A Comparative Review of Melanocytic Neoplasms

Veterinary Pathology

Volumn 39, Issue 6, 2002, Pages 651-678

  Smith, S H ^a   Goldschmidt, M H ^a   Mcmanus, P M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Animal; cytology; melanoma; mouth neoplasms; pathology; review; skin neoplasms

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; CAT; CAT DISEASE; DOG; DOG DISEASE; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; HORSE; HORSE DISEASE; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MELANOMA; PATHOLOGY; REVIEW; SKIN TUMOR;

ANIMALS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; HORSE DISEASES; HORSES; HUMANS; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; MELANOMA; MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON; SKIN NEOPLASMS;

EID: 0036834931     PISSN: 03009858     EISSN: 15444221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1354/vp.39-6-651     Document Type: Review

References (256)

1. Acland GM, McLean IW, Aguirre GD, Trucksa R: Diffuse iris melanoma in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 176: 52–56, 1980
2. Ahmed I: Malignant melanoma: prognostic indicators. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 356–361, 1997
3. Akutsu Y, Jimbow K: Development and characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody, MoAb HMSA-1, against a melanosomal fraction of human malignant melanoma. Cancer Res 46: 2904–2911, 1986
4. Almeida MM, Nunes AM, Frable WJ: Malignant melanoma of soft tissue. A report of three cases with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 38: 241–246, 1994
5. Andre JP, Delverdier M, Cabanie P, Bartel G: Malignant melanoma in an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus erithacus). J Assoc Avian Vet 7: 83–85, 1993
6. Angeli S, Koelma IA, Fleuren GJ, Van Steenis GJ: Malignant melanoma in fine needle aspirates and effusions. An immunocytochemical study using monoclonal antibodies. Acta Cytol 32: 707–712, 1988
7. Aronsohn MG, Carpenter JL: Distal extremity melanocytic nevi and malignant melanomas in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26: 605–612, 1990
8. Baker JR, Leyland A: Histological survey of tumours in the horse, with particular reference to those of the skin. Vet Rec 96: 419–422, 1975
9. Baker R, Lumsden JH: The skin. In: Color Atlas of Cytology of the Dog and Cat, ed. Baker R, Lumsden JH, pp. 39-70 Mosby, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1999
10. Baker R, Lumsden JH: The head and neck—oropharynx, tonsils, salivary gland and thyroid. In: Color Atlas of Cytology of the Dog and Cat, ed. Baker R, Lumsden JH, pp. 117-130. Mosby, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1999
11. Balch CM, Buzaid AC, Soong SJ, Atkins MB, Cascinelli N, Coit DG, Fleming ID, Gershenwald JE, Houghton A Jr, Kirkwood JM, McMasters KM, Mihm MF, Morton DL, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Sober A, Thompson JA, Thompson JF: Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol 19: 3635–3648, 2001
12. Bar-Eli M: Molecular mechanisms of melanoma metastasis. J Cell Physiol 173: 275–278, 1997
13. Barker BF, Carpenter WM, Daniels TE, Kahn MA, Leider AS, Lozada-Nur F, Lynch DP, Melrose R, Merrell P, Morton T, Peters E, Regezi JA, Richards SD, Rick GM, Rohrer MD, Slater L, Stewart JC, Tomich CE, Vickers RA, Wood NK, Young SK: Oral mucosal melanomas: the WESTOP Banff workshop proceedings. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83: 672–679, 1997
14. Barnett KC, Platt H: Intraocular melanomata in the horse. Equine Vet J 10(Suppl):76–82, 1990
15. Basler GC, Fader DJ, Yahanda A, Sondak VK, Johnson TM: The utility of fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of melanoma metastatic to lymph nodes. J Am Acad Dermatol 36: 403–408, 1997
16. Beaty MW, Fetsch P, Wilder AM, Marincola F, Abati A: Effusion cytology of malignant melanoma. A morphologic and immunocytochemical analysis including application of the MART-1 antibody. Cancer 81: 57–63, 1997
17. Beck ER, Withrow SJ, McChesney AE, Richardson RC, Henderson RA, Norris AM, Caywood DD, Klausner JS, Harvey HJ, Holmberg DL: Canine tongue tumors: a retrospective review of 57 cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 22: 525–532, 1986
18. Bellhorn RW, Henkind P: Intra-ocular malignant melanoma in domestic cats. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 89: 321–333, 1970
19. Ben Romdhane K, Khattech R, Ben Othman M, Gamoudi A, Ammar A, Cammoun M: Melanin production in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Histopathology 27: 569–571, 1995
20. Berrington AJ, Jimbow K, Haines DM: Immunohistochemical detection of melanoma-associated antigens on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded canine tumors. Vet Pathol 31: 455–461, 1994
21. Bertoy RW, Brightman AH, Regan K: Intraocular melanoma with multiple metastases in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 192: 87–89, 1988
22. Betton A, Healy LN, English RV, Bunch SE: Atypical limbal melanoma in a cat. J Vet Intern Med 13: 379–381, 1999
23. Bizjak-Schwarzbartl M: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of metastases in the liver. Diagn Cytopathol 3: 278–283, 1987
24. Black WC, Wiggins C: Melanoma among southwestern American Indians. Cancer 55: 2899–2902, 1985
25. Bolon B, Calderwood-Mays MB, Hall BJ: Characteristics of canine melanomas and comparison of histology and DNA ploidy to their biologic behavior. Vet Pathol 27: 96–102, 1990
