Diagnostic and prognostic value of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in malignant hematological diseases

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 259-269

  Chianese, R ^a   Brando, Bruno ^b   Gratama, J W ^c  

^a Legnano Hospital   (Italy)

^b OSPEDALE NIGUARDA CA GRANDA   (Italy)

^c ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Flow cytometry; Genetic aberrations; Immunophenotyping; Leukemia; Myeloma

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; BCR ABL PROTEIN; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CD14 ANTIGEN; CD15 ANTIGEN; CD19 ANTIGEN; CD2 ANTIGEN; CD20 ANTIGEN; CD3 ANTIGEN; CD33 ANTIGEN; CD34 ANTIGEN; CD38 ANTIGEN; CD4 ANTIGEN; CD45 ANTIGEN; CD5 ANTIGEN; CD56 ANTIGEN; CD7 ANTIGEN; CD79A ANTIGEN; CD8 ANTIGEN; CD9 ANTIGEN; COMMON ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA ANTIGEN; HLA DR ANTIGEN; INTERLEUKIN 2 RECEPTOR; LYMPHOCYTE FUNCTION ASSOCIATED ANTIGEN 3; MICROSOMAL AMINOPEPTIDASE; MIXED LINEAGE LEUKEMIA PROTEIN; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOIC ACID RECEPTOR ALPHA; T6 ANTIGEN; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ACUTE MYELOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA; ANALYTIC METHOD; ANTIGEN EXPRESSION; B CELL LEUKEMIA; CELL LINEAGE; CELL TYPE; CHRONIC MYELOID LEUKEMIA; CLINICAL PRACTICE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FLOW CYTOMETRY; GENETIC DISORDER; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; LYMPHOMA; LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISEASE; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MOLECULAR CLONING; MULTIPLE MYELOMA; MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROME; PAROXYSMAL NOCTURNAL HEMOGLOBINURIA; PROGNOSIS; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; RECURRENT DISEASE; REVIEW; T CELL LEUKEMIA;

EID: 0036820790     PISSN: 0393974X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Ward MS. The use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis and monitoring of malignant hematological disorders. Pathology 1999; 31: 382-92.
2. Orfao A, Schmitz G, Brando B, Ruiz-Arguelles A, Basso G, Braylan R, et al for the Standardization Committee on Clinical Flow Cytometry of the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry. Clinically useful information provided by the flow cytometric immunophenotyping of hematological malignancies: current status and future directions. Clinical Chemistry 1999; 45: 1708-17.
3. Dunphy CH. Comprehensive review of adult acute myelogenous leukemia: Cytomorphological, enzyme cytochemical, flow cytometric immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic findings. J Clin Lab Anal 1999; 13: 19-26.
4. Borowitz MJ, Guenter KL, Shults KE, Stelzer GT. Immunophenotyping of acute leukemia by flow cytometric analysis: Use of CD45 and right-angle light scatter to gate on leukemic blasts in three-color analysis. Am J Clin Pathol 1993; 100: 534-40.
5. Harada H, Kawano MM, Huang N, et al. Phenotypic difference of normal plasma cells from mature myeloma cells. Blood 1993; 81: 2658-63.
6. Borowitz MJ, Bray R, Gascoyne R, et al. U.S.-Canadian consensus recommendations on the immunophenotypic analysis of hematologic neoplasia by flow cytometry: Data analysis and interpretation. Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 1997; 30: 236-44.
7. Basso G, Bernasconi P, Chianese R, et al. Monoclonal antibody panels for acute leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome diagnosis. Results of a co-operative quality control group. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2001; 15: 145-55.
8. Thalhammer-Scherrer R, Mitterbauer G, Simonitsch I, et al. The immunophenotype of 325 adult acute leukemias: Relationship to morphologic and molecular classification and proposal for a minimal screening program highly predictive for lineage discrimination. Am J Clin Pathol 2002; 117: 380-9.
