Management of intermittent claudication

Cardiology Clinics

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 521-534

  Brook, Robert D ^a   Weder, Alan B ^a   Grossman, P Michael ^a   Rajagopalan, Sanjay ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; ARGININE; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CARNITINE; CILOSTAZOL; CLOPIDOGREL; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 2; METFORMIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PENTOXIFYLLINE; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PROSTAGLANDIN; RAMIPRIL; SIMVASTATIN; VASCULOTROPIN;

ARTERY DISEASE; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DYSPEPSIA; ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; META ANALYSIS; NAUSEA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RESTENOSIS; REVASCULARIZATION; REVIEW; STROKE; SYMPTOMATOLOGY;

DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY; HUMANS; INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION; RISK FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 0036851661     PISSN: 07338651     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0733-8651(02)00089-9     Document Type: Review

References (88)

1. Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, Farkouh ME, Porter JM, Sackett DL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of the lower extremities: A critical review. Circulation 1996; 94:3026-49.
2. Criqui MH, Fronek A, Barrett-Connor E, Klauber MR, Gabriel S, Goodman D. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in a defined population. Circulation 1985;71:510-55.
3. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Langer RD, Fronek A. The epidemiology of peripheral arterial disease: Importance of identifying the population at risk. Vasc Med 1997;2:221-6.
4. Criqui MH, Denenberg JO, Bird CE, Fronek A, Klauber MR, Langer RD. The correlation between symptoms and non-invasive test results in patients referred for peripheral arterial disease testing. Vasc Med 1996;1:65-71.
5. McDermott MM, Mehta S, Greenland P. Exertional leg symptoms other than intermittent claudication are common in peripheral arterial disease. Arch Int Med 1999;159:387-92.
6. McDermott MM, Greenland P, Liu K, Gunalnik JM, Criqui MH, Dolan NC, et al. Leg symptoms in peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001;286(13):1599-606.
7. Hiatt WR. Medical treatment of peripheral arterial disease and claudication. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(21):1608-21.
8. Newman AB, Shemanski L, Manolio TA, Cushman M, Mittelmark M, Polak JF, et al. Ankle-arm index as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and morality in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999;19:538-45.
9. McKenna M, Wolfson S, Kuller L. The ratio of ankle and arm arterial pressure as an independent predictor of mortality. Atherosclerosis 1991;87: 119-28.
10. Criqui MH. Systemic atherosclerosis risk and the mandate for intervention in atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease. Am J Cardiol 2001;88:43J-7J.
11. Criqui MH, Langer RD, Fronek A, Feigelson HS, Klauber MR, McCann TJ, et al. Mortality over a period of 10 years in patients with peripheral arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1992;326:381-6.
12. Zierler RE, Bergelin RO, Beach KW, Caps MT, Cantwell-Gab K, et al. Carotid and lower extremity arterial disease in patients with renal artery atherosclerosis. Arch Inter Med 1998;158:761-7.
13. Ogren M, Hedbald B, Jungquist G, Isacsson SO, Lindell SE, Janzon L. Low ankle-brachial pressure index in 68-index-old-men: Prevalence, risk factors and prognosis: Results from prospective population study, Men born in 1914, Malmo, Sweden. Eur J Vasc Surg 1993;7:500-6.
14. Vogt MT, Cauley JA, Newman AB, Kuller LH, Hulley SB. Decreased ankle/arm blood pressure index and morality in elderly women. JAMA 1993; 270:465-9.
15. Greenland P, Abrams J, Aurigemma GP, Bond KG, Clark LT, Criqui MH, et al, Prevention Conference V. Beyond secondary prevention: Identifying the high-risk patient for primary prevention: Noninvasive tests of atherosclerotic burden. Writing Group III. Circulation 2000;101:E16-22.
16. Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, Regensteiner JG, Creager MA, Olin JW, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001;286:1317-24.
17. Kannel WB, Shurleff D. The Farmingham Study: Cigarettes and the development of intermittent claudication. Geriatrics 1973;28:61-8.
18. Hughson WG, Mann JL, Garrod A. Intermittent claudication: Prevalence and risk factors. BMJ 1978; 1:1379-81.
19. Smith Jr SC, Blair SN, Bonow RO, Brass LM, Cerqueira MD, et al. AHA/ACC guidelines for preventing heart attack and death in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: 2001 update. Circulation 2001;104:1577-9.
20. Girolami B, Bernardi E, Wouter ten Cate J, Hettiarachchi R, Prandoni P, et al. Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:337-45.
21. Jonason T, Ringqvist I. Factors of prognastic importance for subsequent rest pain in patients with intermittent claudication. Acta Med Scand 1986;218:27-33.
22. Juergens J, Barker N, Hines E. Atherosclerosis obliterans: Review of 520 cases with special reference to pathogenic and prognostic factors. Circulation 1960;21:188-95.
23. Quick CRG, Cotton LT. The measured effect of stopping smoking on intermittent claudication. Br J Surg 1982;69(Suppl):S24-6.
24. Gould AL, Rossouw JE, Santanello NC, Heyse JF, Furberg CD. Cholesterol reduction yields clinical benefit: Impact of statin trials. Circulation 1998; 97:946-52.
25. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-509.
26. Ross R. Mechanisms of disease: Atherosclerosis: An inflammatorydisease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115-26.
27. Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Rifai N. Novel risk factors for systemic atherosclerosis: A comparison of c-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, lipoprotein(l), and standard cholesterol screening as predictors of peripheral arterial disease. JAMA 2001;285:2481-5.
28. LaRosa JC, He J, Vupputuri S. Effect of statins on risk of coronary disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1999;282:2340-6.
29. Knopp RH. Drug therapy: Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med 1999;341:498-511.
30. Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation 2000;101:207-13.
31. Rosenson RS, Tangney C. Antiatherothrombotic properties of statins: Implications for cardiovascular event reduction. JAMA 1998;279:1643-50.
32. Austin MA. Triglyceride, small, dense low-density lipoprotein, and the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. Curr Athero Reports 2000;2:200-7.
33. Rajman I, Chowienszyk PJ, Ritter JM. LDL particle size: An important drug target? Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;48:125-33.
34. Blankenhorn DH, Azen SP, Crawford DW, Nessim SA, Sanmarco ME, Seizer RH, et al. Effects of colestipol and niacin therapy on human femoral atherosclerosis. Circulation 1991;83:438-47.
35. Lewis B. Randomized controlled trial of treatment of hyper lipidemia on progression of atherosclerosis. Acta Med Scand 1985;701(Suppl):53-7.
36. Kroon AA, van Asten WN, Stalenhoef AF. Effect of apheresis of low-density lipoprotein on peripheral vascular disease in hypercholesterolemic patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 1996;125:945-54.
37. Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Pyorala K, Olsson AG, Cook TJ, Musliner TA, et al. Effect of simvastatin on ischemic signs and symptoms in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Am J Cardiol 1998;81:33-5.
38. Joint National Committee. Sixth Report on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda, MD: NIH Publications; 1997. p. 98-4080.
39. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenias G. Effects of an angiotensin-convertingenzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients: The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000;342:145-53.
40. Dzau VJ, Bernstein K, Celermajer D, Cohen J, Dahlof B, Deanfield J, et al. The relevance of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme: Manifestations in mechanistic and endpoint data. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88(Suppl):1L-20L.
41. Radack K, Deck C. Beta-adrenergic blocker therapy does not worsen intermittent claudication in subjects with peripheral arterial disease: A metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 1991;151:1769-76.