26. Bostock DE: Prognosis after surgical excision of canine melanomas. Vet Pathol 16: 32–40, 1979
27. Bottger D, Dowden RV, Kay PP: Complete spontaneous regression of cutaneous primary malignant melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 89: 548–553, 1992
28. Brantley MA Jr, Harbour JW: Deregulation of the Rb and p53 pathways in uveal melanoma. Am J Pathol 157: 1795–1801, 2000
29. Breslow A: Thickness, cross-sectional areas and depth of invasion in the prognosis of cutaneous melanoma. Ann Surg 172: 902–908, 1970
30. Brochez L, Naeyaert JM: Serological markers for melanoma. Br J Dermatol 143: 256–268, 2000
31. Brodey RS: A clinical and pathologic study of 130 neoplasms of the mouth and pharynx in the dog. Am J Vet Res 21: 787–812, 1960
32. Brodey RS: The biological behavior of canine oral and pharyngeal neoplasms. J Small Anim Pract 11: 45–53, 1970
33. Brodland DG: The life of a skin cancer. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 475–478, 1997
34. Burchill SA, Bennett DC, Holmes A, Thody AJ: Tyrosinase expression and melanogenesis in melanotic and amelanotic B16 mouse melanoma cells. Pathobiology 59: 335–339, 1991
35. Bussanich NM, Dolman PJ, Rootman J, Dolman CL: Canine uveal melanomas: series and literature review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 23: 415–422, 1987
36. Byers HR, Bhawan J: Pathologic parameters in the diagnosis and prognosis of primary cutaneous melanoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 12: 717–735, 1998
37. Callender GR: Malignant melanotic tumors of the eye. A study of histologic types in 111 cases. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 36: 131–142, 1931
38. Canella KA, Diwan BA, Gorelick PL, Donovan PJ, Sipowicz MA, Kasprzak KS, Weghorst CM, Snyderwine EG, Davis CD, Keefer LK, Kyrtopoulos SA, Hecht SS, Wang M, Anderson LM, Rice JM: Liver tumorigenesis by Helicobacter hepaticus: considerations of mechanism. In Vivo 10: 285–292, 1996
39. Cangiarella J, Symmans WF, Cohen JM, Goldenberg A, Shapiro RL, Waisman J: Malignant melanoma metastatic to the breast: a report of seven cases diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. Cancer 84: 160–162, 1998
40. Cangiarella J, Symmans WF, Shapiro RL, Roses DF, Cohen JM, Chhieng D, Harris MN, Waisman J: Aspiration biopsy and the clinical management of patients with malignant melanoma and palpable regional lymph nodes. Cancer 90: 162–166, 2000
41. Char DH, Kroll SM, Stoloff A, Kaleta-Michaels S, Crawford JB, Miller TR, Howes EL, Ljung BM: Cytomorphometry of uveal melanoma. Comparison of fine needle aspiration biopsy samples with histologic sections. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 13: 293–299, 1991
42. Chénier S, Doré M: Oral malignant melanoma with osteoid formation in a dog. Vet Pathol 36: 74–76, 1999
43. Cheville NF: Extracellular substances, pigments and crystals. In: Ultrastructural Pathology, ed. Cheville NF, 1st ed., pp. 276-326. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, 1994
44. Chhieng DC, Cangiarella JF, Waisman J, Cohen JM: Fine-needle aspiration cytology of desmoplastic malignant melanoma metastatic to the parotid gland: case report and review of the literature. Diagn Cytopathol 22: 97–100, 2000
45. Clark WH Jr, Elder DE, Guerry D: Dysplastic nevi and malignant melanoma. In: Pathology of the Skin, ed. Farmer ER, Hood AF, pp. 684-756. Appleton & Lange, Norwalk, CT, 1990
46. Clark WH Jr, Elder DE, Guerry D 4th, Braitman LE, Trock BJ, Schultz D, Synnestvedt M, Halpern AC: Model predicting survival in stage I melanoma based on tumor progression. J Natl Cancer Inst 81: 1893–1904, 1989
47. Collinson PN, Peiffer RL: Clinical presentation, morphology, and behavior of primary choroidal melanomas in eight dogs. Prog Vet Comp Ophthalmol 3: 158–164, 1993
48. Conroy JD: Melanocytic tumors of domestic animals. Arch Dermatol 96: 372–380, 1967
49. Cook CS, Rosenkrantz W, Peiffer RL, MacMillan A: Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186: 505–506, 1985
50. Cotchin E: Melanotic tumors of dogs. J Comp Path Ther 65: 115–129, 1955
51. Cotchin E: Tumours in farm animals: a survey of tumours examined at the Royal Veterinary College, London, during 1950-60. Vet Rec 72: 816–823, 1960
52. Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T: The female breast. In: Robbins Pathological Basis of Disease, ed. Cotran RS, 6th ed., pp. 1093-1119. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1999
53. Croxatto JO, Herrera HD, Lightowler CH: Malignant melanoma arising from primary acquired melanosis in a dog. Canine Pract 17: 22–24, 1992
54. Cui J, Chen D, Misfeldt ML, Swinfard RW, Bystryn JC: Antimelanoma antibodies in swine with spontaneously regressing melanoma. Pigment Cell Res 8: 60–63, 1995
55. Dardick I: Handbook of Diagnostic Electron Microscopy for Pathologists-in-Training, pp. 3.8–3.9. Igaku-Shoin Medical Publishers, Inc, Tokyo, Japan, 1996
56. Davidson HJ, Blanchard GL, Wheeler CA, Render JA: Anterior uveal melanoma, with secondary keratitis, cataract, and glaucoma, in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 199: 1049–1050, 1991
57. Day MJ, Lucke VM: Melanocytic neoplasia in the cat. J Small Anim Pract 36: 207–213, 1995
58. De Las Casas LE, Raso DS, Baird DB, Silverman JF: ? Diagn Cytopathol 19: 151–152, 1998