9. Könemann S, Schuck A, Malath J, et al. Cell heterogeneity and subpopulations in solid tumors characterized by simultaneous immunophenotyping and DNA content analysis. Cytometry 2000; 41: 172-7.
10. Stelzer GT, Marti G, Hurley A, McCoy P Jr, Lovett EJ, Schwartz A. U.S.-Canadian consensus recommendations on the immunophenotypic analysis of hematologic neoplasia by flow cytometry: Standardization and validation of laboratory procedures. Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 1997; 30: 214-30.
11. Fujimoto H, Sakata T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Flow cytometric method for enumeration and classification of reactive immature granulocyte populations. Cytometry (Communicatins in Clinical Cytometry) 2000; 42: 371-8.
12. Elghetany MT. Surface marker abnormalities in myelodysplastic syndromes. Haematologica 1998; 83: 1104-15.
13. Mazzone A, Porta C, Fossati G, Gritti D, Mazzucchelli I, Ricevuti G. Granulocyte dysplasia and dysfunction, and CD11/CD18 defects in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma 1996; 23: 267-75.
14. Maynadié M, Gerland L, Aho S, et al, and the GEIL research paper. Clinical value of the quantitative expression of the three epitopes of CD34 in 300 cases of acute myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2002; 87: 795-803.
15. De Zen L, Orfao A, Cazzaniga G, et al. Quantitative multiparametric immunophenotyping in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Correlation with specific genotype. I. ETV6/AML1 ALLs identification. Leukemia 2000; 14: 1225-31.
16. Hrusak O, Porwit-MacDonald A. Antigen expression patterns reflecting genotype of acute leukemias. Leukemia 2002; 16: 1233-58.
17. Béné MC, Bernier M, Castoldi G, et al on behalf of EGIL, European Group on Immunological Classification of Leukaemias. Impact of immunophenotyping on management of acute leukaemias. Haematologica 1999; 84: 1024-34.
18. Nagler A, Condiotti R, Rabinowitz R, Schlesinger M, Nguyen M, Terstappen LW. Detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) by multi-parameter flow cytometry (MPFC). Med Oncol 1999; 16: 177-87.
19. Campana D, Counstan-Smith E. Detection of minimal residual disease in acute leukemia by flow cytometry. Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 1999; 38: 139-52.
20. San Miguel JF, Vidriales MB, Lopez-Berges C, et al. Early immunophenotypical evaluation of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia identifies different patient risk groups and may contribute to postinduction treatment stratification. Blood 2001; 98: 1746-51.
21. Oelschlägel U, Nowak R, Schaub A, et al. Shift of aberrant antigen expression at relapse or at treatment failure in acute leukemia. Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 2000; 42: 247-53.
22. Tomova A, Babusikova O. Shifts in expression of immunological cell markers in relapsed acute leukemia. Neoplasma 2001; 48:164-8.
23. Bernier M, Massy M, Deleeuw N, Bron N, Debusscher L, Stryckmans P. Immunological definition of acute minimally differentiated myeloid leukaemia (M0) and acute undifferentiated leukaemia (AUL). Leukemia and Lymphoma 1995; 18:13-7.
24. Béné MC, Castoldi G, Knapp W, et al. Proposals for the immunological classification of acute leukemias. European Group for the Immunological Characterization of leukemias (EGIL). Leukemia 1995; 9: 1783-6.
25. Rothe G, Schmitz G, for the Working Group on Flow Cytometry and Image Analysis. Consensus protocol for the flow cytometric immunophenotyping of hematopoietic malignancies. Leukemia 1996; 10: 877-95.
26. Ruiz-Arguelles, Duque RE, Orfao A. Report on the first Latin American consensus conference for flow cytometric immunophenotyping of leukemia. Cytometry (communications in Clinical Cytometry) 1998; 34: 39-42.
27. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J, et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: report of the clinical advisory committee meeting. Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999; 17: 3835-49.
28. Lerede T, Bassan R, Rossi A, et al. Therapeutic impact of adult-type lymphoblastic leukaemia regimens in B-cell/L3 acute leukaemia and advanced stage Burkitt's lymphoma. Haematologica 1996; 81: 442-9.
