Nosocomial pneumonia: Emerging concepts in diagnosis, management, and prophylaxis

Current Opinion in Critical Care

Volumn 8, Issue 5, 2002, Pages 421-429

  Craven, Donald E ^a   De Rosa, Francesco G ^b   Thornton, David ^c  

^a LAHEY HOSPITAL AND MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^c BOSTON MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; IMIPENEM; LINEZOLID; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; SALBUTAMOL; VANCOMYCIN;

ACINETOBACTER; BRONCHOSCOPY; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; LUNG ASPIRATION; LUNG LAVAGE; PNEUMONIA; PROPHYLAXIS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA; VENTILATOR;

AGED; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOST; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMONIA, BACTERIAL; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0036791153     PISSN: 10705295     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00075198-200210000-00009     Document Type: Review

References (67)

1. Craven DE, Barber TW, Steger KA, et al.: Nosocomial pneumonia in the 1990s: update of epidemiology and risk factors. Semin Respir Infect 1990, 5:157-172.
2. Balaguera HU, Mir J, Craven DE: Nosocomial or healthcare facility-related pneumonia in adults. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2000, 2:215-223.
3. Chastre J, Fagon JY: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 165:867-903.
4. Gross PA, Neu HC, Aswapokee P, et al.: Deaths from nosocomial infections: experience in a university hospital and a community hospital. Am J Med 1980, 68:219-223.
5. Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, et al.: Nosocomial pneumonia. A multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest 1988, 93:318-324.
6. Kollef MH: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. A multivariate analysis. JAMA 1993, 270:1965-1970.
7. Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, et al.: Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990, 142:523-528.
8. Craven DE, Kunches LM, Kilinsky V, et al.: Risk factors for pneumonia and fatality in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986, 133:792-796.
9. Keenan SP, Dodek P, Chan K, et al.: Intensive care unit admission has minimal impact on long-term mortality. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:501-507.
10. Pugin J, Auckenthaler R, Mili N, et al.: Diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia by bacteriologic analysis of bronchoscopic and nonbronchoscopic "blind" bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991, 143:1121-1129.
11. Prod'hom G, Leuenberger P, Koerfer J, et al.: Nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients receiving antacid, ranitidine, or sucralfate as prophylaxis for stress ulcer. A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1994, 120:653-662.
12. Kollef MH, Silver P, Murphy DM, et al.: The effect of late-onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in determining patient mortality. Chest 1995, 108:1655-1662.
13. Ibrahim EH, Tracy L, Hill C, et al.: The occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in a community hospital: risk factors and clinical outcomes. Chest 2001, 120:555-561.
14. Ramsey AH, Skonieczny P, Coolidge DT, et al.: Burkholderia cepacia lower respiratory tract infection associated with exposure to a respiratory therapist. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2001, 22:423-426.
15. Arozullah AM, Khuri SF, Henderson WG, et al.: Development and validation of a multifactorial risk index for predicting postoperative pneumonia after major noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 2001, 135:847-857.
16. Leal-Noval SR, Rincon-Ferrari MD, Garcia-Curiel A, et al.: Transfusion of blood components and postoperative infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Chest 2001, 119:1461-1468.
17. Chevret S: Logistic or Cox model to identify risk factors of nosocomial infection: still a controversial issue. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1559-1560.
18. de Irala-Estevez J, Martinez-Concha D, Diaz-Molina C, et al.: Comparison of different methodological approaches to identify risk factors of nosocomial infection in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1254-1262.
19. Yurdakul AS, Calisir HC, Atasever M, et al.; Resistance to penicillin among the Streptococcus pneumoniae in Turkey. Eur Respir J 2001, 18:436.
20. Watanabe H, Sato S, Kawakami K, et al.: A comparative clinical study of pneumonia by penicillin-resistant and -sensitive Streptococcus pneumoniae in a community hospital. Respirology 2000, 5:59-64.
21. Paradisi F, Corti G, Cinelli R: Streptococcus pneumoniae as an agent of nosocomial infection: treatment in the era of penicillin-resistant strains. Clin Microbiol Infect 2001, 7:34-42.
22. Chastre J, Trouillet JL: Problem pathogens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter). Semin Respir Infect 2000, 15:287-298.
23. Berthelot P, Grattard F, Mahul P, et al.: Prospective study of nosocomial colonization and infection due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in mechanically ventilated patients. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:503-512.
24. Bertrand X, Thouverez M, Talon D, et al.: Endemicity, molecular diversity and colonization routes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:1263-1268.
25. Hauser AR, Cobb E, Bodi M, et al.: Type III protein secretion is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:521-528.
26. Bodi M, Ardanuy C, Rello J: Impact of gram-positive resistance on outcome of nosocomial pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:N82-N86.
27. Bergogne-Berezin E: The increasing role of Acinetobacter species as nosocomial pathogens. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2001, 3:440-444.
28. 2-month mortality and functional status of critically ill adult patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation. Chest 2002, 121:549-558.
29. Sirio CA, Tajimi K, Taenaka N, et al.: A cross-cultural comparison of critical care delivery. Japan and United States. Chest 2002, 121:539-548.
30. Glance LG: Benchmarking in critical care: the road ahead [editorial]. Chest 2002, 121:326-328.
31. Ahmed QA, Niederman MS: Respiratory infection in the chronically critically ill patient. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and tracheobronchitis. Clin Chest Med 2001, 22:71-85.
32. Niederman MS, Craven DE: Devising strategies for preventing nosocomial pneumonia-should we ignore the stomach? Clin Infect Dis 1997, 24:320-323.