59. Deerberg F, Knup F, Rehm S: Spontaneous epithelial tumours of the skin in Han:WIST- and DA/Han rats. Z Versuchstierkd 28: 45–57, 1986
60. Diters RW, Dubielzig RR, Aguirre GD, Acland GM: Primary ocular melanoma in dogs. Vet Pathol 20: 379–395, 1983
61. Diters RW, Walsh KM: Canine cutaneous clear cell melanomas: a report of three cases. Vet Pathol 21: 355–356, 1984
62. Dixon PM, Head KW: Equine nasal and paranasal sinus tumours: part 2: a contribution of 28 case reports. Vet J 157: 279–294, 1999
63. Dooley TP: Recent advances in cutaneous melanoma oncogenesis research. Oncol Res 6: 1–9, 1994
64. Dorn CR, Priester WA: Epidemiologic analysis of oral and pharyngeal cancer in dogs, cats, horses, and cattle. J Am Vet Med Assoc 169: 1202–1206, 1976
65. Dubielzig RR: Ocular neoplasia in small animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 20: 837–848, 1990
66. Dubielzig RR, Aguirre GD, Gross SL, Diters RW: Choroidal melanomas in dogs. Vet Pathol 22: 582–585, 1985
67. Dugan SJ: Ocular neoplasia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 8: 609–626, 1992
68. Duncan DE, Peiffer RL: Morphology and behavior of anterior uveal melanomas in cats. Prog Vet Com Ophthalmol 12: 25–32, 1991
69. Dunstan RW, Rosser EJ: Comparative aspects of cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms in the dog. Comp Dermatopathol 7: 197–201, 1985
70. Eisen D, Voorhees JJ: Oral melanoma and other pigmented lesions of the oral cavity. J Am Acad Dermatol 24: 527–537, 1991
71. Elder DE, Murphy GF: Malignant tumors and related lesions. In: Atlas of Tumor Pathology: Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin, ed. Rosai J, pp. 166-198. AFIP, Washington, DC, 1991
72. Eneroth CM: Malignant melanoma of the oral cavity. Int J Oral Surg 4: 191–197, 1975
73. Engle CG, Brodey RS: A retrospective study of 395 feline neoplasms. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 5: 21–31, 1967
74. Feeney-Burns L, Burns RP, Gao CL: Ocular pathology in melanomatous Sinclair miniature swine. Am J Pathol 131: 62–72, 1988
75. Flanders E, Kornstein MJ, Wakely PE, Kardos TF, Frable WJ: Lymphoglandular bodies in fine-needle aspiration cytology smears. Am J Clin Pathol 99: 566–569, 1993
76. Fournel-Fleury C, Magnol J-P, Guelfi J-F: Color atlas of cancer cytology of the dog and cat. Conférence Nationale des Vétérinaires Spécialisés en Petits Animaux, Paris, France, pp. 34-50, 1994
77. Fournel-Fleury C, Magnol J-P, Guelfi J-F: Color atlas of cancer cytology of the dog and cat. Conférence Nationale des Vétérinaires Spécialisés en Petits Animaux, Paris, France, pp. 83-84, 126, 1994
78. Fournel-Fleury C, Magnol J-P, Guelfi J-F: Color atlas of cancer cytology of the dog and cat. Conférence Nationale des Vétérinaires Spécialisés en Petits Animaux, Paris, France, pp. 216-219, 1994
79. Fournel-Fleury C, Magnol J-P, Guelfi J-F: Color atlas of cancer cytology of the dog and cat. Conférence Nationale des Vétérinaires Spécialisés en Petits Animaux, Paris, France, pp. 257, 276–283, 1994
80. Frese K: Developmental studies on melanoma of the skin and mouth mucosa of dogs. Vet Pathol 15: 461–473, 1978 [In German]
81. Friedman DS, Miller L, Dubielzig RR: Malignant canine anterior uveal melanoma. Vet Pathol 26: 523–525, 1989
82. Friedman M, Rao U, Fox S: The cytology of metastatic balloon cell melanoma. Acta Cytol 26: 39–43, 1982
83. Gelatt KN, Johnson KA, Peiffer RL Jr: Primary iridal pigmented masses in three dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 15: 339–344, 1979
84. Gilger BC, McLaughlin SA, Whitley RD, Wright JC: Orbital neoplasms in cats: 21 cases (1974-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 201: 1083–1086, 1992
85. Giuliano EA, Chappell R, Fischer B, Dubielzig RR: A matched observational study of canine survival with primary intraocular melanocytic neoplasia. Vet Ophthalmol 2: 185–190, 1999
86. Goldschmidt MH: Benign and malignant melanocytic neoplasms of domestic animals. Am J Dermatopathol 7(Suppl):203–212, 1985
87. Goldschmidt MH: Pigmented lesions of the skin. Clin Dermatol 12: 507–514, 1994
88. Goldschmidt MH, Dunstan RW, Stannard AA, von Tscharner C, Walder EJ, Yager JA: Melanocytic tumors and tumor-like lesions. In: Histological Classification of Epithelial and Melanocytic Tumors of the Skin of Domestic Animals, ed. Goldschmidt MH, Dunstan RW, Stannard AA, von Tscharner C, Walder EJ, Yager JA, pp. 38-40. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC, 1998
89. Goldschmidt MH, Liu S-S, Shofer FS: Feline dermal melanoma: a retrospective study. In: Advances in Veterinary Dermatology, ed. Ihrke PJ, Mason IS, White SD,vol. 2, pp. 285-292. Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK, 1993
90. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Skin Tumors of the Dog and Cat. pp. 142-151. Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1992
91. Goodison S, Urquidi V, Tarin D: CD44 cell adhesion molecules. Mol Pathol 52: 189–196, 1999
92. Gorham S, Robl M: Melanoma in the gray horse: the darker side of equine aging. Vet Med 81: 446–448, 1986
93. Gorlin RJ, Barron CN, Chaudhry AP, Clark JJ. The oral and pharyngeal pathology of domestic animals: a study of 487 cases. Am J Vet Res 20: 1032–1061, 1959
94. Goubran GF, Adekeye EO, Edwards MB: Melanoma of the face and mouth in Nigeria. A review and comment on three cases. Int J Oral Surg 7: 453–462, 1978