29. Orfao A, Ruiz-Arguelles A, Lacombe F, Ault K, Basso G, Danova M. Flow cytometry: its applications in hematology. Haematologica 1995; 80: 69-81.
30. Pui CH. Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Ped Clin N Am 1997; 44: 831-46.
31. Borowitz MJ, Rubnitz J, Nash M, Pullen DJ, Camitta B. Surface antigen phenotype can predict TEL-AML1 rearrangement in childhood B-precursor ALL: A Pediatric Oncology Group study. Leukemia 1998; 12: 1764-70.
32. Rafi SK, Gebaly H, Qumsiyeh MB. ETV6/CBFA2 fusions in childood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with myeloid markers. Diagn Mol Pathol 2000; 9: 184-9.
33. Cascavilla N, Musto P, D'arena G, Ladogana S, Matera R, Carotenuto M. Adult and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Clinico-biological differences based on CD34 antigen expression. Haematologica 1997; 82: 31-7.
34. Archimbaud E, Thomas X, Campos S, Magaud JP, Doré JF, Fiere D. Expression of surface adhesion molecules CD54 (ICAM-1) and (CD58 (LFA-3) in adult acute leukaemia: Relationship wih initial characteristics and prognosis. Leukemia 1992; 6: 265-71.
35. Mielcarek M, Sperling C, Schrappe M, Meyer U, Riehm H, Ludwig WD. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: Correlation with clinical features and outcome. Br J Haematol 1997; 96: 301-7.
36. Behm FG, Raimondi SC, Schell MJ, Look AT, Rivera GK, Pui C-H: Lack of CD45 antigen on blast cells in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia is associated with chromosomal hyperdiploidy and other favorable prognostic features. Blood 1992; 79: 1011-6.
37. Ratei R, Sperling C, Karavajew, et al. Immunophenotype and clinical characteristics of CD45-negative and CD45-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Ann Haematol 1998; 77: 107-14.
38. Copelan EA, McGuire EA. The biology and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults. Blood 1995; 85: 1151-68.
39. Nakase K, Kita K, Kageyama S, et al. Clinical importance of interleukin-2 receptor alpha-chain expression in acute leukemia. The Japan Cooperative Group of Leukemia/Lymphoma. Cancer Detect Prev 1997; 21: 273-9.
40. Paietta E, Racevskis J, Neuberg D, Rowe JM, Goldstone AH, Wiernik PH. Expression of CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia predicts for the presence of BCR/ABL fusion transcripts: results of a preliminary laboratory analysis of ECOG/MRC Intergroup Study E2993. Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group/Medical Research Council. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1887-90.
41. Tabernero MD, Bortoluci AM, Alaejos I, et al. Adult precursor B-ALL with BCR/ABL gene rearrangements displays a unique immunophenptype based on the pattern of CD10, CD34, CD13 and CD38 expression. Leukemia 2001; 15: 406-14.
42. Falcao RP, Garcia AB. Expression of CD45RA (naive) and CD45RO (memory) antigens in T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 1993; 85: 483-6.
43. Kurtzberg J, Waldman TA, Davey MP, et al. CD7+, CD4, CD8- acute leukemia: a syndrome of malignant pluripotent lymphohematopoietic cells. Blood 1989; 73: 381-90.
44. Campana D, Van Dongen JJM, Metha A, et al. Stages of T-cell receptor protein expression in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1991; 77: 1546-54.
45. Uckun FM, Sensel MG, Sun L, et al. Biology and treatment of childhood T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood 1998; 91: 735-46.
46. Garand R, Voisin S, Papin S, et al. Characteristics of pro-T ALL subgroups: comparison with late T-ALL. The Groupe d'Etude Immunologique des Leucémies. Leukemia 1993; 7: 161-7.
47. Uckun FM, Steinherz G, Sather H, et al. CD2 antigen expression on leukemic cells as a predictor of event free survival after chemotherapy for T-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A children's cancer group study. Blood 1996; 88: 4288-95.