42. Reiber GE, Pecoraro RE, Koepsell TD. Risk factors for amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus: A case-control study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117: 97-105.
43. Prospective Diabetes Study UK, (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53.
44. Sachdev GP, Ohlrogge KD, Johnson CL. Review of the Fifth American College of Chest Physicians Consensus Conference on Antithrombotic Therapy: Outpatient management for adults. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999;56:1505-14.
45. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. I. Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994;308: 81-106.
46. Goldhaber SZ, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, La Motte F, Rosner B, Buring JE, et al. Low-dose aspirin and subsequent peripheral arterial surgery in the Physicians' Health Study. Lancet 1992;340:143-5.
47. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy. II. Maintenance of vascular graft or arterial patency by antiplatelet therapy. BMJ 1994; 308:159-68.
48. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996; 348:1329-39.
49. Kullo IJ, Gau GT, Tajik AJ. Novel risk factors for atherosclerosis. Mayo Clin Proc 2000;75:369-80.
50. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet 1999;354:407-13.
51. Feussner G, Wagner A, Kohl B, Ziegler R. Clinical features of type III hyper-lipoproteinemia: Analysis of 64 patients. Clin Investig 1993;71:362-6.
52. Mosby P, Ridker PM. Inflammatory markers of coronary risk. Theory Versus Practice. Circulation 1999;100:1148-50.
53. Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwald E. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentration of C-reactive protein. Circulation 1999;100:230-5.
54. Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997;336:973-9.
55. Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Hargarten ME, Wolfel EE, Brass EP. Benefit of exercise conditioning for patients with peripheral arterial disease. Circulation 1990;81:602-9.
56. Zetterquist S. The effect of active training on the nutritive blood flow of exercising ischemic legs. Scand J Clinc Lab Invest 1970;25:100-11.
57. Hiatt WR, Regensteiner JG, Wolfel EE, Carry MR, Brass EP. Effect of exercise training on skeletal muscle histology and metabolism in peripheral arterial disease. J Appl Physiol 1996;81:780-8.
58. Ernst E. Peripheral vascular disease: Benefits of exercise. Sports Med 1991;12:149-51.
59. Tsang GMK, Green MA, Crow AJ, Smith FC, Beck S, Hudlicka O, et al. Chronic muscle stimulation improves ischaemic muscle performance in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Eur J Vasc Surg 1994;8:419-22.
60. Eberhardt RT, Coffman JD. Drug treatment of peripheral vascular disease. Heart Disease 2000; 2:62-74.
61. Coffman JD. Vasodilator drugs in peripheral vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1979;300:713-7.
62. Igawa T, Tani T, Chijiwa T, Shiragiku T, Shimidzu S, Kawamura K, et al. Potentiation of anti-platelet aggregating activity of cilostazol with vascular endothelial cells. Thromb Res 1990;57:617-23.
63. Beebe HG, Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Herd JA, Strandness DE, Bortney EB, et al. A new pharmacological treatment for intermittent claudication: Results of a randomized multicenter trial. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2041-50.
64. Ikeda Y, Kikuchi M, Murakami H, Satoh K, Murata M, Watanabe K, et al. Comparison of the inhibitory effects of cilostazol, acetylsalicylic acid and ticlopidine on platelet functions ex vivo: Randomised, double-blind crossover study. Arzneimittelforschung 1987;37:563-6.
65. Money SR, Herd JA, Isaacsohn JL, et al. Effect of cilostazol on walking distances in patients with intermittent claudication caused by peripheral vascular disease. J Vasc Surg 1998;27:267-74.
66. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Meissner MH, Strandness E Jr. Cilostazol has beneficial effects in treatment of intermittent claudication. Circulation 1998;98: 678-86.
67. Dawson DL, Cutler BS, Hiatt WR, Hobson II RW, Martin JD, Bortney EB, et al. A comparison of cilostazol and pentoxifylline for treating intermittent claudication. Am J Med 2000;109: 523-30.