95. Gown AM, Vogel AM, Hoak D, Gough F, McNutt MA: Monoclonal antibodies specific for melanocytic tumors distinguish subpopulations of melanocytes. Am J Pathol 123: 195–203, 1986
96. Green A, Neale R, Kelly R, Smith I, Ablett E, Meyers B, Parsons P: An animal model for human melanoma. Photochem Photobiol 64: 577–580, 1996
97. Greene JF Jr, Morgan CD, Rao A, Amoss MS Jr, Arguello F: Regression by differentiation in the Sinclair swine model of cutaneous melanoma. Melanoma Res 7: 471–477, 1997
98. Greene JF Jr, Townsend JS 4th, Amoss MS Jr: Histopathology of regression in sinclair swine model of melanoma. Lab Invest 71: 17–24, 1994
99. Greene MH: Genetics of cutaneous melanoma and nevi. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 467–474, 1997
100. Greene MH: The genetics of hereditary melanoma and nevi. 1998 update. Cancer 86: 2464–2477, 1999
101. Griffiths GL, Lumsden JH: Fine needle aspiration cytology and histologic correlation in canine tumors. Vet Clin Pathol 13: 13–17, 1984
102. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ: Melanocytic tumors. In: Veterinary Dermatopathology, ed. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, pp. 459-464. Mosby, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1992
103. Guo Y, Ma J, Wang J, Che X, Narula J, Bigby M, Wu M, Sy MS: Inhibition of human melanoma growth and metastasis in vivo by anti-CD44 monoclonal antibody. Cancer Res 54: 1561–1565, 1994
104. Gupta SK, Rajwanshi AK, Das DK: Fine needle aspiration cytology smear patterns of malignant melanoma. Acta Cytol 29: 983–988, 1985
105. Hahn KA, Bravo L, Adams WH, Frazier DL: Naturally occurring tumors in dogs as comparative models for cancer therapy research. In Vivo 8: 133–143, 1994
106. Hamor RE, Severin GA, Roberts SM: Intraocular melanoma in an alpaca. Vet Ophthalmol 2: 193–196, 1999
107. Harris BP, Dubielzig RR: Atypical primary ocular melanoma in cats. Vet Ophthalmol 2: 121–124, 1999
108. Harvey HJ, MacEwan EG, Braun D, Patnaik AK, Withrow SJ, Jongeward S: Prognostic criteria for dogs with oral melanoma. J Am Vet Med Assoc 178: 580–582, 1981
109. Hirschberger J, DeNicola DB, Hermanns W, Kraft W: Sensitivity and specificity of cytologic evaluation in the diagnosis of neoplasia in body fluids from dogs and cats. Vet Clin Pathol 28: 142–146, 1999
110. Honnas CM, Liskey CC, Meagher DM, Brown D, Luck EE: Malignant melanoma in the foot of a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197: 756–758, 1990
111. Hook RR, Berkelhammer J, Oxenhandler RW: Melanoma: Sinclair swine melanoma. Am J Pathol 108: 130–133, 1982
112. Horsting N, Wohlsein P, Reimann N, Bartnitzke S, Bullerdiek J, Nolte I: Cytogenetic analysis of three oropharyngeal malignant melanomas in dogs. Res Vet Sci 67: 149–151, 1999
113. Hsu MY, Meier FE, Nesbit M, Hsu JY, Van Belle P, Elder DE, Herlyn M: E-cadherin expression in melanoma cells restores keratinocyte-mediated growth control and down-regulates expression of invasion-related adhesion receptors. Am J Pathol 156: 1515–1525, 2000
114. Hsueh EC, Lucci A, Qi K, Morton DL: Survival of patients with melanoma of the lower extremity decreases with distance from the trunk. Cancer 85: 383–388, 1999
115. Huang S, Ullrich SE, Bar-Eli M: Regulation of tumor growth and metastasis by interleukin-10: the melanoma experience. J Interferon Cytokine Res 19: 697–703, 1999
116. Innes DJ, Feldman PS: Comparison of diagnostic results obtained by fine needle aspiration cytology and tru-cut or open biopsies. Acta Cytol 27: 350–354, 1983
117. Izban KF, Candel AG, Hsi ED, Selvaggi SM: Metastatic melanoma of the vulva identified by peritoneal fluid cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 20: 152–155, 1999
118. Jakobiec FA, Folberg R, Iwamoto T: Clinicopathologic characteristics of premalignant and malignant melanocytic lesions of the conjunctiva. Ophthalmology 96: 147–166, 1989
119. Jerbi G, Boussen H, Ennaifer-Jerbi E, Karboul S, Osman A, Rahal K: Melanoma arising in burn scars: report of 3 observations and a literature review. Arch Dermatol 135: 1551–1553, 1999
120. Johnson PJ: Dermatologic tumors (excluding sarcoids). Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 14: 625–658, 1998
121. Johnston WW: The malignant pleural effusion. A review of cytopathologic diagnoses of 584 specimens from 472 consecutive patients. Cancer 56: 905–909, 1985
122. Kahn HJ, Marks A, Thom H, Baumal R: Role of antibody to S100 protein in diagnostic pathology. Am J Clin Pathol 79: 341–347, 1983
123. Kalishman JB, Chappell R, Flood LA, Dubielzig RR: A matched observational study of survival in cats with enucleation due to diffuse iris melanoma. Vet Ophthalmol 1: 25–29, 1998
124. Kirker-Head CA, Loeffler D, Held JP: Pelvic limb lameness due to malignant melanoma in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186: 1215–1217, 1985
125. Kobayashi G, Cobb C: A case of amelanotic spindlecell melanoma presenting as metastases to breast and axillary lymph node: diagnosis by FNA cytology. Diagn Cytopathol 22: 246–249, 2000
126. Koenig A, Wojcieszyn J, Weeks BR, Modiano JF: Expression of S100a, vimentin, NSE, and Melan A/MART-1 in seven canine melanoma cell lines and twenty-nine retrospective cases of canine melanoma. Vet Pathol 38: 427–435, 2001
127. Koh HK: Cutaneous melanoma. N Engl J Med 325: 171–182, 1991
128. Koren R, Bernheim J, Schachter P, Schwartz A, Siegal A, Gal R: Black thyroid adenoma. Clinical, histochemical, and ultrastructural features. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 8: 80–84, 2000
