxby J.V., Jennings J.E., DeYoe E.A. An fMRI version of the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-Hue test reveals multiple color-selective areas in human ventral occipitotemporal cortex. Cereb Cortex. 9:1999;257-263.
7. Berman R.A., Colby C.L., Genovese C.R.et al. Cortical networks subserving pursuit and saccadic eye movements in humans. an FMRI study Hum Brain Mapping. 8:1999;209-225.
8. Bittar R.G., Ptito M., Faubert J.et al. Activation of remaining hemisphere following stimulation of the blind hemifield in hemispherectomized subjects. Neuroimage. 10:1999;339-346.
9. Bittar R.G., Ptito A., Dumoulin S.O.et al. Reorganization of the visual cortex in callosal agenesis and colpocephaly. J Clin Neurosci. 7:2000;13-15.
10. Bodis-Wollner I., Bucher S.F., Seelos K.C.et al. Functional MRI mapping of occipital and frontal cortical activity during voluntary and imagined saccades. Neurology. 49:1997;416-420.
11. Bodis-Wollner I., Bucher S.F., Seelos K.C. Cortical activation patterns during voluntary blinks and voluntary saccades. Neurology. 53:1999;1800-1805.
12. Bonhomme G.R., Liu G.T., Miki A.et al. Decreased cortical activation in response to a motion stimulus in anisometropic amblyopic eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 41(Suppl):2000;703.
13. Born P., Rostrup E., Leth H.et al. Change of visually induced cortical activation patterns during development. Lancet. 347:1996;543.
14. Born P., Leth H., Miranda M.J.et al. Visual activation in infants and young children studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatric Research. 44:1998;578-583.
15. Born A.P., Miranda M.J., Rostrup E.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the normal and abnormal visual system in early life. Neuropediatrics. 31:2000;24-32.
16. Boroojerdi B., Bushara K.O., Corwell B.et al. Enhanced excitability of the human visual cortex induced by short-term light deprivation. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;529-534.
17. Brandt T., Bucher S.F., Seelos K.C., Dieterich M. Bilateral functional MRI activation of the basal ganglia and middle temporal/medial superior temporal motion-sensitive areas. Optokinetic stimulation in homonymous hemianopia. Arch Neurol. 55:1998;1126-1131.
18. Brandt T., Stephan T., Bense S.et al. Hemifield visual motion stimulation. an example of interhemispheric crosstalk NeuroReport. 11:2000;2803-2809.
19. Buchel C., Turner R., Friston K. Lateral geniculate activations can be detected using intersubject averaging and fMRI. Magn Reson Med. 38:1997;691-694.
20. Buchel C., Josephs O., Rees G.et al. The functional anatomy of attention to visual motion. A functional MRI study. Brain. 121:1998;1281-1294.
21. Bucher S.F., Dieterich M., Seelos K.C., Brandt T. Sensorimotor cerebral activation during optokinetic nystagmus. A functional MRI study. Neurology. 49:1997;1370-1377.
22. Chawla D., Phillips J., Buechel C.et al. Speed-dependent motion-sensitive responses in V5. an fMRI study Neuroimage. 7:1998;86-96.
23. Chen W., Kato T., Zhu X.-H.et al. Mapping of LGN activation during visual stimulation in human brain using fMRI. Magn Reson Med. 39:1998;89-96.
24. Chen W., Kato T., Zhu X.-H.et al. Human primary visual cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus activation during visual imagery. NeuroReport. 9:1998;3669-3674.
25. Chen W., Zhu X.-H., Thulborn K.R., Ugurbil K. Retinotopic mapping of lateral geniculate nucleus in humans using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;2430-2434.
26. Chen W., Zhu X.H. Correlation of activation sizes between lateral geniculate nucleus and primary visual cortex in humans. Magn Reson Med. 45:2001;202-205.
27. Cheng K., Waggoner R.A., Tanaka K. Human ocular dominance columns as revealed by high-field functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuron. 32:2001;359-374.
28. Choi M.Y., Lee K.-M., Hwang J.-M.et al. Comparison between anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Br J Ophthalmol. 85:2001;1052-1056.
29. Clarke S., Maeder P., Meuli R.et al. Interhemispheric transfer of visual motion information after a posterior callosal lesion. a neuropsychological and fMRI study Exp Brain Res. 132:2000;127-133.