68. Cone J, Wang S, Tandon N, Fong M, Sun B, Sakurai K, et al. Comparison of the effects of cilostazol and milrinone on intracellular CAMP levels and cellular function in platelets and cardiac cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:497-504.
69. Lievre M, Azoulay S, Lion L, Morand S, Girre JP, Boissel JP. A dose-effect study of beraprost sodium in intermittent claudication. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1996;27:788-93.
70. Belch JJ, Bell PR, Creissen D, Dormandy JA, Kester RC, McCollum RD, et al. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of AS-013, a prostaglandin E1 prodrug, in patients with intermittent claudication. Circulation 1997;95:2298-302.
71. Lievre M, Morand S, Besse B, Fiessinger JN, Boissel JP. Oral beraprost sodium, a prostaglandin i2 analogue, for intermittent claudication: A doubleblind, randomized, multicenter controlled trial. Circulation 2000;102:426-31.
72. Mohler ER, Hiatt WR, Olin J, Wade M, Jeffs RA, Hirsch AT. Treatment of intermittent claudication with beraprost sodium, an orally active prostaglandin 12 analogue: A double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Vascular Medicine 2002;7:6A.
73. Brevetti G, Angelini C, Rosa M, Carrazzo R, Perna S, Corsi M, et al. Muscle carnitine deficiency in patients with severe peripheral vascular disease. Circulation 1991;84:1490-5.
74. Brevetti G, Diehm C, Lambert D. European multicenter study on propionyl-L-carnitine in intermittent claudication. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:1618-24.
75. Boger RH, Bode-Boger SM, Thiele W, et al. Restoring vascular nitric oxide formation by Larginine improves the symptoms of intermittent claudication in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32: 1336-44.
76. Lederman RJ, Mendelsohn FO, Anderson RD, Saucedo JF, Tenaglia AN, Hermiller JB, et al. Annex BH. TRAFFIC investigators. Therapeutic angiogenesis with recombinant fibroblast growth-factor 2 for intermittent claudication (the TRAFFIC study): A randomised trial clinical. Lancet 2002; 359(9323):2053-8.
77. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus (TASC). Treatment of intermittent claudication in management of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). J Vasc Surg 2000;31:S1-S296.
78. de Vries SO, Hunink MG. Results of aortic bifurcation grafts for aortoiliac occlusive disease: A meta-analysis. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:558-69.
79. Eagleton MJ, Illig KA, Green RM, et al. Impact of inflow reconstruction on infrainguinal bypass. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:928-36.
80. Becquemin J. Effect of ticlopidine on the long-term patency of saphenous-vein bypass grafts in the legs. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1726-31.
81. Tetteroo E, van der Graaf Y, Bosch JL, van Engelen AD, Hunink MG, Eikelboom BC, Mali WP. Randomised comparison of primary stent placement versus primary angioplasty followed by selective stent placement in patients with iliac-artery occlusive disease. Dutch Iliac Stent Trial Study Group. Lancet 1998;351:1153-9.
82. Bosch JL, Hunink MG. Meta-analysis of the results of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stent placement for aortoiliac occlusive disease [published erratum appears in Radiology 1997 Nov;205(2): 584]. Radiology 1997;204:87-96.
83. Capek P, McLean GK, Berkowitz HD. Femoropopliteal angioplasty: Factors influencing long-term success. Circulation 1991;83(Suppl 2):170-80.
84. Matsi PJ, Manninen HI, Vanninen RL, et al. Femoropopliteal angioplasty in patients with claudication: Primary and secondary patency in 140 limbs with 1-3-year follow-up. Radiology 1994;191: 727-33.
85. Johnston KW. Femoral and popliteal arteries: Reanalysis of results of balloon angioplasty. Radiology 1992;183:767-71.
86. Hunink MG, Wong JB, Donaldson MC, et al. Revascularization for femoropopliteal disease: A decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA 1995; 274:165-71.
87. Sidawy AN, Weiswasser JM, Waksman R. Peripheral vascular brachytherapy. J Vasc Surg 2002;35: 1041-7.
88. Mukherjee D, Yadav JS. Update on peripheral vascular diseases: From smoking cessation to stenting. Cleve Clin J Med 2001;68:723-33.