129. Kufuor-Mensah E, Watson GL: Malignant melanomas in a penguin (Eudyptes chrysolphus) and a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis). Vet Pathol 29: 354–356, 1992
130. Kunze DJ, Monticello TM, Jakob TP, Crane S: Malignant melanoma of the coronary band in a horse. J Am Vet Med Assoc 188: 297–298, 1986
131. Lai R, Redburn J, Nguyen GK: Cytodiagnosis of metastatic amelanotic melanomas by fine-needle aspiration biopsy: adjunctival value of immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Cancer 84: 92–97, 1998
132. Langenbach A, McManus PM, Hendrick MJ, Shofer FS, Sorenmo KU: Sensitivity and specificity of methods of assessing the regional lymph nodes for evidence of metastasis in dogs and cats with solid tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 218: 1424–1428, 2001
133. Laprie C, Abadie J, Amardeilh MF, Net JL, Lagadic M, Delverdier M: MIB-1 immunoreactivity correlates with biologic behaviour in canine cutaneous melanoma. Vet Dermatol 12: 139–147, 2001
134. Lazar-Molnar E, Hegyesi H, Toth S, Falus A: Autocrine and paracrine regulation by cytokines and growth factors in melanoma. Cytokine 12: 547–554, 2000
135. Lentz KJ, Burns RP, Loeffler K, Feeney-Burns L, Berkelhammer J, Hook RR Jr: Uveitis caused by cytotoxic immune response to cutaneous malignant melanoma in swine: destruction of uveal melanocytes during tumor regression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 24: 1063–1069, 1983
136. Lerner AB, Cage GW: Melanomas in horses. Yale J Biol Med 46: 646–649, 1973
137. Levene A: Equine melanotic disease. Tumori 57: 133–168, 1971
138. Li G, Herlyn M: Dynamics of intercellular communication during melanoma development. Mol Med Today 6: 163–169, 2000
139. Lin EY, Piepkorn M, Garcia R, Byrd D, Tsou R, Isik FF: Angiogenesis and vascular growth factor receptor expression in malignant melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 104: 1666–1674, 1999
140. Lindblom A, Liljegren A: Regular review: tumour markers in malignancies. Br J Dermatol 143: 256–268, 2000
141. Lioe TF, Elliott H, Allen DC, Spence RA: The role of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in the investigation of superficial lymphadenopathy; uses and limitations of the technique. Cytopathology 10: 291–297, 1999
142. Loganzo F Jr, Dosik JS, Zhao Y, Vidal MJ, Nanus DM, Sudol M, Albino AP: Elevated expression of protein tyrosine kinase c-Yes, but not c-Src, in human malignant melanoma. Oncogene 8: 2637–2644, 1993
143. Longatto Filho A, de Carvalho LV, Santos Gda C, Oyafuso MS, Lombardo V, Bortolan J, Neves JI: Cytologic diagnosis of melanoma in serous effusions. A morphologic and immunocytochemical study. Acta Cytol 39: 481–484, 1995
144. Luna LD, Higginbotham ML, Henry CJ, Turnquist SE: Feline non-ocular melanoma: a retrospective study of 23 cases (1991–1999). J Feline Med Surg 2: 173–181, 2000
145. MacEwen EG: Spontaneous tumors in dogs and cats: models for the study of cancer biology and treatment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 9: 125–136, 1990
146. MacKie RM: Malignant melanoma: clinical variants and prognostic indicators. Clin Exp Dermatol 25: 471–475, 2000
147. Marcus JN, Dise CA, LiVolsi VA: Melanin production in a medullary thyroid carcinoma. Cancer 49: 2518–2526, 1982
148. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Stefanacci JD, Moroff SD: Evaluation of dogs with digit masses: 117 cases (1981-1991). J Am Vet Med Assoc 207: 726–728, 1995
149. Matthews AG, Barry DR: Bilateral melanoma of the iris in a horse. Equine Vet J 19: 358–360, 1987
150. McFadyean S: Equine melanomatosis. J Comp Med 46: 186–204, 1933
151. Meier F, Nesbit M, Hsu MY, Martin B, Van Belle P, Elder DE, Schaumburg-Lever G, Garbe C, Walz TM, Donatien P, Crombleholme TM, Herlyn M: Human melanoma progression in skin reconstructs: biological significance of bFGF. Am J Pathol 156: 193–200, 2000
152. Meier F, Satyamoorthy K, Nesbit M, Hsu MY, Schittek B, Garbe C, Herlyn M: Molecular events in melanoma development and progression. Front Biosci 3: D1005–D1010, 1998
153. Meleo KA: Tumors of the skin and associated structures. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 27: 73–94, 1997
154. Miller MA, Weaver AD, Stogsdill PL, Fischer JR: Cutaneous melanocytomas in 10 young cattle. Vet Pathol 32: 479–484, 1995
155. Miller WH, Scott DW, Anderson WI: Feline cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms: a retrospective analysis of 43 cases (1979-1991). Vet Dermatol 4: 19–26, 1993
156. Millikan LE, Boylon JL, Hook RR, Manning PJ: Melanoma in Sinclair swine: a new animal model. J Invest Dermatol 62: 20–30, 1974
157. Milne JC: Malignant melanomas causing Horner's syndrome in a horse. Equine Vet J 18: 74–75, 1986
158. Minami T, Patnaik AK: Malignant anterior uveal melanoma with diffuse metastasis in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 201: 1894–1896, 1992
159. Mitteldorf CA, Alves VA, Kanamura CT, Carneiro PC: Immunocytochemistry applied to aspiration biopsy cytology. Diagnostic contribution in 100 cases of previously stained, routine specimens. Acta Cytol 43: 218–226, 1999
160. Modiano JF, Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J: The molecular basis of canine melanoma: pathogenesis and trends in diagnosis and therapy. J Vet Intern Med 13: 163–174, 1999