30. Cohen M.S., Bookheimer S.Y. Localization of brain function using magnetic resonance imaging. Trends Neurosci. 17:1994;268-277.
31. Cohen M.S., DuBois R.M. Stability, repeatability, and the expression of signal magnitude in functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging. 10:1999;33-40.
32. Condon B., McFadzean R., Hadley D.M.et al. Habituation-like effects cause a significant decrease in response in MRI neuroactivation during visual stimulation. Vision Res. 37:1997;1243-1247.
33. Courtney S.M., Ungerleider L.G. What fMRI has taught us about human vision. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 7:1997;554-561.
34. Crick F., Koch C. Are we aware of neural activity in primary visual cortex? Nature. 375:1995;121-123.
35. Darby D.G., Nobre A.C., Thangaraj V.et al. Cortical activation in the human brain during lateral saccades using EPISTAR functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroimage. 3:1996;53-62.
36. Dechent P., Frahm J. Direct mapping of ocular dominance columns in human primary visual cortex. NeuroReport. 11:2000;3247-3249.
37. D'Esposito M., Detre J.A., Aguirre G.K.et al. A functional MRI study of mental image generation. Neuropsychologia. 35:1997;725-730.
38. D'Esposito M., Zarahn E., Aguirre G.K. Event-related functional MRI. implication for cognitive psychology Psychol Bull. 125:1999;155-164.
39. DeYoe E.A., Bandettini P., Neitz J.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) of the human brain. J Neurosci Methods. 54:1994;171-187.
40. DeYoe E.A., Carman G.J., Bandettini P.et al. Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:1996;2382-2386.
41. DuBois R.M., Cohen M.S. Spatiotopic organization in human superior colliculus observed with fMRI. Neuroimage. 12:2000;63-70.
42. Endo S., Toyoma H., Kimura Y.et al. Mapping visual field with positron emission tomography by mathematical modeling of the retinotopic organization in the calcarine cortex. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 16:1997;252-260.
43. Engel S.A., Rumelhart D.E., Wandell B.A.et al. fMRI of human visual cortex. Nature. 369:1994;525.
44. Engel S.A., Furmanski C.S. Neural activity in human lateral geniculate nucleus measured with functional MRI. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 38(Suppl):1997;1689.
45. Engel S.A., Glover G.H., Wandell B.A. Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. Cereb Cortex. 7:1997;181-192.
46. ffytche D.H., Howard R.J., Brammer M.J.et al. The anatomy of conscious vision. an fMRI study of visual hallucinations Nature Neuroscience. 1:1998;738-742.
47. ffytche D.H., Howseman A., Edwards R.et al. Human area V5 and motion in the ipsilateral visual field. European J Neurosci. 12:2000;3015-3025.
48. Fox P.T., Raichle M.E., Mintun M.A., Dence C. Nonoxidative glucose consumption during focal physiologic neural activity. Science. 241:1988;462-464.
49. Freitag P., Greenlee M.W., Lacina T.et al. Effects of eye movements on the magnitude of functional magnetic resonance imaging responses in extrastriate cortex during visual motion perception. Exp Brain Res. 119:1998;409-414.
50. Fried I., Nenov V.I., Ojemann S.G., Woods R.P. Functional MR and PET imaging of rolandic and visual cortices for neurosurgical planning. J Neurosurg. 83:1995;854-861.
51. Friston K.J., Holmes A.P., Worsley K.J.et al. Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging. a general linear approarch Hum Brain Mapp. 2:1995;189-210.
52. Friston K.J., Holmes A.P., Poline J.-B.et al. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisted. Neuroimage. 2:1995;45-53.
53. Friston K.J., Williams S., Howard R.et al. Movement-related effects in fMRI time-series. Magn Reson Med. 35:1996;346-355.
54. Fujita N., Tanaka H., Takanashi N.et al. Lateral genicualte nucleus. anatomic and functional identification by use of MR imaging AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22:2001;1719-1726.
55. Gareau P.J., Gati J.S., Menon R.S.et al. Reduced visual evoked responses in multiple sclerosis patients with optic neuritis. comparison of functional magnetic resonance imaging and visual evoked potentials Multiple Sclerosis. 5:1999;161-164.