48. Ferrara F, Cimino R, Antinolfi I, et al. Clinical relevance of immunological dissection in T-ALL: A report on 20 cases with stem cell (CD7+, CD4-, CD8-, CD1-) phenotype. Am J Hematol 1992; 40: 98-102.
49. Coustan-Smith E, Behm FG, Sanchez J, et al. Immunological detection of minimal residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The Lancet 1998; 351: 550-4.
50. Trka J, Zuna J, Hascovek C, et al. Detection of BCR/ABL, MLL/AF4 and TEL/AML1 hybrid genes and monitoring of minimal residual disease in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cas Lek Cesk 1999; 138: 12-7.
51. Uckun FM, Sather HN, Gaynon PS, et al. Clinical features and treatment outcome of children with myeloid antigen positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 1997; 90: 28-35.
52. Putti MC, Rondelli R, Cocito MG, et al. Expression of myeloid markers lacks prognostic impact in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Italian experience in AIEOP-ALL 88-91 studies. Blood 1998; 92: 795-801.
53. Pui CH, Rubnitz JE, Hancock ML, et al. Reappraisal of the clinical and biologic significance of myeloid -associated antigen expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3768-73.
54. Kotylo PK, Seo IS, Smith FO, et al. Flow cytometric immunophenotypic characterization of pediatric and adult minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (AML-M0). Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 113: 193-200.
55. Bene MC, Bernier M, Casasnovas RO, et al. Acute myeloid leukaemia M0: haematological, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic characteristics and their prognostic significance: An analysis in 241 patients. Br J Haematol 2001; 113: 737-45.
56. Exner M, Thalhammer R, Kapiotis S, et al. The "typical" immunophenotype of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL-M3): Does it prove true for the M3-variant? Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 2000; 42: 106-9.
57. Orfao A, Chillon MC, Bortolucci AM, et al. The flow cytometric pattern of CD34, CD15 and CD13 expression in acute myeloblastic leukemia is highly characteristic of the presence of PML-RARα gene rearrangements. Haematologica 1999; 84: 405-12.
58. Sainty D, Liso V, Cantu-Rajnoldi A, et al on behalf of Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique, Groupe Français d'Hématologie Cellulaire, UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group, and BIOMED 1 European Community-Concerted Action "Molecular Cytogenetic Diagnosis in Haematological Malignancies". A new morphologic classification system for acute promyelocytic leukemia distinguishes cases with underlying PLZF/RARα gene rearrangements. Blood 2000; 96: 1287-96.
59. Reuss-Borst MA, Steinke B, Waller HD, Bühring HJ, Müller CA. Phenotypic and clinical heterogeneity of CD56-positive acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Ann Hematol 1992; 64: 78-82.
60. Ferrara F, Morabito F, Martino B, et al. CD56 expression is an indicator of poor clinical outcome in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with simultaneous all-trans-retinoic acid and chemotherapy. J Clin Oncology 2000; 18: 1295-300.
61. Grimwade D, Biondi A, Mozziconacci M-J, et al on behalf of Groupe Français de Cytogénétique Hématologique, Groupe Français d'Hématologie Cellulaire, UK Cancer Cytogenetics Group, and BIOMED 1 European Community-Concerted Action "Molecular Cytogenetic Diagnosis in Haematological Malignancies". Characterization of acute promyelocytic leukemia cases lacking the classic t(15;17): Results of the European Working Party. Blood 2000; 96: 1297-308.
62. Vidriales MB, Orfao A, Gonzalez M, et al. Expression of NK and lymphoid-associated antigens in blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Leukemia 1993; 7: 2026-9.
63. Thomas X, Vila L, Campos L, Sabido O, Archimbaud E. Expression of N-CAM (CD56) on acute leukaemia cells: relationship with disease characteristics and outcome. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1995; 19: 295-300.
64. Mann KP, De Castro CM, Liu J, Moore JO, Bigner SH, Traweek T. Neural cell adhesion molecule (CD56)-positive acute myelogenous leukaemia and myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative syndromes. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1997; 107: 653-60.