161. Modiano JF, Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J, Smith R 3rd: Growth arrest of melanoma cells is differentially regulated by contact inhibition and serum deprivation. DNA Cell Biol 18: 357–367, 1999
162. Morales-Ducret CR, van de Rijn M, LeBrun DP, Smoller BR: bcl-2 expression in primary malignancies of the skin. Arch Dermatol 131: 909–912, 1995
163. Morgan CD, Measel JW Jr, Amoss MS Jr, Rao A, Greene JF Jr: Immunophenotypic characterization of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from melanomatous and non-melanomatous Sinclair miniature swine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 55: 189–203, 1996
164. Morgan RV, Patton CS: Choroidal melanoma in a dog. Cornell Vet 83: 211–217, 1993
165. Mowlavi A, Malafa MP: Angiogenesis in primary tumor cells of metastatic and nonmetastatic malignant melanoma. Plast Reconstr Surg 106: 514, 2000
166. Mulligan RM: Melanoblastic tumors in the dog. Am J Vet Res 22: 345–351, 1961
167. Murray MJ, Cavey DM, Feldman BF, Trostle SS, White NA: Signs of sympathetic denervation associated with a thoracic melanoma in a horse. J Vet Intern Med 11: 199–203, 1997
168. Murty TS, Rao MN, Rao TB: Malignant melanoma in a crossbred Jersey cow-a case report. Indian Vet J 72: 1309, 1995
169. Nakajima T, Watanabe S, Sato Y, Kameya T, Hirota T, Shimosato Y: An immunoperoxidase study of S-100 protein distribution in normal and neoplastic tissues. Am J Surg Pathol 6: 715–727, 1982
170. Nakhleh RE, Wick MR, Rocamora A, Swanson PE, Dehner LP: Morphologic diversity in malignant melanomas. Am J Clin Pathol 93: 731–740, 1990
171. Nasiell K, Tani E, Skoog L: Fine needle aspiration cytology and immunocytochemistry of metastatic melanoma. Cytopathology 2: 137–147, 1991
172. Neitzel LT, Neitzel CD, Magee KL, Malafa MP: Angiogenesis correlates with metastasis in melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 6: 70–74, 1999
173. Neubauer A, Thalmann U, Musch R, Grosser H, Loddenkemper R, Huhn D: Prospective comparison of the diagnostic value of cytology and immunocytology in pleural effusion studied by thoracoscopy and biopsy. Klin Wochenschr 65: 400–406, 1987
174. Niemann TH, Thomas PA: Melanoma with signet-ring cells in a peritoneal effusion. Diagn Cytopathol 12: 241–244, 1995
175. Oakes MG, Lewis DD, Hedlund CS, Hosgood G: Canine oral neoplasia. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 15: 15–30, 1993
176. Oliver JL 3rd, Wolfe LG: Antigen expression in canine tissues, recognized by a monoclonal antibody generated against canine melanoma cells. Am J Vet Res 53: 123–128, 1992
177. Orchard GE: Comparison of immunohistochemical labelling of melanocyte differentiation antibodies melan-A, tyrosinase and HMB 45 with NKIC3 and S100 protein in the evaluation of benign naevi and malignant melanoma. Histochem J 32: 475–481, 2000
178. Oxenhandler RW, Adelstein EH, Haigh JP, Hook RR Jr, Clark WH Jr: Malignant melanoma in the Sinclair miniature swine: an autopsy study of 60 cases. Am J Pathol 96: 707–720, 1979
179. Oxenhandler RW, Berkelhammer J, Smith GD, Hook RR Jr: Growth and regression of cutaneous melanomas in Sinclair miniature swine. Am J Pathol 109: 259–269, 1982
180. Parsons PG, Takahashi H, Candy J, Meyers B, Vickers J, Kelly WR, Smith I, Spradbrow P: Histopathology of melanocytic lesions in goats and establishment of a melanoma cell line: a potential model for human melanoma. Pigment Cell Res 3: 297–305, 1990
181. Pathak S, Multani AS, McConkey DJ, Imam AS, Amoss MS Jr: Spontaneous regression of cutaneous melanoma in sinclair swine is associated with defective telomerase activity and extensive telomere erosion. Int J Oncol 17: 1219–1224, 2000
182. Patnaik AK, Mooney S: Feline melanoma: a comparative study of ocular, oral, and dermal neoplasms. Vet Pathol 25: 105–112, 1988
183. Perniciaro C: Dermatopathologic variants of malignant melanoma. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 273–279, 1997
184. Perry MD, Gore M, Seigler HF, Johnston WW: Fine needle aspiration biopsy of metastatic melanoma. A morphologic analysis of 174 cases. Acta Cytol 30: 385–396, 1986
185. Perry MD, Seigler HF, Johnston WW: Diagnosis of metastatic malignant melanoma by fine needle aspiration biopsy: a clinical and pathologic correlation of 298 cases. J Natl Cancer Inst 77: 1013–1021, 1986
186. Prehn RT: The paradoxical association of regression with a poor prognosis in melanoma contrasted with a good prognosis in keratoacanthoma. Cancer Res 56: 937–940, 1996
187. Pulley LT, Stannard AA: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In: Tumors in Domestic Animals, ed. Moulton JE, 3rd ed., pp. 75-82. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1990
188. Rabanal RH, Fondevila DM, Montane V, Domingo M, Ferrer L: Immunocytochemical diagnosis of skin tumours of the dog with special reference to undifferentiated types. Res Vet Sci 47: 129–133, 1989
189. Ramaekers F, Haag D, Jap P, Vooijs PG: Immunochemical demonstration of keratin and vimentin in cytologic aspirates. Acta Cytol 28: 385–392, 1984
190. Ramos-Vara JA, Beissenherz ME, Miller MA, Johnson GC, Pace LW, Fard A, Kottler SJ: Retrospective study of 338 canine oral melanomas with clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical review of 129 cases. Vet Pathol 37: 597–608, 2000
191. Ramos-Vara JA, Miller MA, Johnson GC, Turnquist SE, Kreeger JM, Watson GL: Melan A and S100 protein immunohistochemistry in feline melanomas: 48 cases. Vet Pathol 39: 127–132, 2002