56. Gati J.S., Menon R.S., Ugurbil K.et al. Experimental determination of the BOLD field strength dependence in vessels and tissue. Magn Reson Med. 38:1997;296-302.
57. Goebel R., Khorram-Sefat D., Muckli L.et al. The constructive nature of vision. direct evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of apparent motion and motion imagery Eur J Neurosci. 10:1998;1563-1573.
58. Goebel R., Muckli L., Zanella F.E.et al. Sustained extrastriate cortical activation without visual awareness revealed by fMRI studies of hemianopic patients. Vision Res. 41:2001;1459-1474.
59. Goodyear B.G., Menon R.S. Effect of luminance contrast on BOLD fMRI response in human primary visual areas. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;2204-2207.
60. Goodyear B.G., Nicole D.A., Humphrey G.K., Menon R.S. BOLD fMRI response of early visual areas to perceived contrast in human amblyopia. J Neurophysiol. 84:2000;1907-1913.
61. Goodyear B.G., Menon R.S. Brief visual stimulation allows mapping of ocular dominance in visual cortex using fMRI. Human Brain Mapping. 14:2001;210-217.
62. Hadjikhani N., Liu A.K., Dale A.M.et al. Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8. Nature Neurosci. 1:1998;235-240.
63. Hadjikhani N., Tootell R.B.H. Projection of rods and cones within human visual cortex. Hum Brain Mapping. 9:2000;55-63.
64. Hadjikhani N., Sanchez del Rio M., Wu O.et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:2001;4687-4692.
65. Hajnal J.V., Myers R., Oatridge A.et al. Artifacts due to stimulus correlated motion in functional imaging of the brain. Magn Reson Med. 31:1994;283-291.
66. Hedera P., Lai S., Haacke E.M.et al. Abnormal connectivity of the visual pathways in human albinos demonstrated by susceptibility-sensitized MRI. Neurology. 44:1994;1921-1926.
67. Hedera P., Wu D., Collins S.et al. Sex and electroencephalographic synchronization after photic stimulation predict signal changes in the visual cortex on functional MR images. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19:1998;853-857.
68. Hirsch J., Ruge M.I., Kim K.H.S.et al. An integrated functional magnetic resonance imaging procedures for preoperative mapping of cortical areas associated with tactile, motor, language, and visual functions. Neurosurgery. 47:2000;711-722.
69. Holodny A.I., Schulder M., Liu W.C.et al. Decreased BOLD functional MR activation of the motor and sensory cortices adjacent to a glioblastoma multiforme. implications for image-guided neurosurgery AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 20:1999;609-612.
70. Holodny A.I., Schulder M., Liu W.-C.et al. The effect of brain tumors on BOLD functional MR imaging activation in the adjacent motor cortex. implications for image-guide neurosurgery AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21:2001;1415-1422.
71. Howard R.J., ffytche D.H., Barnes J.et al. The functional anatomy of imagining and perceiving colour. NeuroReport. 9:1998;1019-1023.
72. Howseman A.M., Bowtell R.W. Functional magnetic resonance imaging. imaging techniques and contrast mechanisms Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 354:1999;1179-1193.
73. Howseman A.M., Grootoonk S., Porter D.A.et al. The effect of slice order and thickness on fMRI activation data using multislice echo-planar imaging. Neuroimage. 9:1999;363-376.
74. Innocenti G.M., Maeder P., Knyazeva M.G.et al. Functional activation of microgyric visual cortex in a human. Ann Neurol. 50:2001;672-676.
75. Jack C.R. Jr., Thompson R.M., Butts R.K.et al. Sensory motor cortex. correlation of presurgical mapping with functional MR imaging and invasive cortical mapping Radiology. 190:1994;85-92.
76. Kanwisher N., McDermott J., Chun M.M. The fusiform face area. a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception J Neurosci. 17:1997;4302-4311.
77. Kassubek J., Otte M., Wolter T.et al. Brain imaging in a patient with hemimicropsia. Neuropsychologia. 37:1999;1327-1334.
78. Kim S.-G., Ugurbil K. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain. J Neurosci Methods. 74:1997;229-243.
79. Kleinschmidt A., Merboldt K.-D., Hanicke W.et al. Correlational imaging of thalamocortical coupling in the primary visual pathway of the human brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 14:1994;952-957.