65. Baer MR, Stewart CC, Lawrence D, et al. Expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule CD56 is associated with short remission duration and survival in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) (q22;q22). Blood 1997; 90: 1643-8.
66. Adriaansen HJ, de Boekhorst PAW, Hagemeijer AM, van der Schoot E, Delwel HR, van Dongen JJM. Acute myeloid leukemia M4 with bone marrow eosinophilia (M4Eo) and inv(16) (p13q22) exhibits a specific immunophenotype with CD2 expression. Blood 1993; 81: 3043-51.
67. Kita K, Nakase K, Miwa H, et al. Phenotypical characteristics of acute myelocytic leukemia associated with the t(8;21)(q22;q22) chromosomal abnormality: Frequent expression of immature B-cell antigen CD19 together with stem cell antigen CD34. Blood 1992; 80: 470-7.
68. Baer MR, Stewart CC, Lawrence D, et al. Acute myeloid leukemia with 11 q23 translocations: Myelomonocytic immunophenotype by multiparameter flow cytometry. Leukemia 1998; 12: 317-25.
69. Wuchter C, Harbott J, Schoch C, et al. Detection of acute leukemia cells with mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) gene rearrangements by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibody 7.1. Leukemia 2000; 14: 1232-8.
70. Scott AA, Head DR, Kopecky KJ, et al. HLA-DR-, CD33+, CD56+, CD16- myeloid/Natural Killer cell acute leukemia: A previously unrecognized form acute leukemia potentially misdiagnosed as French-American-British acute myeloid leukemia-M3. Blood 1994; 84: 244-55.
71. Suzuki R, Yamamoto K, Seto M, et al. CD7+ and CD56+ myeloid/natural killer cell precursor acute leukemia: A distinct hematolymphoid disease entity. Blood 1997; 90: 2417-28.
72. Killick S, Matutes E, Powles RL, et al. Outcome of biphenotypic leukemia. Haematologica 1999; 84: 699-706.
73. Greenberg P, Cox C, LeBeau M, et al. International scoring system for evaluating prognosis in myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood 1997; 89: 2079-88.
74. Bennett JM. The French-American-British (FAB) classification of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): Twenty years of evolution. Leukemia Research 1999; 23 (Suppl. 1): S1.
75. Stetler-Stevenson M, Arthur DC, Jabbour N, et al. Diagnostic utility of flow cytometric immunophenotyping in myelodysplastic syndrome. Blood 2001; 98: 979-87.
76. Fuchigami K, Mori H, Matsuo T, et al. Absolute number of circulating CD34+ cells is abnormally low in refractory anemias and extremely high in RAEB and RAEB-t; novel pathologic features of myelodysplastic syndromes identified by higly sensitive flow cytometry. Leuk Res 2000; 24: 163-74.
77. Mazzone A, Ricevuti G, Pasotti D, et al. The CD11/CD18 granulocyte adhesion molecules in myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 1993; 83: 245-52.
78. Bonde J, Meyer K, Kjerving Broe M, Hokland M, Turley H, Hokland P. Improved flow cytometric identification of myelopoiesis by the simultaneous labeling with CD13, CD14 and CD66 monoclonal antibodies. Br J Haematol 1996; 92: 269-79.
79. Parker JE, Mufti GJ, Rasool F, Mijovic A, Devereux S, Pagliuca A. The role of apoptosis, proliferation, and Bcl-2-related proteins in the myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia secondary to MDS. Blood 2000; 96: 3932-8.
80. Poulain S, Lepelley P, Preudhomme C, et al. Expression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein in myelodysplastic syndromes. Br J Haematol 2000; 110: 591-8.
81. Iwanaga M, Furukawa K, Amenomori T, et al. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria clones in patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. British Journal of Haematology 1998; 102: 465-74.
82. Richards SJ, Rawstron AC, Hillmen P. Application of flow cytometry to the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 2000; 42: 223-33.