192. Reddy KP, Ramakrishna A, Reddy GCN: Malignant melanoma in a dark skinned bull. Indian Vet J 75: 453–454, 1998
193. Reddy KP, Subbaraja S: Malignant melanoma in a bullock. Indian Vet J 73: 874–875, 1996
194. Richerson JT, Burns RP, Misfeldt ML: Association of uveal melanocyte destruction in melanoma-bearing swine with large granular lymphocyte cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 30: 2455–2460, 1989
195. Rigel DS, Rivers JK, Kopf AW, Friedman RJ, Vinokur AF, Heilman ER, Levenstein M: Dysplastic nevi. Markers for increased risk for melanoma. Cancer 63: 386–389, 1989
196. Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J, Modiano JF: Functional loss of p21/Waf-1 in a case of benign canine multicentric melanoma. Vet Pathol 35: 94–101, 1998
197. Rodrigues LK, Leong SP, Ljung BM, Sagebiel RW, Burnside N, Hu TI, Ng BW, Miller JR 3rd, Kashani-Sabet M: Fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of metastatic melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 42: 735–740, 2000
198. Rodriguez F, Forga J, Herraez P, Andrada M, Fernandez A: Metastatic melanoma causing spinal cord compression in a horse. Vet Rec 142: 248–249, 1998
199. Roels S, Ducatelle R: Malignant melanoma of the nictitating membrane in a cat (Felis vulgaris). J Comp Pathol 119: 189–193, 1998
200. Roels S, Tilmant K, Ducatelle R: PCNA and Ki67 proliferation markers as criteria for prediction of clinical behaviour of melanocytic tumours in cats and dogs. J Comp Pathol 121: 13–24, 1999
201. Roels S, Tilmant K, Ducatelle R: P53 expression and apoptosis in melanomas of dogs and cats. Res Vet Sci 70: 19–25, 2001
202. Roels S, Tilmant K, Van Daele A, Van Marck E, Ducatelle R: Proliferation, DNA ploidy, p53 overexpression and nuclear DNA fragmentation in six equine melanocytic tumours. J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 47: 439–448, 2000
203. Rogers RS 3rd, Gibson LE: Mucosal, genital, and unusual clinical variants of melanoma. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 362–366, 1997
204. Rollins SD, Berardo MD: Presence of nuclear grooves in the cytology of malignant melanoma. Diagn Cytopathol 19: 309–312, 1998
205. Rudzki Z, Jothy S: CD44 and the adhesion of neoplastic cells. Mol Pathol 50: 57–71, 1997
206. Ryan AM, Diters RW: Clinical and pathologic features of canine ocular melanomas. J Am Vet Med Assoc 184: 60–67, 1984
207. Saleh FH, Crotty KA, Hersey P, Menzies SW: Primary melanoma tumour regression associated with an immune response to the tumour-associated antigen melan-A/MART-1. Int J Cancer 94: 551–557, 2001
208. Sanders DS, Blessing K, Hassan GA, Bruton R, Marsden JR, Jankowski J: Alterations in cadherin and catenin expression during the biological progression of melanocytic tumours. Mol Pathol 52: 151–157, 1999
209. Sandusky GE Jr, Carlton WW, Wightman KA: Diagnostic immunohistochemistry of canine round cell tumors. Vet Pathol 24: 495–499, 1987
210. Sandusky GE Jr, Carlton WW, Wightman KA: Immunohistochemical staining for S100 protein in the diagnosis of canine amelanotic melanoma. Vet Pathol 22: 577–581, 1985
211. Schoster JV, Dubielzig RR, Sullivan L: Choroidal melanoma in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 203: 89–91, 1993
212. Schott HC, Major MD, Grant BD, Bayly WM: Melanoma as a cause of spinal cord compression in two horses. J Am Vet Med Assoc 196: 1820–1822, 1990
213. Scott DW: Neoplastic Diseases. In: Large Animal Dermatology, ed. Pederson D, pp. 448-452. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1988
214. Sears D, Hajdu SI: The cytologic diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in pleural and peritoneal effusions. Acta Cytol 31: 85–97, 1987
215. Seiter S, Schadendorf D, Herrmann K, Schneider M, Rosel M, Arch R, Tilgen W, Zoller M: Expression of CD44 variant isoforms in malignant melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2: 447–456, 1996
216. Shull RM, Maddux JM: Subcutaneous tissue: mammary, salivary, thyroid, and parathyroid. In: Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat, ed. Cowell RL, Tyler RD, Meinkoth JH, 2nd ed., pp. 93-94. Mosby, St Louis, MO, 1999
217. Singh ZN, Ray R, Kumar N, Aron M, Gupta SD: Medullary thyroid carcinoma with melanin production—a case report. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 42: 159–163, 1999
218. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Carlson AJ, Matsuoka LY, Balch CM, Mihm MC: Malignant melanoma: an update. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125: 1295–1306, 2001
219. Sneath RJ, Mangham DC: The normal structure and function of CD44 and its role in neoplasia. Mol Pathol 51: 191–200, 1998
220. Stebbins KE, Morse CC, Goldschmidt MH: Feline oral neoplasia: a ten-year survey. Vet Pathol 26: 121–128, 1989
221. Strafuss AC, Dommert AR, Tumbleson ME, Middleton CC: Cutaneous melanoma in miniature swine. Lab Anim Care 18: 165–169, 1968
222. Su WP: Malignant melanoma: basic approach to clinicopathologic correlation. Mayo Clin Proc 72: 267–272, 1997
223. Suliamon S, Ehrhart E, Kitchell B: Immunohistochemical detection of canine melanomas with HMB-45. Vet Pathol 36: 496, 1999
224. Sundberg JP, Burnstein T, Page EH, Kirkham WW, Robinson FR: Neoplasms of equidae. J Am Vet Med Assoc 170: 150–152, 1977
225. Sweeney CR, Gillette DM: Thoracic neoplasia in equids: 35 cases (1967-1987). J Am Vet Med Assoc 195: 374–377, 1989