80. Kleinschmidt A., Lee B.B., Requardt M., Frahm J. Functional mapping of color processing by magnetic resonance imaging of responses to selective P- and M-pathway stimulation. Exp Brain Res. 110:1996;279-288.
81. Kleiser R., Wittsack J., Niedeggen M.et al. Is V1 necessary for conscious vision in areas of relative cortical blindness? Neuroimage. 13:2001;654-661.
82. Kollias S.S., Landau K., Khan N.et al. Functional evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging of the visual cortex in patients with retrochiasmatic lesions. J Neurosurg. 89:1998;780-790.
83. Kong C.K., Wong L.Y., Yuen M.K. Visual field plasticity in a female with right occipital cortical dysplasia. Pediatr Neurol. 23:2000;256-260.
84. Kwong K.K. Functional magnetic resonance imaging with echo planar imaging. Magn Reson Quarterly. 11:1995;1-20.
85. Kwong K.K., Belliveau J.W., Chesler D.A.et al. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;5675-5679.
86. Le Bihan D., Turner R., Zeffiro T.A.et al. Activation of human primary visual cortex during visual recall. a magnetic resonance imaging study Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1993;11802-11805.
87. Lee K.-M., Lee S.-H., Kim N.-Y.et al. Binocularity and spatial frequency dependence of calcarine activation in two types of amblyopia. Neurosci Res. 40:2001;147-153.
88. Lee Y.-J., Chung T.-S., Yoon Y.S.et al. The role of functional MR imaging in patients with ischemia in the visual cortex. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 22:2001;1043-1049.
89. Levin J.M., Ross M.H., Mendelson J.H.et al. Sex differences in blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional MRI with primary visual stimulation. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1998;434-436.
90. Liu G.T., Fletcher D.W., Bishop R.J.et al. Variability in visual cortex activation during prolonged functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neuro-ophthalmol. 18:1998;258-262.
91. Liu G.T., Hunter J., Miki A.et al. Functional MRI in children with congenital structural abnormalities of occipital cortex. Neuropediatrics. 31:2000;13-15.
92. Liu G.T., Miki A., Goldsmith Z.G.et al. Eye dominance in the visual cortex using functional MRI at 1.5 T. an alternative method J AAPOS. 6:2002;40-48.
93. Luna B., Thulborn K.R., Strojwas M.H.et al. Dorsal cortical regions subserving visually guided saccades in humans. an fMRI study Cereb Cortex. 8:1998;40-47.
94. Malecaze F.J., Boulanouar K.A., Demonet J.F.et al. Abnormal activation in the visual cortex after corneal refractive surgery for myopia. Demonstration by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ophthalmology. 108:2001;2213-2218.
95. Martin E., Joeri P., Loenneker T.et al. Visual processing in infants and children studied using functional MRI. Pediatric Research. 46:1999;135-140.
96. Masuoka L.K., Anderson A.W., Gore J.C.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging identifies abnormal visual cortical function in patients with occipital lobe epilepsy. Epilepsica. 40:1999;1248-1253.
97. McDowell J.E., Brown G.G., Paulus M.et al. Neural correlates of refixation saccades and antisaccades in normal and schizophrenia subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 51:2002;216-223.
98. McFadzean R.M., Condon B.C., Barr D.B. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in the visual system. J Neuro-ophthalmol. 19:1999;186-200.
99. McGonigle D.J., Howseman A.M., Athwal B.S.et al. Variability in fMRI. an examination in intersession differences Neuroimage. 11:2000;708-734.
100. McKeefry D.J., Zeki S. The position and topography of the human colour centre as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain. 120:1997;2229-2242.
101. Menon R.S., Ogawa S., Hu X.et al. BOLD based fMRI at 4 Tesla includes a capillary bed contribution. echo-planar imaging correlates with previous optical imaging using intrinsic signals Magn Reson Med. 33:1995;453-459.
102. Menon R.S., Ogawa S., Strupp J.P., Ugurbil K. Ocular dominance in human V1 demonstrated by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurophysiol. 77:1997;2780-2787.
103. Menon R.S., Goodyear B.G. Submillimeter functional localization in human striate cortex using BOLD contrast at 4 Tesla. implications for the vascular point-spread function Magn Reson Med. 41:1999;230-235.