83. Cervantes F, Lopez-Guillermo A, Bosch F, Terol MJ, Rozman C, Montserrat E. An assessment of the clinico-hematological criteria for the accelerated phase of chronic myeloid leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1996; 57: 286-91.
84. Schmetzer HM, Gerhartz HH. Immunological classification of chronic myeloid leukemia distinguishes chronic phase, imminent blastic transformation, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Exp Hematol 1997; 25: 502-8.
85. Khalidi HS, Brynes RK, Medeiros LJ, et al. The immunophenotype of blast transformation of chronic myelogenous leukemia: a high frequency of mixed lineage phenotype in "lymphoid" blasts and a comparison of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular findings. Mod Pathol 1998; 11: 1211-21.
86. Kosugi N, Tojo A, Shinzaki H, Nagamura-Inoue T, Asano S. The preferential expression of CD7 and CD34 in myeloid blast crisis in chronic myeloid leukemia. Blood 2000; 95: 2188-9.
87. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Stein H, et al. A revised European-American classification of lymphoid neoplasms: a proposal from the international lymphoma study group. Blood 1994; 84: 1361-92.
88. Rawstron AC, Kennedy B, Evans PAS, et al. Quantitation of minimal disease in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia using a sensitive flow cytometric assay improves the prediction of outcome and can be used to optimise therapy. Blood 2001; 98: 29-35.
89. Hanson CA, Kurtin PJ, Katzmann JA, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood and bone marrow in the staining of B-cell malignant lymphoma. Blood 1999; 94: 3889-96.
90. Cheson BD, Horning SJ, Coiffier B, et al. Report of an international workshop to standardize response criteria for non-Hodkin's lymphomas. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999; 17: 1244-53.
91. General Haematology Task Force of BCSH: Immunophenotyping in the diagnosis of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Joumal of Clinical Pathology 1994; 47: 871-5.
92. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Sabattini E, et al. The pathologist's view point. Part I-indolent lymphomas. Haematologica 2000; 85: 1291-307.
93. Pileri SA, Ascani S, Sabattini E, et al. The pathologist's view point. Part II-aggressive lymphomas. Haematologica 2000; 85: 1308-21.
94. Dunphy CH. Contribution of flow cytometric immunophenotyping to the evaluation of tissues with suspected lymphoma? Cytometry (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 2000; 42: 296-306.
95. Bellido M, Rubiol E, Ubeda J, et al. Flow cytometry using the monoclonal antibody CD10-Pe/Cy5 is a useful tool to identify follicular lymphoma cells. Eur J Haematol 2001; 66: 100-6.
96. Lima M, Almeida J, Santos AH, et al. Immunophenotypic analysis of the TCR-Vbeta repertoire in 98 persistent expansions of CD3(+)/TCR-alphabeta(+) large granular lymphocytes: Utility in assessing clonality and insights into the pathogenesis of the disease. Am J Pathol 2001; 159: 1861-8.
97. DiGiuseppe JA, Louie DC, Williams JE, et al. Blastic natural killer cell leukemia/lymphoma: A clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 1997; 21: 1223-30.
98. Suzuki R, Nakamura S. Malignancies of natural killer (NK) cell precursor: Myeloid/NK cell precursor acute leukemia and blastic NK cell lymphoma/leukemia. Leuk Res 1999; 23: 615-24.
99. Falcao RP, Garcia AB, Marques MG, et al. Blastic CD4 NK cell leukemia/lymphoma: A distinct clinical entity. Leuk Res 2002; 26: 803-7.
100. Zarcone D, De Rossi G, Tenca C, et al. Functional and clinical relevance of CD44 variant isoform expression on B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Haematologica 1998; 83: 1088-98.
101. Erlanson M, Grönlund E, Löfvenberg E, Lindh RG. Expression of activation markers CD23 and CD69 in B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Eur J Haematol 1998; 60: 125-32.
102. Naylor M, Capra JD. Mutational status of Ig VH genes provides clinically valuable information in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1837-9.