226. Takenouchi T, Ito K, Kazama T, Ito M: Establishment and characterization of a clear-cell sarcoma (malignant melanoma of soft parts) cell line. Arch Dermatol Res 286: 254–260, 1994
227. Talley LI, Soong S, Harrison RA, McCarthy WH, Urist MM, Balch CM: Clinical outcomes of localized melanoma of the foot: a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 51: 853–857, 1998
228. Tarrant J, Stokol T, Bartol J, Wakshlag J, Blue J: Diagnosis of malignant melanoma in a horse from cytology of body cavity fluid and blood. Equine Vet J 33: 531–534, 2001
229. Thirloway L, Rudolph R, Leipold HW: Malignant melanomas in a Duroc boar. J Am Vet Med Assoc 130: 345–347, 1977
230. Thompson SW: Histochemical methods for the demonstration of endogenous and exogenous pigments. In: Selected Histochemical and Histopathological Methods, pp. 1284-1285. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1966
231. Tietze MK, Chin L: Murine models of malignant melanoma. Mol Med Today 6: 408–410, 2000
232. Todoroff RJ, Brodey RS: Oral and pharyngeal neoplasia in the dog: a retrospective survey of 361 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 175: 567–571, 1979
233. Trosko JE: ? Mol Carcinog 30: 131–137, 2001
234. Trucksa RC, McLean IW, Quinn AJ: Intraocular canine melanocytic neoplasms. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21: 85–88, 1985
235. Tsang WY, Chan JK, Chow LT: Signet-ring cell melanoma mimicking adenocarcinoma. A case report. Acta Cytol 37: 559–562, 1993
236. Tunev SS, Wells MG: Cutaneous melanoma in a ferret (Mustela putorius furo). Vet Pathol 39: 141–143, 2002
237. Turbat-Herrera EA, Knowles K: ? Hum Pathol 29: 1356–1366, 1998
238. Tyler RD, Cowell RL, Meinkoth JH: Cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions: masses, cysts, ulcers, and fistulous tracts. In: Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat, ed. Cowell RL, Tyler RD, and Meinkoth JH,2nd ed., p. 48. Mosby, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1999
239. Tyler RD, Cowell RL, Meinkoth JH: The oropharynx and tonsils. In: Diagnostic Cytology and Hematology of the Dog and Cat, ed. Cowell RL, Tyler RD, Meinkoth JH, 2nd ed., pp. 65-67. Mosby, Inc, St Louis, MO, 1999
240. Ugurel S, Rappl G, Tilgen W, Reinhold U: Increased serum concentration of angiogenic factors in malignant melanoma patients correlates with tumor progression and survival. J Clin Oncol 19: 577–583, 2001
241. Valentine BA: Equine melanocytic tumors: a retrospective study of 53 horses (1988 to 1991). J Vet Intern Med 9: 291–297, 1995
242. Valentine BA, McManus PM, Knox AM: Malignant transformation of a giant congenital pigmented nevus (hamartoma) in a dog. Vet Dermatol 10: 127–130, 1999
243. van der Linde-Sipman JS, de Wit MML, van Garderen E, Molenbeek RF, van der Velde-Zimmermann D, de Weger RA: Cutaneous malignant melanomas in 57 cats: identification of (amelanotic) signet-ring and balloon cell types and verification of their origin by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization. Vet Pathol 34: 31–38, 1997
244. van Steeg H, Kraemer KH: Xeroderma pigmentosum and the role of UV-induced DNA damage in skin cancer. Mol Med Today 5: 86–94, 1999
245. Vidal-Vanaclocha F, Fantuzzi G, Mendoza L, Fuentes AM, Anasagasti MJ, Martin J, Carrascal T, Walsh P, Reznikov LL, Kim SH, Novick D, Rubinstein M, Dinarello CA: IL-18 regulates IL-1beta–dependent hepatic melanoma metastasis via vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97: 734–739, 2000
246. Vielkind JR, Tron VA, Schmidt BM, Dougherty GJ, Ho VC, Woolcock BW, Sadaghiani B, Smith CJ: A putative marker for human melanoma. A monoclonal antibody derived from the melanoma gene in the Xiphophorus melanoma model. Am J Pathol 143: 656–662, 1993
247. Voit C, Mayer T, Proebstle TM, Weber L, Kron M, Krupienski M, Zeelen U, Sterry W, Schoengen A: Ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration cytology in the early detection of melanoma metastases. Cancer 90: 186–193, 2000
248. Wahl RW, Van Pelt J: Malignant melanoma presenting as peritoneal effusion. J Tenn Med Assoc 70: 563–565, 1977
249. Welch DR, Goldberg SF: Molecular mechanisms controlling human melanoma progression and metastasis. Pathobiology 65: 311–330, 1997
250. Weyers W, Euler M, Diaz-Cascajo C, Schill WB, Bonczkowitz M: Classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma: a reassessment of histopathologic criteria for the distinction of different types. Cancer 86: 288–299, 1999
251. Whiteman DC, Parsons PG, Green AC: p53 expression and risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 77: 843–848, 1998
252. Wiebe DE, Rang H: Malignant melanoma in sheep (illustrated case report). Tierarztl Umsch 33: 676–678, 1978
253. Wilcock BP: The eye and ear. In: Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Jubb KVF, Kennedy PC, Palmer N, 4th ed., pp. 512-521. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1992
254. Wilcock BP, Peiffer RL Jr: Morphology and behavior of primary ocular melanomas in 91 dogs. Vet Pathol 23: 418–424, 1986
255. Woyke S, Domagala W, Czerniak B, Strokowska M: Fine needle aspiration cytology of malignant melanoma of the skin. Acta Cytol 24: 529–538, 1980
256. Yager JA, Scott DW: The skin and appendages. In: Pathology of Domestic Animals, ed. Jubb KVF, Kenenedy PC, Palmer N, 4th ed., vol.1, pp. 719-722. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1993