104. Miki A., Nakajima T., Fujita M.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in homonymous hemianopsia. Am J Ophthalmol. 121:1996;258-266.
105. Miki A., Nakajima T., Takagi M.et al. Detection of visual dysfunction in optic atrophy by functional magnetic resonance imaging during monocular visual stimulation. Am J Ophthalmol. 122:1996;404-415.
106. Miki A., Nakajima T., Abe H., Liu G.T. Occipital lobe dysfunction revealed by functional brain imaging in a patient with traumatic visual field loss. Neuro-ophthalmology. 22:1999;127-132.
107. Miki A., Nakajima T., Takagi M.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of visual cortex in a patient with cerebrovascular insufficiency. Neuro-ophthalmology. 23:2000;83-88.
108. Miki A., Raz J., van Erp T.G.M.et al. Reproducibility of visual activation in functional MR imaging and effects of postprocessing. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21:2000;910-915.
109. Miki A., Liu G.T., Raz J.et al. Contralateral monocular dominance in anterior visual cortex confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Ophthalmol. 130:2000;821-824.
110. Miki A., Raz J., Haselgrove J.C.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of lateral geniculate nucleus at 1.5 Tesla. J Neuro-ophthalmol. 20:2000;285-287.
111. Miki A., Raz J., Englander S.A.et al. Reproducibility of visual activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging at very high field strength (4 Tesla). Jpn J Ophthalmol. 45:2001;1-4.
112. Miki A., Liu G.T., Fletcher D.W.et al. Ocular dominance in anterior visual cortex demonstrated in a child using fMRI. Pediatric Neurology. 24:2001;232-234.
113. Miki A., Liu G.T., Goldsmith Z.G.et al. Effects of check size on visual cortex activation studied by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Ophthalmic Res. 33:2001;180-184.
114. Miki A., Liu G.T., Raz J., Englander S.A.et al. Visual activation in functional magnetic resonance imaging at very high field (4 Tesla). J Neuro-ophthalmol. 21:2001;8-11.
115. Miki A., Liu G.T., Englander S.A.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of eye dominance at 4 Tesla. Ophthalmic Res. 33:2001;276-282.
116. Miki A., Liu G.T., Modestino E.J.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of lateral geniculate nucleus and visual cortex at 4 Tesla in a patient with homonymous hemianopia. Neuro-ophthalmology. 25:2001;109-114.
117. Miki A., Liu G.T., Modestino E.J.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the visual system. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 12:2001;423-431.
118. Morita T., Kochiyama T., Yamada H.et al. Difference in the metabolic response to photic stimulation of the lateral geniculate nucleus and the primary visual cortex of infants. a fMRI study Neurosci Res. 38:2000;63-70.
119. Moritz C.H., Rowley H.A., Haughton V.M.et al. Functional MR imaging assessment of a non-responsive brain injured patient. Mag Res Imag. 19:2001;1129-1132.
120. Morland A.B., Baseler H.A., Hoffmann M.B.et al. Abnormal retinotopic representations in human visual cortex revealed by fMRI. Acta Psychologica. 107:2001;229-247.
121. Moser E., Teichtmeister C., Diemling M. Reproducibility and postprocessing of gradient-echo functional MRI to improve localization of brain activity in the human visual cortex. Mag Res Imag. 14:1996;567-579.
122. Muri R.M., Iba-Zizen M.T., Derosier C.et al. Location of the human posterior eye field with functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 60:1996;445-448.
123. Muri R.M., Heid O., Nirkko A.C.et al. Functional organization of saccades and antisaccades in the frontal lobe in humans. a study with echo planar functional magnetic resonance imaging J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 65:1998;374-377.
124. Ogawa S., Lee T.M., Kay A.R., Tank D.W. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;9868-9872.
125. Ogawa S., Tank D.W., Menon R.et al. Intrinsic signal changes accompanying sensory stimulation. functional brain mapping with magnetic resonance imaging Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 89:1992;5951-5955.
126. Ogawa S., Menon R.S., Tank D.W.et al. Functional brain mapping by blood oxygenation level-dependent contrast magnetic resonance imaging. Biophys J. 64:1993;803-812.
127. Ogawa S., Menon R.S., Kim S.-G., Ugurbil K. On the characteristics of functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct. 27:1998;447-474.