103. Rajendra ND, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1840-7.
104. Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, Oscier DG, Stevenson FK. Unmutated Ig VH genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1848-54.
105. Finn WG, Thangavelu M, Yelavarthi KK, et al. Karyotype correlates with peripheral blood morphology and immunophenotype in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Clin Pathol 1996; 105: 458-67.
106. Ocqueteau M, Orfao A, Almeida J, et al. Immunophenotypic characterization of plasma cells from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance patients. Implications for the differential diagnosis between MGUS and multiple myeloma. Am J Pathol 1998; 152: 1655-65.
107. King MA, Radicchi-Mastroianni MA. Natural Killer cells and CD56+ T cells in the blood of multiple myeloma patients: Analysis by 4-colour flow cytometry. Cytomery (Communications in Clinical Cytometry) 1996; 26:121-4.
108. Mitterer M, Lanthaler AJ, Schnabel B, et al. Peripheral blood monoclonal B-cells predict the event free survival in multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;41: 387-95.
109. Nowak R, Oelschlagel U, Range U, et al. Flow cytometric DNA quantification in immunophenotyped cells as a sensitive method for determination of aneuploid multiple myeloma cells in peripheral blood stem cell harvests and bone marrow after therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23: 895-900.
110. Feuillard J, Jacob MC, Valensi F, et al. Clinical and biologic features of CD4(+)CD56(+) malignancies. Blood 2002; 99: 1556-63.
111. Lanza F, Sutherland R. Structure and biology of the CD34 molecule. J Biol Reg Homeost Agents 2001; 15:1-13.
112. Siena S, Schiavo R, Pedrazzoli P, Carlo-Stella C. Therapeutic relevance of CD34+ cell dose in blood cell transplantation for cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 1360-77.
113. Gratama JW, Orfao A, Barnett D, et al for the European Working Group on Clinical Cell Analysis. Flow cytometric enumeration of CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Cytometry (Communication in Clinical Cytometry) 1998; 34: 128-42.
114. Lanza F, Campioni D, Moretti S, et al. CD34+ cell subsets and long-term culture colony-forming cells (LTC-CFC) evaluated on both autologous- and normal- bone marrow stroma predict long-term hematopoietic engraftment in patients receiving autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. Exp Hematol 2001; 29: 1484-93.
115. White CA, Weaver RL, Grillo-Lopez AJ. Antibody-targeted immunotherapy for treatment of malignancy. Annu Rev Med 2001; 52: 125-45.
116. Andritsos L, Khoury H. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2002; 3: 225-31.
117. Rawstron A, Kennedy B, Evans PAS, Davies FE, Richards SJ, Haynes AP, Russell NH, Hale G. Quantitation of minimal disease levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using a sensitive flow cytometric assay improves the prediction of outcome and can be used to optimize therapy. Blood 2001; 98: 29-35.
118. Rossmann ED, Lundin J, Lenkei R, Mellstedt H, Österborg A. Variability in B-cell antigen expression: Implication for the treatment of B-cell lymphomas and leukemias with monoclonal antibodies. The Hematology Journal 2001; 2: 300-6.
119. De Wynter E, Ryder D, Lanza F, et al. Multicentre European study comparing selection techniques for the isolation of CD34+ cells. Bone Marrow Transplant 1999; 23: 1191-6.
120. D Campioni, F Lanza, Moretti S, et al. Functional and immunophenotypic characteristics of isolated CD105+ and fibroblast+ stromal cells from acute myeloid leukemia: Implication for their plasticity along endothelial lineage. Cytotherapy, 2002 (in press).
121. Renner C, Trumper L, Pfreundschuh M. Tumor vaccines: A new immunotherapeutic approach in oncology. Ann Hematol 2000; 79: 651-9.
122. Curti A, Colombo M, Baccarani M, Lemoli R. Transduction of MHC-class I negative allogeneic cell line to improve the efficacy of anti-tumor vaccination. J Biol Reg Homeost Agents 2002; 16: 236-40.