33. Tryba M: Role of acid suppressants in intensive care medicine. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001, 15:447-461.
34. Rouby JJ, Laurent P, Gosnach M, et al.: Risk factors and clinical relevance of nosocomial maxillary sinusitis in the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994, 150:776-783.
35. Hilbert G, Vargas F, Valentino R, et al.: Comparison of B-mode ultrasound and computed tomography in the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1337-1342.
36. Adams JM, Hauser CJ, Livingston DH, et al.: Early trauma polymorphonuclear neutrophil responses to chemokines are associated with development of sepsis, pneumonia, and organ failure. J Trauma 2001, 51:452-457.
37. Muehlstedt SG, Richardson CJ, West MA, et al.: Cytokines and the pathogenesis of nosocomial pneumonia. Surgery 2001, 130:602-609.
38. Torres A, Carlet J: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. European Task Force on ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001, 17:1034-1045.
39. Ioanas M, Ferrer R, Angrill J, et al.: Microbial investigation in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001, 17:791-801.
40. Singh N, Rogers P, Atwood CW, et al.: Short-course empiric antibiotic therapy for patients with pulmonary infiltrates in the intensive care unit. A proposed solution for indiscriminate antibiotic prescription. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002, 162:505-511.
41. Fagon JY, Chastre J, Wolff M, et al.: Invasive and noninvasive strategies for management of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2000, 132:621-630.
42. Timsit JF, Cheval C, Gachot B, et al.: Usefulness of a strategy based on bronchoscopy with direct examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the initial antibiotic therapy of suspected ventilator-associated pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 2001, 27:640-647.
43. Fartoukh M, Azoulay E, Galliot R, et al.: Clinically documented pleural effusions in medical ICU patients: how useful is the routine thoracentesis? Chest 2002, 121:178-184.
44. Keenan SP, Heyland DK, Jacka MJ, et al.: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Clin 2002, 18:107-125.
45. Hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults: diagnosis, assessment of severity, initial antimicrobial therapy, and preventive strategies. A consensus statement, American Thoracic Society, November 1995. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996, 153:1711-1725.
46. Sintchenko V, Iredell JR, Gilbert GL: Antibiotic therapy of ventilator-associated pneumonia-a reappraisal of rationale in the era of bacterial resistance. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001, 18:223-229.
47. Kollef MH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al.: Inadequate treatment of nosocomial infections is associated with certain empiric antibiotic choices. Crit Care Med 2000, 28:3456-3464.
48. Barcenilla F, Gasco E, Rello J, et al.: Antibacterial treatment of invasive mechanical ventilation-associated pneumonia. Drugs Aging 2001, 18:189-200.
49. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, et al.: Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Meal 2001, 29:1109-1115.
50. Kollef MH, Vlasnik J, Sharpless L, et al.: Scheduled change of antibiotic classes: a strategy to decrease the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 156:1040-1048.
51. Raymond DP, Pelletier SJ, Crabtree TD, et al.: Impact of a rotating empiric antibiotic schedule on infectious mortality in an intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1101-1108.
52. Perry CM, Jarvis B: Linezolid: a review of its use in the management of serious gram-positive infections. Drugs 2001, 61:525-551.
53. Rubinstein E, Cammarata SE, Oliphant TH, et al., and the Linezolid Nosocomial Pneumonia Study Group: Linezolid (PNU-100766) versus vancomycin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with nosocomial pneumonia: a randomized, double blind, multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2001, 32:402-412.
54. Kollef MH: The prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:627-634.
55. Fleming CA, Balaguera HU, Craven DE: Risk factors for nosocomial pneumonia. Focus on prophylaxis. Med Clin North Am 2001, 85:1545-1563.
56. Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Arden NH, et al.: Guideline for prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. The Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1994, 15:587-627.
57. Cunha BA: Nosocomial pneumonia. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. Med Clin North Am 2001, 85:79-114.
58. Weinstein RA: Epidemiology and control of nosocomial infections in adult intensive care units. Am J Med 1991, 91:179S-184S.
59. Pittet D, Hugonnet S, Harbarth S, et al.: Effectiveness of a hospital-wide program to improve compliance with hand hygiene. Infection Control Programme. Lancet 2000, 356:1307-1312.
60. Larson EL, Aiello AE, Bastyr J, et al.: Assessment of two hand hygiene regimens for intensive care unit personnel. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:944-951.
61. Trick WE: Hand hygiene for intensive care unit personnel: rub it in. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1083-1084.
62. van Grafhorst JP, Foudraine NA, Nooteboom F, et al.: Unexpected high risk of contamination with staphylococci species attributable to standard preparation of syringes for continuous intravenous drug administration in a simulation model in intensive care units. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:833-836.
63. Ramsey AH, Oemig TV, Davis JP, et al.: An outbreak of bronchoscopy-related Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections due to lack of bronchoscope leak testing. Chest 2002, 121:976-981.
64. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections associated with defective bronchoscopes. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002, 51:190.
65. Shorr AF, O'Malley PG: Continuous subglottic suctioning for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia: potential economic implications. Chest 2001, 119:228-235.
66. Montejo JC, Grau T, Acosta J, et al.: Multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind study comparing the efficacy and gastrointestinal complications of early jejunal feeding with early gastric feeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:796-800.
67. Heyland DK, Drover GW, MacDonald S, et al.: Effect of postpyloric feeding on gastroesophageal regurgitation and pulmonary microaspiration: results of a randomized controlled trial. Crit Care Med 2001, 29:1495-1501.