128. Pauling L., Coryell C.D. The magnetic properties and structure of hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin and carbonmonoxyhemoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 22:1936;210-216.
129. Petit L., Clark V.P., Ingeholm J., Haxby J.V. Dissociation of saccade-related and pursuit-related activation in human frontal eye fields as revealed by fMRI. J Neurophysiol. 77:1997;3386-3390.
130. Petit L., Haxby J.V. Functional anatomy of pursuit eye movements in humans as revealed by fMRI. J Neurophysiol. 81:1999;463-471.
131. Puce A., Allison T., Gore J.C., McCarthy G. Face-sensitive regions in human extrastriate cortex studied by functional MRI. J Neurophysiol. 74:1995;1192-1199.
132. Puce A., Allison T., Asgari M.et al. Differential sensitivity of human visual cortex to faces, letterstrings, and textures. a functional magnetic resonance imaging study J Neurosci. 16:1996;5205-5215.
133. Puce A., Constable R.T., Luby M.L.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of sensory and motor cortex. comparison with electrophysiological localization J Neurosurg. 83:1995;262-270.
134. Rademacher J., Caviness V.S., Steinmetz H., Galaburda Topographical variation of the human primary cortices. implications for neuroimaging, brain mapping, and neurobiology Cereb Cortex. 3:1993;313-329.
135. Rausch M., Widdig W., Eysel U.T.et al. Enhanced responsiveness of human extravisual areas to photic stimulation in patients with severely reduced vision. Exp Brain Res. 135:2000;34-40.
136. Rombouts S.A.R.B., Lazeron R.H.C., Scheltens P.et al. Visual activation patterns in patients with optic neuritis. an fMRI pilot study Neurology. 50:1998;1896-1899.
137. Rombouts S.A.R.B., Barkhof F., Hoogenraad F.G.C.et al. Within-subject reproducibility of visual activation patterns with functional magnetic resonance imaging using multislice echo planar imaging. Mag Res Imag. 16:1998;105-113.
138. Rosen B.R., Buckner R.L., Dale A.M. Event-related functional MRI. past, present, and future Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;773-780.
139. Ross M.H., Yurgelun-Todd D.A., Renshaw P.F.et al. Age-related reduction in functional MRI response to photic stimulation. Neurology. 48:1997;173-176.
140. Sakai K., Watanabe E., Onodera Y.et al. Functional mapping of the human colour centre with echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Roy Soc Lond (Biol). 261:1995;89-98.
141. Schlosser M.J., McCarthy G., Fulbright R.K.et al. Cerebral vascular malformations adjacent to sensorimotor and visual cortex. Functional magnetic resonance imaging studies before and after therapeutic intervention. Stroke. 28:1997;1130-1137.
142. Schneider W., Noll D.C., Cohen J.D. Functional topographic mapping of the cortical ribbon in human vision with conventional MRI scanners. Nature. 365:1993;150-153.
143. Sereno M.I., Dale A.M., Reppas J.B.et al. Borders of multiple visual areas in humans revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Science. 268:1995;889-893.
144. Sie L.T.L., Rombouts S.A., Valk I.J.et al. Functional MRI of visual cortex in sedated 18 month-old infants with or without periventricular leukomalacia. Dev Med Child Neurol. 43:2001;486-490.
145. Smith A.T., Greenlee M.W., Singh K.D.et al. The processing of first- and second-order motion in human visual cortex assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). J Neurosci. 18:1998;3816-3830.
146. Smith C.D., Andersen A.H., Kryscio R.J.et al. Altered brain activation in cognitively intact individuals at high risk for Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 53:1999;1391-1396.
147. Sorensen A.G., Wray S.H., Weisskoff R.M.et al. Functional MR of brain activity and perfusion in patients with chronic cortical stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 16:1995;1753-1762.
148. Stoerig P., Kleinschmidt A., Frahm J. No visual responses in denervated V1. high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging of a blindsight patient NeuroReport. 9:1998;21-25.
149. Sunaert S., Van Hecke P., Marchal G., Orban G.A. Motion-responsive regions of the human brain. Exp Brain Res. 127:1999;355-370.
150. Talairach P., Tournoux J. A stereotactic coplanar atlas of the human brain. 1988;Stuttgart, Thieme.
151. Thomas C.G., Menon R.S. Amplitude response and stimulus presentation frequency response of human primary visual cortex using BOLD EPI at 4 T. Magn Reson Med. 40:1998;203-209.
152. Thulborn K.R., Waterton J.C., Mathews P.M., Radda G.K. Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high fields. Biochem Biophys Acta. 714:1982;265-270.
153. Thulborn K.R., Martin C., Voyvodic J.T. Functional MR imaging using a visually guided saccade paradigm for comparing activation patterns in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in cognitively able elderly volunteers. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 21:2000;524-531.
154. Tootell R.B.H., Reppas J.B., Kwong K.K.et al. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci. 15:1995;3215-3230.
155. Tootell R.B.H., Mendola J.D., Hadjikhani N.K.et al. Functional analysis of V3A and related areas in human visual cortex. J Neurosci. 17:1997;7060-7078.
156. Tootell R.B.H., Mendola J.D., Hadjikhani N.K.et al. The representation of the ipsilateral visual field in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;818-824.
157. Tootell R.B.H., Hadjikhani N.K., Vanduffel W.et al. Functional analysis of primary visual cortex (V1) in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;811-817.
158. Tsubota K., Kwong K.K., Lee T.-Y.et al. Functional MRI of brain activation by eye blinking. Exp Eye Res. 69:1999;1-7.
159. Turner R., Howseman A., Rees G.E.et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the human brain. data acquisition and analysis Exp Brain Res. 123:1998;5-12.
160. Ugurbil K., Garwood M., Ellermann J.et al. Imaging at high magnetic fields. initial experiences at 4 Tesla Magn Reson Quarterly. 9:1993;259-277.
161. Ugurbil K., Hu X., Chen W.et al. Functional mapping in the human brain using high magnetic fields. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 354:1999;1195-1213.
162. Van Essen D.C., Drury H.A., Joshi S., Miller M.I. Functional and structural mapping of human cerebral cortex. solutions are in the surfaces Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;788-795.
163. Victor J.D., Apkarian P., Hirsch J.et al. Visual function and brain organization in non-decussating retinal-fugal fibre syndrome. Cereb Cortex. 10:2000;2-22.
164. Wandell B.A. Computational neuroimaging of human visual cortex. Annu Rev Neurosci. 22:1999;145-173.
165. Watanabe T., Sasaki Y., Miyauchi S.et al. Attention-regulated activity in human primary visual cortex. J Neurophysiol. 79:1998;2218-2221.
166. Watanabe T., Harner A.M., Miyauchi S.et al. Task-dependent influence of attention on the activation of human primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 95:1998;11489-11492.
167. Werring D.J., Bullmore E.T., Toosy A.T.et al. Recovery from optic neuritis is associated with a change in the distribution of cerebral response to visual stimulation. a functional magnetic resonance imaging study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 68:2000;441-449.
168. Worsley K.J., Friston K.J. Analysis of fMRI time-series revisited - again. Neuroimage. 2:1995;173-181.
169. Yamada H., Sadato N., Konishi Y.et al. A rapid brain metabolic change in infants detected by fMRI. NeuroReport. 8:1997;3775-3778.
170. Yamada H., Sadato N., Konishi Y.et al. A milestone for normal development of the infantile brain detected by functional MRI. Neurology. 55:2000;218-223.
171. Yetkin F.Z., Mueller W.M., Morris G.L.et al. Functional MR activation correlated with intraoperative cortical mapping. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 18:1997;1311-1315.
172. Yousry T.A., Schmid U.D., Jassoy A.G.et al. Topography of the cortical motor hand area. prospective study with functional MR imaging and direct motor mapping at surgery Radiology. 195:1995;23-29.
173. Zeki S., ffytche D.H. The Riddoch syndrome. insights into the neurobiology of conscious vision Brain. 121:1998;25-45.
174. Zeki S., Aglioti S., McKeefry D., Berlucchi G. The neurological basis of conscious color perception in a blind patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:1999;14124-14129.
175. Zeki S., Marini L. Three cortical stages of colour processing in the human brain. Brain. 121:1998;1669-1685.
176. Zeki S., Bartels A. The clinical and functional measurement of cortical (in)activity in the visual brain, with special reference to the two subdivisions (V4 and V4alpha) of the human colour centre. Phil Trans R Soc Lond B. 354:1999;1371-1382.